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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
STUDIES ON HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
ABDUL AZIZ BIN SAHAREE
FPV 1992 5
STUDIES ON HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES IN PENINSUlAR MALAYSIA
Abdul Aziz Bin Saharee
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITI PERfANIAN MALAYSIA
1992
STUDIES ON HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES IN PENINSULAR MAlAYSIA
By
Abdul Aziz Bin Saharee
Th�s1s Submitted in Fulfihnent of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
March 1992
TO MY PARENTS. MY WIFE RAZMA. AND CHILDREN
AZMADY, SHAZLY, SHANIZA. AND HISHAM, WIlliOUT
WHOSlt LOVE AND CONTINUED SUPPORf, THIS THESIS
WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE.
ACKNO�DGEMENTS
The assistance and cooperation of the following people are gratefully
aclmowledged:
Professor Dr. M. R Jainudeen for his invaluable gUidance. support.
encouragement. and supervision throughout the course of the study.
Direotor General of The Department of Veterinruy Services. for kindly allowing
thiS study to be conduoted in districts of his jurisdiction.
Director of Veterinaxy Research Institute. for kindly allowing the use of the
facil1tie� at the institute.
AU state Veterinary Directors and the Directors of the regional laboratories for
th4�it a$slStahcc in the study
Dr. S. Chandrasekaran. for his help and the "person to talk" about the subject.
Dr. Abdul Rani Bahaman and Dr. Abdul Rahim Mutalib for allowing the use of
tho "lab upsuurs". and all the help given in the microbiological work.
Dr. Zamri Saad. for helping in the postmortem.
Etl. Zaid OthmQ.Il and En. Sallehudin Abdul Rahman. who are ever ready to be
in tile tCQIl1 for slaughter house work and outbreak investigation.
iii
All the technicians in the bacteriology and clinical pathology laboratory. FKVSP.
for their ever�willing assistance.
Veterinary officers in the districts for providing all the infonnation required in
the study and for their guidance in dealing with the fanners.
Veterinary officers at the slaughter houses. for assisting in sample collection.
Dr. Fuzina Hussein, for kindly providing the white mice used in the study.
All the fanners for the kind cooperation.
All colleagues in the Department of Veterinary Clinical studies for
encouragement. help. and bearing some of the burden during the preparation
of tile thesiS.
Oik Thilagam and Cik Zuraidah for not merely typing but instead even doing
some editing work as well on the thesis.
Dekan. FKVSP, UPM, for the encouragement and patience.
The Universiti Pertaruan Malaysia for providing the fund, facility and time in the ,
completion of the theSiS.
If I ever need to rely on friends, they are Dr. Nadzri Salim and Dr. Rasedee
Abdullah. They not only help but insist that I complete this thesis without fail.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEGEMENfS
UST OF TABLES
UST OF FIGURES
UST OF PLATES
UST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
CHAPTER
1
2
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
PasteureUa multocida. the Organism
Diseases caused by PasteureUa multocida
Bacteriology of Pasteurella multocida
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Worldwide
Occurrence and Distribution
Breed and Age Susceptibility
Morbidity and Mortality
TransmJssion
Carrier Animals
Clinical Signs
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control
v
Page
111
x
xii
xiv
xvi
xvii
xx
1
4
4
6
13
13
14
16
17
18
19
20
2 1
2 1
22
History of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in Malaysia
3 A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA IN MALAYSIA
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Disease Occurrence
Relationship between Climatic Data and Disease Outbreaks
Course of Action during an Outbreak
Method of Carcass Disposal
Vaccination
Discussion
4 A SURVEY OF THE PREVALENCE. MICROBIOLOGY AND SEROLOGY OF PASTEURELlA MULTOCIDA IN CATILE AND BUFFALOES
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Slaughter House SUIVey
Field S uIVey
Nasopharyngeal and Pharyngeal Swabs
Lymph Nodes
Blood Samples
Screening for PasteureLla multocida
Isolation and Identification of PasteureLla muLtocida
Capsular Typing by Simplified Slide Agglutination Test
Indirect Haemagglutination Test (IHA)
vi
Page
25
27
29
29
29
31
38
38
38
40
47
49
49
49
49
52
52
52
54
54
55
Preparation of Carters 'C' (capsular) Antigen for the Production of Antisera for Indirect Haemagglutlnation Test (IlIA)
Preparation of Antisera
Preparation of Antigen for the IHA Test
Prepation of Sheep Erythrocytes
Sensitization of Erythrocytes with Antigen
Testing of Serum for Heterophil Antibody
Hyaluronidase Test
Acr1flavin Flocculation Test
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Test
Assessment of Antibody Status
Statistical Analysis
Results
Isolation of Pasteurella. multocida
Cultural Characteristics and Biochemical Analysis
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Test
Antibody Status against Type B
Discussion
5 INVESTIGATIONS INTO FIELD OUTBREAKS OF HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Data Collection
Post Mortem and Bacteriological Examination
Questionnaire Survey
MeteorolOgical Data
Results
vii
Page
55
55
56
57
57
57
58
58
59
60
60
60
60
60
62
62
68
72
73
73
73
75
75
75
Pa,e
Disease Outbreaks 76
Morbidity and Mortality 9 1
Clinical Signs 9 1
Clinical Examination 9 1
Duration of an Outbreak 96
Transmission 96
Method of Disposal 96
MicrobIological Examination 101
Vaccination Coverage 101
Gross Pathology 101
Histopathology 101
Discussion 106
6 EXPERlMENfAL INFECTION OF CATTLE AND BUFFALOES WITH PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA TYPE 6 :B PATHOGENECITY STUDIES
Introduction 1 1 1
Materials and Methods 1 12
Animals 1 12
Experimental DesIgn 1 12
Organisms and Inoculation Procedure 1 12
Infection Procedure 1 14
Clinical Examination 1 14
Collection of Specimens 1 16
Pathological Examination 1 16
Microbiological Examination 1 17
Serological Examination 1 17
Results 1 17
Clinical Findings 1 17
Viii
Page
Microbiological Examination 12 1
Cl1n1cal Haematology 12 1
Serology 124
Gross Pathology 124
HJstopathology 126
DJscussion 126
7 GENERAL DISCUSSION 130
BIBUOGRAPHY 138
APPENDICES 15 1
VITA 180
Ix
LIST O}l' TABLES
Tables
1 Serological Classification of Pasteurella multocida 1 1
2 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Status of the World 1986 (FAO) 15
3 Yearly Occurrence of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in the States of Peninsular Malaysia. 1978-1988 32
4 Monthly Occurrence of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in the States of Peninsular Malaysia. 1978- 1988 33
5 Methods of Control of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia during an -Outbreak and Disposal of Carcases 39
6 Age at First Vaccination of Cattle and Buffaloes against Haemorrhagic Septicaemia 44
7 Samples Collected from Buffaloes and Cattle in Slaughter Houses and in the Field for the Isolation of Pasteurella multocida 50
8 Pasteurella multocida Serotypes Isolated from Slaughter House Cattle and Buffaloes 6 1
. 9 Biochemical Characteristics of PasteureUa multocida Isolated from Cattle and Buffaloes 63
10 Sugar Fennentation Reaction of PasteureUa multocida Serotypes Isolated from Cattle and Buffaloes 64
1 1 Comparison of Biochemical Characteristics between Pasteurella multocida type B Isolates from Slaughter House (Normal) and Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Infected Animals 65
12 Comparison of Sugar Fennentation Test Reactions on Pasteurella nwltocida Type B Isolates from Slaughter House (Normal) and Haemorrhaglc Septicaemia Infected Animals 66
13 The IHA Titres to Haemorrhagtc Septicaemia of Cattle and Buffaloes from the AbattOir and Field Survey in Peninsular Malaysia 67
14 The Distribution ofIHA Titres to Haemorrhagtc Septicaemia in Buffaloes and Cattle 69
15 Grazing Systems Practised in the Outbreak Areas of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia 76
x
Tables �
16 Occurrence of Haemorrhagfc Septicaemia in Peninsular Malaysia (1985-1989) 78
17 Morbidity Rate in Buffaloes and Cattle due to Haemorrhag1c Septicaemia (1985-1989) 92
18 Signs Observed by the Fanners in 37 Buffalo Herds and 7 Cattle Herds with Haemorrhaglc Septicaemia 93
19 Clinical Findings of Five Cattle and Eight Buffaloes during Outbreaks of Haemorrhagfc Septicaemia 95
20 Data on Haemorrhagfc Septicaemia Outbreaks in Peninsular Malaysia 97
2 1 Percentage o f Cattle and Buffaloes Vaccinated Before and After Haemorrhagfc Septicaemia Outbreaks 102
22 Inoculation Procedure of Cattle and Buffalo Calves with Pasteurella mul.tocida Type B 1 13
23 Effects of Inoculation Pasteurella multocida Type B to Cattle and Buffaloes by Different Routes 1 18
24 InteIVal From Inoculation of Pasteurella multocida Type B to the First Appearance of Clinical Signs 120
25 Mean Temperature, Pulse and Respiratory Rates of Cattle and Buffalo Calves Inoculated with Pasteurella multocida Type B 122
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures
1 Endemic and Nonendemic Areas in Peninsular Malaysia for Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffaloes (1978-1988) 30
2 Haemorrhaglc Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffaloes in Peninsular MalaYSia. 1978-1988. 1. Quarterly Outbreak Frequency Distribution (Raw Data and Four-Quarter Moving Averages (4QMA)) 34
3 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffaloes in Peninsular Malaysia. 2. Quarterly Outbreak Frequency as Percent of Four-Quarter Moving Averages (4QMA) and Seasonal Index (SI) 35
4 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffaloes in Peninsular Malaysia 1978-1988. 3. Deseasonallzed Distribution of Outbreak Frequency and Secular Trend 36
5 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffaloes in Peninsular Malaysia, 1978-1988. 4. Cyclic (C) Component of Outbreaks Frequency Distribution as Percent of Moving Average (4QMA) 37
6 Annual VaCcination Coverage for Haemorrhagtc Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffaloes in the State of Kelantan, 1978-1988 41
7 Annual Vaccination Coverage for Haemorrhagtc Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffaloes in the State of Terengganu, 1978-1988 42
8 Annual Vaccination Coverage against Haemorrhagtc Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffaloes in Endemic and Nonendemlc Areas of Peninsular Malaysia, 1978-1988 43
9 Flowchart of the Processing of Slaughter House and Field Samples for Isolation, Identification, and Classification of Pasteurella multocf.da 53
10 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Outbreaks in Cattle and Buffaloes in Peninsular Malaysia between 1985 and 1989 74
11 Haemorrhaglc Septicaemia Outbreaks in Peninsular Malaysia in Relation to Monthly Rainfall: Terengganu, May-October 1985 79
xU
Figures
12 The Occurrence and Spread of an Outbreak of Haemorrhagtc Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffaloes in the State of Terengganu of Peninsular Malaysia, from May to September, 1985 81
13 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Outbreaks in Peninsular Malaysia in Relation to Monthly Rainfall: Muar, Johor, June-July 1985 82
14 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Outbreaks in Peninsular Malaysia in Relation to Monthly Rainfall: Machang, Kelantan, September-October 1986 83
15 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Outbreaks in Peninsular Malaysia in Relation to Monthly Rainfall: Taiping, Perak, Januazy-Februazy 1987 85
16 The Occurrence and Spread of an Outbreak of Haemorrhagtc Septicaemia In Cattle and Buffaloes in the States of Melaka and Negert SembUan of Peninsular Malaysia, March-September 1988 86
17 Haemorrhaglc Septicaemia Outbreaks in Peninsular Malaysia in Relation to Monthly Rainfall: Melaka, March-July 1988 87
18 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Outbreaks in Peninsular Malaysia in Relation to Monthly Rainfall: Negert SembUan, March-September � 988 88
19 Haemorrhaglc Septicaemia Outbreaks in Peninsular Malaysia in Relation to Monthly Rainfall: Kinta District, Perak, May-July 1989 89
20 The Spread of an Outbreak of Haemorrhaglc Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffaloes in the State of Perak, Peninsular Malaysia, 1989 90
21 Leucocyte Response of Buffaloes after Inoculation with Pasteurella multocida Type B by the Intranasal (1/n), Oral, and Subcutaneous (sIc) Routes 123
22 Immune Response in Cattle Inoculated with Haemorrhagtc Septicaemia Type B Antigen through Intranasal (2 doses) and Oral Routes 125
23 Source and Pathway of Haemorrhagtc Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffaloes 129
xill
Plates
LIST OF PLATES
1 Flexible Wire Swab (45 cm) Used for Taking Nasopharyngeal Sample 5 1
2 Groups of Free-Grazing Cattle and Buffaloes in Abandoned Padi Field 77
3 Groups of Free-Grazing Buffaloes on an Off-Season Padi Field 77
4 Clinical Case of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia with Excessive Nasal and Oral Discharge in a Buffalo 94
5 Clinical Case of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia with Open-Mouthed Panting Respiration in a Buffalo 94
6 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Causing Sudden Death in a Buffalo in a Padi Field 98
7 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Causing Sudden Death in a Buffalo in an Oil-Palm Estate 98
8 Carcasses of Buffaloes that Died ofHaemorrhagic Septicaemia in a Village 99
9 Carcasses of Buffaloes that Died ofHaemorrhagic Septicaemia Left to Rot in an Abandoned Grazing Reserve 99
10 Carcass of a Buffalo that Died of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Left to Rot in a Wallow 100
11 Carcass of a Buffalo that Died of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Floating down the River 100
12 Enlarged Congested Spleen of a Buffalo that Died of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia 103
13 Congested Lung of a Buffalo that Died of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia 103
14 Blood Oozing from Cut Surface of a Congested Lung of a Buffalo that Died of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia 104
15 Congestion of the Intestine of a Buffalo that Died of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia 104
16 Congestion of the Omentum of a Buffalo that Died of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia 105
xiv
17 Oral Inoculation Using a 500 ml Bottle 115
18 Garden Spray with Modified Nozzle for Intranasal Inoculation 115
19 Mucoid Nasal Discharge 12 Hours after Intranasal Inoculation of PasteureUa multoci.da Type B in a Buffalo 119
20 A Buffalo with Haemorrhaglc Septicaemia on Sternal Recumbency, Dull and Anorexic, 24 Hour Post-Inoculation 119
xv
B1.
cfu
0 1
02
EOTA
ELISA
FAO
APHCA
HS
H2S
IRA
l.n.
MRVP
nip
NCCLS
p
PMP
SIM
TBA
TSI
VRI
WI
W2
YPC
LIST OJ' ABBREVIATIONS
blood
degree Centigrade
colony forming unit
pIimaIydry
second dry
Ethylenediaminetetra -acetic acid
Enzyme-linked Jrnmunosorbent assay
Food Agriculture Organisation
Aminal Production and Health COmmission for Asia and Pacific
Haemorrhaglc septicaemia
Hydrogen sulphide
Indirect haemaggIutination test
lymph node
Methyl Red Voges-Prauskauer
nasopharynx
National Connnittee for Clinical Laboratory Standards
pharynx
passive mouse protection
Sulphide-Indole-Motility
Tryptose Blood Agar
Triple sugar iron
Veterinmy Research Institute
first wet
second wet
yeast extract protease peptone-cystone
xvi
Abstract of the thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
STUDIES ON BAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
Supervisor Faculty
By
ABDUL AZIZ BIN SAHAREE
March,1992
Professor Dr. M. R. Jainudeen Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science
Haemorrhagtc septicaemia is an acute septicaemic disease caused by PasteureUa
multocida types 6:B and 6:E. It affects mainly cattle and buffaloes and is
characterised by a rapid course, loud stertorous breathing, oedematous swelling and
petechial haemorrhages in the throat and brisket region. The disease is responsible
for acute deaths causing severe economic losses to the farmers. Haemorrhagic
septicaemia has long been present in the country and many attempts have been made
to understand and control the disease. Currently, despite prophylactic vaccination,
outbreaks of the disease continued to be reported. A review of the literature on HS
indicates that there are gaps in our understanding of the disease in Malaysia.
A retrospective study using questionnaires sent to all District Vetennary Officers
showed that the disease is endemic in the East Coast states of Peninsular Malaysia
(Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang). The disease was obseIVed to occur at any time
of the year, contrary to the long-held belief that HS occurs dUIing the monsoon
season. Although the incidence can be higher duIing rainy seasons, the time senes
studies showed that rain per se did not influence the frequency of the disease.
Six major outbreaks were investigated in the states of Perak, Melaka, NegIi
Sembilan, Johor, Terengganu and Kelantan. Field and expeIimental obseIVations
suggest that buffaloes are more susceptible than cattle to the disease. It was seen
xvii
that young and adult animals were equally susceptible to the disease especially in the
non-endemic areas. The low IHA titres among adults in both endemic and
nonendemic areas was because of the low vaccination coverage in the animal
population.
Carrier animals were present in the endemic areas. They are usually immune
and become a source for further outbreaks elsewhere. The detection of carriers are
difilcult and presently. carriers can only be detected by culturing the lymph nodes
recovered from slaughtered animals. Treatment of carriers were also ineffective due
to their location in the CIYPts of the lymph nodes which are inaccessible to antibiotics.
The modes of transmission of the disease were through aerosol or ingestion of
feed and water contaminated with infected saliva and discharges. Rivers and streams
are also implicated when carcasses were washed down from one village upstream to
another. further down the river. Illicit slaughter may have also played a role in disease
transmission in certain areas.
Haemorrhagtc septicaemia was experimentally produced through intranasal and
subcutaneous inoculations of Pasteurella multocida type B. Infected animals showed
clinical signs typical of the natural disease. Those that did not develope clinical signs
produced antibodies against the disease and could probably become carriers.
Despite the avatlablity of an effective vaccine. outbreaks still occurred among
cattle and buffaloes in Malaysia. This was due to inadequate control measures and
low vaccine coverage in the animal population. The free range type of animal manage
ment. maked it cUfIlcult to implement good control practices.
Based on results from this study. it is recommended that a standard method of
control be formulated and vaccination be made mandatory until the area is declared
free of the disease. The present animal management practices should be improved to
facillitate the adoption of good control measures. Extension and education seIVices
on diseases should be provided to farmers and incentives given for early reporting of
disease outbreaks. Research Is required to produce a more specific and protective
vaccine against haemorrhagiC septicaemia.
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Pertanian Malaysia bag! memenuhi keperluan ljazah Doktor Falsafah
KAJIAN TERBADAP SEPTISEMIA BEMORAJ PADA LEMBU DAN KERBAU DI SEMENAN.JUNG MALAYSIA
Penyelia Fakulti
oleh
ABDUL AZIZ BIN SAHAREE
Mac, 1992
Professor Dr. M.R Jainudeen Kedoktoran Veterinar dan Sains Peternakan
Septisemia hemoraj adalah satu penyakit septisemia akut disebabkan oleh
Pastew"eUa multocida tip 6:B dan 6:E. Penyakit ini memberi kesan terutama sekali
kepada lembu dan kerbau, dan ianya dicirikan oleh peIjalanan penyakit cepat,
pemafasan garau bising, bengkak beredema dan hemoraJ petekia pada leher dan
kawasan brisket.
Penyakit int bertanggungJawab terhadap kematian akut yang menyebabkan
kerugian yang ban yak kepada pentemak. Septisemia hemoraJ telah lama wuJud di
negara int dan berbagai usaha telah d1lakukan untuk memahamt dan mengawal
penyakit int. Pada masa kini, sungguhpun ada vaksin profilaksis telah diberi, wabak
penyakit masih terus dilaporkan berlaku. Ulasan tulisan mengenai septisemia
hemoraJ menunjukkan beberapa jurang dl dalam kefahaman penyakit int di Malaysia.
Satu kajian retrospektif menerusi borang soal selidik yang telah dihantarkan
kepada semua Pegawai Veterinar Daerah, menunJukkan penyakit ini endemik di
negeri Pantai Timur SemenaJung Malaysia iaitu, Kelantan, Terengganu dan Pahang.
Penyakit int dicerapkan berlaku pada bila-bila masa dalam satu-satu tahun itu,
bertentangan dengan kepercayaan lama yang septisemia hemoraJ berlaku pada
musim tengkujuh. Sungguhpun insidensnya boleh menJadi lebih tinggl pada musim
xx
hujan. kajian sir1 masa menunjukkan bahawa hujan secara bersendirian tidak
mempengaruh kekerapan penyakit in!.
Enam wabak utama telah diselidik di Perak. Melaka. Negeri Sembilan. Johor.
Terengganu dan Kelantan. Cerapan luar dan ujikaji menyarankan yang kerbau lebih
rentan terhadap penyakit in1 berbanding dengan lembu. Juga didapatl ialah. ha1wan
muda dan dewasa adalah sarna rentan kepada penyakit ini. terutama sekali dalam
kawasan bukan endemik. Titer yang rendah di kalangan ternakan dewasa di kedua
dua kawasan endemik dan bukan endemic adalah d1sebabkan oleh tahap liputan
pemvaksinan yang rendah di kalangan populasl ternakan.
Ternakan pembawa wujud cU kawasan endemik. Pembawa in1 biasanya imun
dan menjadi sumber pencetusan wabak di tempat lain. Pengesanan pembawa in1
sukar dilakukan. dan pada masa sekarang pembawa hanya dapat dikesan dengan
mengkultur nodus limfa ternakan yang disembelih. Rawatan pembawa in1 juga tidak
berkesan cUsebabkan lokasi bakteria di dalam kript nodus limfa yang tldak boleh
dicapai oleh antlbiotlk.
Cara pemindahan penyakit ini adalah melalui aerosol atau menerusi
pengingesan makanan dan air yang tercemar air liur dan lelehan teljangkit. Sungai
dan aliran air juga terbabit apabila karkas hanyut dart kawasan hulu ke kampong
kampong h1l1ran. Penyembelihan haram juga berperanan dalam pemindahan penyakit
in1 di kawasan tertentu.
Septlsemia hemoraJ dihasilkan secara uJikaji menerusi penginokulatan
intranasal dan subcutis Pasteurella multocida tlp B. Temakan yang teljangkit
menunjukkan petanda yang tlpikal untuk penyakit semula jadi. Ternakan yang tldak
teljangkit menghasilkan antlbodi terhadap penyakit ini dan mungkin boleh menjadi
pembawa.
Sungguhpun terdapat vaksin yang mujarab. wabak masih lag! berlaku di
kalangan lembu dan kerb au di Malaysia. lni disebabkan oleh kekurangan langkah
xxi
pengawalan dan Uputan vaksin yang rendah di kalangan populasi ternakan.
Pengurusan secara lepas bebas menyukarkan perlaksanaan pengawalan yang balk.
Berasaskan hasil kajian inf. adalah disyorkan satu kaedah pengawalan
standard dirumuskan dan pemvaksinan bagt penyakit inf diwajibkan sehingga
sesuatu kawasan ttu dllstiharkan bebas daripada penyakit inf. Pengurusan temakan
yang sedia ada perlu diperbaiki untuk membolehkan kaedah pengawalan yang balk
diamalkan. Perkhidmatan pengembangan dan pendidikan tentang penyakit temakan
perlu disediakan untuk penternak dan insentif juga diben kepada penternak yang
awal melaporkan wabak. penyaldt. PenyeUdikan perlu dijalankan untuk menghasilkan
vaksin yang lebih khusus dan meUndung daripada septisemia hemoraj.
xxJj
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is an acute septicaemic disease caused by
PasteureUa muLtocida type 6:B or 6:E. It affects mainly cattle and buffaloes and is
characterised by a rapid course. high fever. loud and stertorous breathing due to
oedematous swelling. petechial haemorrhages in the throat and brisket region.
profuse salivation. severe depression. and death within 24 hours. The disease has
been described mainly in the African and Asian Continents including Malaysia.
Southeast Asian countries lose at least 100.000 heads of cattle and buffaloes
annually due to the disease. The disease continues to be the major cause of mortality
of cattle and buffaloes in Malaysia. Losses in West Malaysia were estimated at about
M$ 1.5 million in 1966 (Thomas. 1972) with an average annual loss estimated at M$
200.000 for 1967-1976 (Joseph. 1979).
HS has long been present in Malaysia and is well-known to farmers. Since its
first description in 1902 by Carrongean. many attempts have been made to
understand and control the disease. Before the advent of active immunization.
antisera were used in Malaysia to obtain rapid protection in herds where outbreaks
had occurred in conjunction with a bacterial broth vaccine (Cheah. 1960). The
antisera were later proven to be ineffective and were discontinued. Since 1969, an oil
adjuvant vaccine which provides protection for about 12 months is routinely used for
cattle and buffaloes throughout West and East Malaysia. Currently. despite
prophylactic vaccination programmes and other managemental control strategies such
as legislation. restriction of animal movement and slaughter; outbreaks of the disease
continued to be reported. albeit, at reduced frequency and magnitude (Joseph. 1979).
1