universiti putra malaysia studies on seed...
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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
STUDIES ON SEED GERMINATION, BUD ACTIVATION AND EARLY BUDSHOOT GROWRH OF HEVEA BRASILIENSIS (MUELL. ARG. )
EUGENIO A. ALCALA
FP 1991 1
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STUDIES ON SEED GERMINATION, BUD ACTIVATION AND EARLY BUDSHOar GROwrH OF HEVEA BRASILIENSIS (MUEIJ... ARG.)
by
EUGENIO A. ALCALA
A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of
Agriculture, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
March 1991
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To my wife - Tenny
and
children Euny
ii
Gete Rena Ruby Noel
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to express his profound thanks and
gratitude to the following:
Dr . Wong Kai Choo , his supervisor and Professor Dr . Mohd.
Zain Karim , co-supervisor and the concurrent Dean of the Facul
ty of Agriculture , for their over-all guidance and
supervision;
Encik: Hassan Mohd. Rashid and his staff for providing
enough area and the use of some facilities for the first three
experiments conducted at the UPM Horticulture section;
Dr. Abdul Aziz bin S.A. Kadir , Director of RRIM, for
permitting the author to conduct seven of the experiments at
the RRIM Experiment Station at Sungai Buloh;
Dr. Yoon Pooi Kong, Head of the Plant Science Division of
RRIM for his comments @nd suggestions and also in allowing the
author to use some of the facilities in his Division;
Dr. Hafsah bt. Jaafar, a senior researcher of RRIM for her
valuable comments, suggestions and sincere efforts in
monitoring the proper conduct of the experiments including the
gathering of some important data with the help of Encik Jafri
iii
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Sharib, her junior researcher Who also shared his views,
technical knowledge and experiences with the author;
Mr. Chin Siew Lock for his unlimi ted assistance in
facilitating the availability of some research materials,
preparation of the research area, and other field services
through the cooperation of Dr. Ng Kim Foo and other staff in
their Division;
Dr. J. B. Gomez, Dr. Shamsidah bt. Hamzah and Dr. Ruth Kiew
for sharing their views about the anatomical study, and also
Mr. Ng Book Seng, in-charge of the RRIM Anatomical Laboratory
for preparing the specimens;
Professor Dr. Yap Thoo Chai, for his suggestions in the
selection of appropriate experimental designs, and Mr. Anuar
bin Abdul Rahim, who assisted the author and facilitated the
use of the computer for the analysis of the data;
Dr. Fernando A. Bernardo, Director of the Southeast Asian
Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture
(SEARCA) for granting the scholarship support, and also his
former Deputy, Dr. Suraphol Sanguansri and the current Deputy
Dr. Sam-arng Srinilta for their moral support and prompt
attention to some problems met by the author; and
iv
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Dr. (Rj) Jaman S. Imlam, President of the University of
Southern Mindanao for his official permission and strong
recommendation for the author to study.
v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ACKNOWI..Eoo.�S . ... " . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . " . " iii
LIST OF TAB� . " . . . . . . . • . . " . .. .. . . .. " . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . ix
LIST 01'1 FIGURES ....... ..... ....... " .. .. " " . .. " .. . .. .. .. . " .. . .. .. " " " ,, . xv
LIST OF PUTES . "" . . .. . .. . . .. . .. " . . . . . .. . " .. ... . .. . " . . . . . " . xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
DEFINITION OF TECHNICAL TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • . . . . xx
ABSTRACT " . . " " . . " . " . . . . " . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . .. " . .. . . .. . xxi
ABSTRAK " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Seed Germina t,ion . . ..... . ... . . ..... . . . . ... . . . . . . ... . . 4
Germination and Early Growth of Rubber Seedlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 0
Propagation and Establishment Methods in Rubber ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
Plant Growth Substances ..................... . 21
Bud Emergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Induction of Bud Emergence . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Factors Affecting Bud-break in Hevea Buddings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
vi
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3
4
Preliminary Investigations of Growth Substances on Bud-break and Subsequent Growth of Shoot in Hevea Btiddings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Scope and Coverage of the Study
Duration and Place of the Study
PlaJl t Ma. t,erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plant Growth Regulators . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • • . . . . •
Other Ma.terials
Prep8ration of Growth Regulator Solutions . . . •
Application of the Growth Regulators . . . . . • . • .
Preparation of Ma.terials for Anatomical Study.
Preparation and Management of Experiments . . • .
Collection of Da'ta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on Bud-break and Subsequent Growth of Budshoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Study on Growth of Budshoot After Emergence . . .
Statistical Analysis
EXPERIMENTAL WORK • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Studies on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Germination of Hevea Seeds (RRIM 600) During the Early Seedfall . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . •
Germination of Hevea Seeds (RRIM 600) During the Peak Seedfall . • . • • . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . •
vii
44
44
45
46
49
50
51
52
53
55
59
59
60
63
64
65
65
65
74
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5
6
Studies on Bud-break and Subsequent Growth of Budshoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Screening .of Growth Regulators for Early Induction of Bud-break and Subsequent Growth of Budshoot in Hevea Buddings . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Optimum Rate of Benzyladenine (BA) Application on"the Induction of Early Bud-break
91
92
in Hevea Green Buddings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 06
The Effect of Benzyladenine (BA) on the Induction of Early Bud-break in Hevea Young Buddings . . . . 1 1 3
The Response of the Different Hevea Clones to Benzyladenine (BA) Application on the Induction of Early Bud-break . . . . . • . � . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 1 23
Other Techniques on Induction of Early Bud-break in Hevea Green Buddings • . . • . . . . . . . . • . • • 1 29
Study on Growth of Budshoot After Emergence 1 50
The Early Budshoot Growth of Hevea Green Thlddings as Influenced by Gibberellin Prepara tion (GA ) . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . 1 51
4+7 Anatomical Study on Hevea Budpatch . • . . . . . • . . . 1 69
Anatomical Study on the Hevea Budpatch as Influenced by Growth Regulators , Melted Paraffin Wax and Warm Water . • • . . . . . • . . . • . . . • . 1 71
GEN"ERl\.L DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 87
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . • • • • • . 1 96
REFE�CES 202
APPENDICES 222
TI1E AUTHOR . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 247
viii
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
1 The Effect of Seed Cracking and Seed Weight on Mean Percentage of Germination at 1 4 Days After Sowing
PAGE
of RRIM 600 Seeds Collected During Early Seedfall • . • 68
2 The Effect of Seed Cracking and Seed Weight on Mean Percentage of Germination at 21 Days After Sowing of RRIM 600 Seeds Collected During Early Seedfall . . . . 70
J The Effect of Seed Cracking and Seed Weight on Mean Percentage of Germination at 14 Days After Sowing of RRIM 600 Seeds Collected During the Peak Seedfall . . . . 77
4 The Effect of Seed Cracking and Seed Weight on Mean Percentage of Germination at 21 Days After Sowing of RRIM 600 Seeds Collected During the Peak Seedfall . . . . 79
5 The Effect of Seed Cracking and Seed Weight on Mean Height (cm) of 8 Weeks Old Seedlings from RRIM 600 Seeds Which Germinated Earlier than 1 4 Days After Sowing . Seeds were Collected at Peak Seedfall . . . . . . . 80
6 The Effect of Seed Cracking and Seed Weight on Mean Height (cm) of 8 Weeks Old Seedlings from RRIM 600 Seeds Which Germinated at 1 5 to 21 Days After Sowing . Seeds were Collected at Peak Seedfall . . . . . . . . 82
7 The Effect of Seed Cracking and Seed Weight on Mean Girth (mm) of 8 Weeks Old Seedlings from RRIM 600 Seeds Which Germinated Earlier than 1 4 Days After Sowing. Seeds were Collected at Peak Seedfall . . . .. . . 84
8 The Effect of Seed Cracking and Seed Weight on Mean Girth (mm) of 8 Weeks Old Seedlings from RRIM 600 Seeds Which Germinated at 1 5 to 21 Days After Sowing . Seeds were Collected at Peak Seedfall . . . . . . . 86
9 The Effect of Seed Cracking and Seed Weight on Mean Percentage of Buddable Seedlings from RRIM 600 Seeds Which Germinated Earlier than 14 Days After Sowing . Seeds were Collected at Peak Seedfall . . . . . . . 87
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TABLE
10 The Ef fect of Seed Cracking and Seed Weight on Mean Percentage of Buddable Seedlings from RRIM 600 Seeds Which Germinated at 15 to 21 Days After
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Sowing. Seeds were Collected at Peak Seedfall....... 88
11 The Ef fect of Seed Cracking and Seed Weight on Mean Percentage of Deformed/Abnormal Seedlings from RRIM 600 Seeds Which Germinated at 15 to 21 Days After Sowing. Seeds were Collected at Peak Seedfall....... 89
12 The Percentage of Bud-break in Hevea Green Bud-dings (RRIM 905) as Influenced by the Different Growth Regula tors . . • . . . . . . . • . . . • . • • • • . . . • • . • • . . . . • . • 96
13 The Effect of the Different Growth Regulators on the Plant Characters of Hevea Green Buddings (RRIM 905) at 5 Months After Treatment • • . . . • • • • • • • • • 104
14 The Ef fect of Benzyladenine (BA) on the Plant Characters of Hevea Green Buddings (RRIM 905) at 5 Months After Treatment • . . . . . . . • • . . • . . • • • • • • • • • • 111
15 The Effect of Benzyladenine (BA) on the Plant Characters of Hevea Green Buddings (RRIM 901) at 5 Months After Treatment . . . . . . . . • • . • • • • . • . • • • . . • • . 118
16 The Effect of Benzyladenine (BA) at 3,500 ppm on the Plant Characters of Four Hevea Clones at 5 Months After Treatment . . • . . . � . • • . • . . . • . • . . . • . • • • 127
17 The Effect of the Different Techniques on the Percentage of Bud-break at 14 Days After Treatment . . . 133
18 The Effect of the Different Techniques on the Percentage of Bud-break at 21 Days After Treatment . . . 134
19 The Effect of the Different Techniques on the Percentage of Bud-break at 28 Days After Treatment . . . 135
20 The Effect of the Different Techniques on the Percentage of Bud-break at 60 Days After Treatment . . . 136
21 The Effect of the Different Techniques on the Height of Shoot at 5 Months After Treatment • . • . • . • • . . 138
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TABLE
22 The Effect of the Different Techniques on the
PAGE
Fresh Weight of Shoot at 5 Months After Treatment • • • • 1 39
23 The Effect of the Different Techniques on the Dry Weight of Shoot at 5 Months After Treatment . . . . • . 1 40
24 The Effect of the Different Techniques on the Girth of Shoot Three cm from The Union at 5 Months After Treatment . . . . . . . . • • • . • • . . . . • . • • • . . • • . . . 1 42
25 The Effect of the Different Techniques on the Number of Roots at 5 Months After Treatment . . . . • . . • • 143
26 The Effect of the Different Techniques on the Fresh Weight of Roots at 5 Months After Treatment • • • • . • • • • 1 44
27 The Effect of the Different Techniques on the Dry Weight of Roots at 5 Months After Treatment . . . • . • . . • 1 46
28 The Effect of the Different Techniques on the Number of Leaves at 5 Months After Treatment • . • . . . . . 1 48
29 The Effect of The Different Techniques on the Number of Leafwhorl at 5 Months After Treatment 149
30
31
The Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Fresh Weight of Shoot at 5 Months After Treatment
The Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Dry Weight of Shoot at 5 Months After Treatment
32 The Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Girth
1 61
1 62
of Shoot at 5 Months After Treatment . . . • . • . • • . . . • . . • 163
33 The Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Number of Roots at 5 Months After Treatment . . . . . • • • . • . . • • • • 165
34 The Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Fresh Weight of Roots at 5 Months After Treatment . • . . . . . . . . 1 66
35 The Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Dry Weight of Roots at 5 Months After Treatment • . . . • . • • • 1 68
36 T he Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Number of Leaves at 5 Months After Treatment • . . • • . . . . . . • . . . 1 70
xi
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TABLE PAGE
37 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Percentage Germination of RRIM 600 Seeds Collected During Early and Peak Seedfall • . . . • . . . . . • • . 223
38 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Plant Height and Girth of 8 Weeks Old Seedlings of RRIM 600 Seeds Collected at Peak Seedfall • • • • . • • . • 224
39 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Percentage of Buddable and Deformed/Abnormal Seed-lings of RRIM 600 Seeds Collected at Peak Seedfall . . • 225
40 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Percentage of Bud-break of Hevea Buddings After the Application of the Dif ferent Growth Regulators 226
41 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Shoot Characters of Hevea Buddings Treated wit Dif ferent Growth Regulators at 5 Months After Trea tmen t . . • . . . . • . • . • . • . . • . . . • • . . • • . • . • . • • . . . • • 227
42 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Root and Leaf Characters of Hevea Buddings Treated with Dif ferent Growth Regulators at 5 Months After Treatment . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . • • • • . • • • • • • • . • . • 228
43 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Percentage of Bud-break of Hevea Green Buddings Treated with Different Levels of Benzyladenine . • • • . . • 229
44 Mean Sqllares from the Analysis of Variance for Shoot Characters of Hevea Green Buddings Treated with Different Levels of Benzyladenine at 5 Months After Trea tmen t . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • • • . • • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . 230
45 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Root and Leaf Characters of Hevea Green Bud-dings Treated with Different Levels of Benzyla-denine at 5 Months After Treatment . . . • . . . . • • . • • • . . . . . 231
46 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Percentage of Bud-break of Hevea Young Buddings Treated With Different Levels of Benzyladenine . . • • • • . 232
xii
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TABLE
47 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Shoot Characters of Hevea Young Buddings Treated with Different Levels of Benzyladenine at 5 Months
PAGE
After Trea tmen t. . • • . . • • . . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • . • • 233
48 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Root and Leaf Characters of Hevea Young Buddings Treated with Different Levels of Benzyladenine at 5 Months After Treatment ..... . .. . ... . . ......... . . . ... 234
49 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Percentage of Bud-break of 4 Clones of Hevea Green Buddings After Application of Benzyladenine • . • . . • • . • • 235
50 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Shoot Characters of 4 Clones of Hevea Green Buddings Treated With Benzyladenine at 5 Months After Trea tmen t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
51 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Root and Leaf Characters of 4 Clones of Hevea Green Buddings Treated With Benzyladenine at 5 Months After Trea tmen t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 237
52 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Percentage of Bud-break As Affected by the Different Te�hniques . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . ... 238
53 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Shoot Characters As Affected by the Different Techniques at 5 Months After Treatment .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. 239
54 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Root and Leaf Characters As Affected by the Different Techniques at 5 Months After Treatment . . . . • 240
55 Mean SqlUires from the Analysis of Variance for Shoot Height As Affected by the Application of Gibberellic Acid . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . ....... 241
56 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Shoot Characters As Affected by the Application of Gibberellic Acid at 5 Months After Treatment . . . • • . 242
xiii
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TABLE
57 Mean Squares from the Analysis of Variance for Shoot Characters As Affected by the Application
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of Gibberellic Acid at 5 Months After Treatment • • • • • • 243
58 Analytical Data for Serdang Soil Series . • • • • . • • . • . . . . 245
59 Analytical Data for Munchong Soil Series . • . • . . • . . • . • • 246
xiv
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
1 The Hard Seeds of Lupinus arboreus have a Moisture Value in the Hilum Operated by a Counterpalisade Tissue. When there is More Moisture Outside than Inside, the Counter-palisade Swells
PAGE
& Closes the Hilum . . . . . . • • • . • • • . • • . • . . • • . . • . • • • • • . 11
The Gibbane Carbon Skeleton (left) which is the Basis of the Known Gibberellins with the Formula of Gi bberelli c Acid ( GA ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 3 Structural Formula of GA . . • . • . • • . . • . • • • • . • • • • • • • 27
4+7 4 Structures on Some Nat1rrally Occurring and Synthetic
Purines Cytokinins • • . . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • 29
5 Structural Formula of Benzyladenine (BA)........... 33
6 Structural Formula of Atrinal . . • . • • . . • . • • • • • . • . • . • 34
7 Structural Formula of Paclobutrazol (PP ) • • . • . • • 36 333
8 Effect of Benzyladenine (BA) at Different Levels of Concentration on the Percentage of Early Bud-break in Green Buddings . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . • • • • . • • • 108
9 Effect of Benzyladenine (BA) at Different Levels of Concentration on the Percentage of Early Bud-Break in Young Buddings • . • • • . • . • . • . • • • . • . . . • . • • 116
10 The Response of Hevea Clones of Benzylade-nine (BA) on the Percentage of Early Bud-break . • • • • 125
11 The Ef fect of GA on the Height of Shoot 4+7
Being Applied at Different Growth Stages • • • • • . • . . . . 157
xv
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PLATE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
LIST OF PlATES
Germinated Hevea Seeds with the Cotyledons Inside the Seeds ............................. .
RRIM 600 5-gram Seeds at 14 Days After Sowing (Seeds were Collected During the Early Seedfall Uncracked Before Sowing) . . • . • . • • . . . • •
RRIM 600 5-gram Seed at 14 Days After Sowing (Seeds were Collected During the Early Seedfall Cracked Before Sowing) • • • • • • • • • • • . . • .
Early Budshoot Growth of Hevea Buddings (RRIM 905) Treated with Paclobutrazol (pp ) (First Leafwhorl Stage) • . . . • • . • . • • • . • .
333 Early Budshoot Growth of Hevea Buddings (RRIM 905) Treated with Benzyladenine (BA) at 4,000 ppm (First Leafwhorl Stage) . • • • . • . . • .
Early Budshoot Growth of Hevea Buddings (RRIM 905) Treated with Benzyladenine (BA) Combined with Atrinal at 2,000 ppm (First 1eafwhor 1 Stage) • . • • . • • . . • • • • • • . . . . . . • . • . . . . . •
Early Budshoot Growth of Hevea Buddings (RRIM 905) Treated with Paclobutrazol (pp ) (First 1eafwhorl Stage) . . • • • • • . • • • . . • •
333 Green Buddings with Six Months Old Rootstocks (First Leafwhorl Stage) • • • • • . • • • . • .
Ten Weeks Old RRIM 623 Seedlings Budded wi th RRIM 901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . • . • . . . . . •
Young Buddings with Ten Weeks Old Rootstocks and Green Buddings with Eight Months Old Rootstocks . • • . • . . . . . • • . • . . . . • . . . . . .
Budwood for Young Buddings . . . . . . . . . . • • • • . • • . . •
xvi
PAGE
13
71
72
99
100
101
102
112
120
121
122
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PLl\.TE
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
1 8
1 9
20
21
22
23
Hevea Green Budding (RRIM 905 ) Treated with GA at Bud Stage . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . • . .
4+7 Hevea Green Buddings (RRIM 905 ) Treated with GA at Flushing Stage . . . . . . • . . . . • . . • . . . • • . . .
4+7 Hevea Green Buddings (RRIM 905 ) Treated with ox--- at dormant Stage . . • . . . . . • . • • . . • . . . • . • . . .
4+7 Small (1 .50-2.00 CM) Green Buddings Treated wi th GA a t Bud Stage . . . • . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • .
4+7 Big (2.80 - 4.00 GM) Green Buddings Treated wi th GA at Bud Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • •
4+7 Longitudinal Section of a Hevea Budpatch without Treatment (contro�5 Days After) X 1 00 ...."............................. . . . ....
Longitudinal Section of Hevea Budpatch Treated with Benzyladenine (5 Days After) X 1 00 ..............."........................................ ..
Longitudinal Section of Hevea Budpatch Treated with Benzyladenine �Days After ) X 1 00 ....................................................................... ..
Longitudinal Section of Hevea Budpatch Soaked in Melted Paraffin Wax at 85(1C (5 Days After) X 1 00 . . • . . . . . . • • • . . • • • • . • • • • . . . . • .
Longitudinal Section of Hevea Budpatch Soaked in Warm Water at 85�5 Days After) X 1 00 .............................................................. ..
Longitudinal Section of Hevea Budpatch Soaked in Melted Paraffin Wax at 85°C (1 0 Days After) X 1 00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . .
Longitudinal Section of Hevea Budpatch o
Soaked in Warm Water at 85 C (10 Days After) X 100 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
xvii
PAGE
1 53
1 54
1 55
1 58
1 59
1 73
1 75
1 76
1 77
1 78
1 79
1 80
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PLATE
24
25
26
27
Longitudinal Section of Hevea Budpatch Treated with PP ( 5 Days After) X 1 00 . • . . . . .
333 Longitudinal Section of Hevea Budpatch Treated wi th A trinal ( 5 Days After ) X 1 00 ........... .......... ..................... .
Longitudinal Section of Hevea Budpatch Treated With PP ( 1 0 Days After) x 1 00 • . . . .
333 Longitudinal Section of Hevea Budpatch Treated with Atrinal ( 1 0 Days After) X 1 00 . • .
28 An Enlarged Part at the Ventral Surface of RRIM 600 Seed Showing the Shallow Pit which
PAGE
181
182
183
184
is the lI:ilum . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 90
xviii
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABA abscisic acid
a . i . active ingredient
BA Benzyladenine
cce Chlormequate (2-Chloroethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride
DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide
g gram
GA gibberellins
IAA indolyl-3-acetic acid
IAN Instituto de Pesquisas Agropecuarias de Norte
lBA indol-3-yl butyric acid
MH Maleic hydrazide
NAA naphthylacetic acid
NaOH sodium hydroxide
ppm parts per million
TBA Tertiary Butyl Alcohol
xix
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DEFINITION OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Bud-break a bud at an advanced state of leaf primordial development
Budpatch a piece of bark which carry a bud
Budgrafting - another term for budding
Budshoot bud with differentiated leaves
Bud stage a period which follow bud-break before leaves are fully open
Budded stump - a bare rooted budded seedling without the upper portion beyond the budding union
Cracking of seedcoat - partial breaking of the hard covering of the seed
Cutback - Cutting of the terminal ends of shoots or branches
Carry-over-effect - a residual effect of an applied treatment
Dormant stage - a period when the leaves have attained full maturity with dark green in color
Flushing stage - a period when the young leaves have just fully opened usually with violet to lightyellow in colour
Green budding - a method of propagation whereby the bud is inserted to the stem of another plant through an incision about 10 - 20 cm from the ground level
Green buddings - a population of green budded plants
Induction of bud-break - the process of stimulating early cambial activity with the use of growth regulating substances or other horticultural manipulations
Young budding - a method of propagation whereby younger bud with light-green in colour is inserted to a young stem of another plant through an incision about 10-20 cm from the ground level
Young buddings a population of young budded plants
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An Abstract of the Thesis Presented to the Senate of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia in Fulfilment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
STUDIES ON SEED GERMINATION, BUD ACTIVATION AND EARLY GROWTH OF BUDSHOOT IN HEVEA BRASILIENSIS (MUELL . ARG.)
by
EUGENIO A. AWALA
March 1 991
Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wong Kai Choo
Faculty: Agriculture
The reduction of uneven early growth of Hevea buddings
which could overcome the problem of low percentage of tappable
trees during the early years of tapping was evaluated. The
investigation covered a series of studies on the germination of
Hevea seeds; bud activation of budded stumps to induce early
bud-break by using growth regulators, other techniques and
other growth regulating materials; and the manipulation of
early growth of Hevea budshoot after emergence. An anatomical
study on the budpatch under the various bud activation
treatments was also carried out.
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Studies on the germination of seeds revealed that Hevea
seeds (RRIM 600) gathered during the early seedfall had very
low percentage of germination compared to those seeds gathered
during the peak seedfall. However, partial cracking of the seed
coat improved the percentage of germination in both groups of
seeds gathered during the early and peak seedfall. It was also
observed that heavier seeds (4-5 grams) germinated earlier
(before 14 days from sowing), with seedlings more vigorous than
those from the lighter seeds. Seedlings, from the early
germinated seeds reached buddable girth size for young budding
after two months from planting.
Studies on bud activation using benzyladenine at 3,500-
4,000 ppm revealed that 40-60 percent early bud-break could be
obtained in green and young buddings and this was significantly
higher than the early bud-break of the untreated control.
Similar response was obtained when different clonal materials
were used in green buddings. The regulator was applied by
brushing directly onto the dormant buds. Another technique
observed promising for inducing early bud-break was dipping the
budded stumps in melted paraffin wax at a temperature between o 0
60 C and 85 C . Forty to fifty percent bud-break was obtained
with this technique at three weeks after treatment.
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The early shoot growth of Hevea buddings was not affected
by any of the growth regulators applied onto the dormant buds.
However , after bud emergence , brushing gibberellin preparation
onto the shoot at bud st.age stimulated rapid growth of the
shoot. Significant rapid growth of shoot in height ,
particularly the first internode , was very evident between 15
to 30 days after the application of the chemical.
The effectiveness in the induction of bud-break by the
different treatments was found to be closely associated with
the early cambial activity and callus formation in stock and
scion as revealed in the anatomical study of the budpatch.
The studies on seed germination, bud activation and early
budshoot growth in Hevea revealed that variation in early
growth of Hevea buddings can be minimized significantly through
selection and appropriate treatments of seeds together with the
use of growth regulators and other horticultural techniques and
manipulations on the young and green buddings .
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Abstrak Tesis Yang Dikemukakan Kepada Senat Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Sebagai Mernenuhi Sy�rat
Keperluan Ijazah Doktor Falsafah
KAJIAN KE ATAS PERCEMBAHAN BIJI, PENGAKTIFAN TUNAS DAN PERTUMBUHAN AWAL PUCUK TUNAS HEVEA BRASILIENSIS
(MUELL. ARG.)
oleh
EUGENIO A. ALCALA
Mac 1991
Penyelia: Profesor Madya Dr. Wong Kai Choo
Fakul ti : Pertanian
Pertumbuhan peringkat awal tunas Hevea yang tidak seirnbang
yang secara langsung berhubung dengan rna salah peratus yang
rendah popok-pokok yang boleh ditoreh sernasa penorehan di
peringkat awal telah dinilai. Penyiasatan ini rneliputi beberapa
kajian ke atas percarnbahan biji Hevea, pengaktifan tunas
tunggul-tunggul canturnan untuk rnengal� pernecahan tunas yang
awal dengan penggunaan bahan-bahan pengawalatur, dan teknik
teknik lain dan juga rnerninda perturnbuhan pucuk tunas di
peringkat awal. Kajian anatorni ke atas keping tunas di bawah
keadaan berbagai rawatan pengaktifan tunas telah juga
dijalankan.
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