University Mental Health Research Institute University Mental Health Research Institute

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

EMCDDA TDI Expert Meeting22-23 September 2004

Katerina KontogeorgiouMaria Pouloudi

EMCDDA TDI Expert Meeting22-23 September 2004

Katerina KontogeorgiouMaria Pouloudi

Number of users starting treatment, 1994-2003Number of users starting treatment, 1994-2003

846

1130

546 570

1151

3679 3630 3637

135 17162 79

179 175329

567 601 602

1096

1938

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Ν

Total

Women

Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

Distribution of users starting treatment by sex, 1994-2003

Distribution of users starting treatment by sex, 1994-2003

84.0 84.988.6

86.1 84.4 84.0 83.0 84.6 83.4 83.4

16.0 15.111.4

13.9 15.6 16.0 17.0 15.4 16.6 16.6

0

20

40

60

80

100

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

%

Men

Women

Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003

MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003 MEN

%WOMEN

%

Socio-demographic information

19-29 years old 58.6 66.9***

Previously treated 47.5 47

Living with parents 75.7 66.2***Living with drug users 13.4 25.8***Secondary/ higher education completed 37.8 52.2***

Employment Regular employment 22.1 9.3***Unemployed 61 71.1

Drug-related information Primary DrugHeroin/opiatesCannabisHypnotics/sedativesCocaine

89.17.51.31.4

86.9**6.832

Usual routeInjection Sniffing

48.326.8

36.5***39.9

Use of secondary drugs byHeroin (primary drug)Cannabis (")Hypnotics/sedatives(")

75.577.152.487.5

81.6**83.4**53.683.4

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI* p<0.05** p<0.01*** p<0.001

MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003

MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003

MEN%

WOMEN%

Drug-related information Currently injecting 51 43.1***

Ever injected 78.5 77

Currently sharing needles 32.2 35.7

Ever shared needles 56.7 62.4*

Mean ages Years

Mean age 28.5 26***

Mean age at first use (any subs.) 16 16*

Mean age at first use (primary) 20 19***

Mean duration of use of primary drug 8 6.5***

* p<0.05** p<0.01*** p<0.001

Source: TDI, Greek REITOX Focal Point

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

Primary drug of use in women by age group (2003)

Primary drug of use in women by age group (2003)

61.2

30.6

4.1 4.10.0

87.4

5.73.2 1.7 2.00.8 2.5 0.8 0.0

86.7

6.7

0.0

6.7

0.0

95.9

0

20

40

60

80

100

Heroin/opiates Cannabis Hypnotics/sedatives Cocaine Other drugs

%

-18

19-29

30-40

41+

Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

Mean age, age at first use of primary drug and age at onset of use

Mean age, age at first use of primary drug and age at onset of use

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Yrs

AGE MenAGE WomenAGE AT FIRST USE OF PRIMARY DRUG Men AGE AT FIRST USE OF PRIMARY DRUG WomenAGE AT ONSET OF USE Men AGE AT ONSET OF USE Women

Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point

Substance of onset of use by sex, 1994-2003Substance of onset of use by sex, 1994-2003

Cannabis Hypnotics/Sedatives Heroin

Men%

Women%

Men%

Women%

Men%

Women%

1994 56.9 63.4 16.2 11.9 11.8 11.9

1995 60 64.9 15.5 11.7 11.9 10.5

1996 69 66.1 11.7 8.1 9.2 14.5

1997 70.8 68.8 10.5 7.8 7.8 13

1998 70 63.6 14.6 14.8 8.2 11.4

1999 75.6 74 11.9 4.6 7.2 16.2

2000 71.6 68 13.6 12.5 8.1 12.8

2001 75.4 70.6 8.6 9.6 6.3 10.2

2002 77 74.8 8.5 7.7 6 8.7

2003 80.1 74.3 7.2 8.9 5.5 9.6

Source: TDI, Greek REITOX Focal Point

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

Primary drug of use by sex, 1994-2003Primary drug of use by sex, 1994-2003

Heroin/other opiates Cannabis Hypnotics/sedatives

Men%

Women%

Men%

Women%

Men%

Women%

1994 87.2 85.9 3.9 4.4 5.3 7.4

1995 89.9 84.2 4.9 4.7 3 7.6

1996 87.1 88.7 8.5 6.5 2.9 1.6

1997 83.7 83.3 11.6 11.5 2.6 3.8

1998 93 86 5 9.5 1 3.4

1999 90.1 86.3 6.3 10.3 1 2.3

2000 93.8 94.5 4 3.3 1.1 1.2

2001 89.6 89.7 7.6 5.1 1.3 2

2002 88.9 88.5 7.7 5.5 1.4 1.3

2003 89.1 86.9 7.5 6.8 1.3 3

Source: TDI, Greek REITOX Focal Point

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

Injecting use in the last 30 days, 1994-2003Injecting use in the last 30 days, 1994-2003

76.1

84.2

72.3 72.376.9

70.7

61.9

53.8 52.1 51.0

43.141.344.0

45.1

52.0

74.6

63.3

69.472.6

78.9

0

20

40

60

80

100

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

%

Men

Women

Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

Injecting use in lifetime, 1994-2003 Injecting use in lifetime, 1994-2003

91.0

83.7

89.8

83.287.7

79.8 81.0

92.6 91.9

78.583.7

90.7

77.077.378.1

84.5

74.3

83.2

75.9

85.4

0

20

40

60

80

100

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

%

Men

Women

Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

Needle sharing among injecting users in the last 30 days, 1994-2003

Needle sharing among injecting users in the last 30 days, 1994-2003

32.7

40.2

32.6

41.7

36.1

52.2

42.9

37.7

43.0

35.732.233.5

27.731.9

36.8

31.135.1

30.9

25.0

35.1

0

20

40

60

80

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

%

Men

Women

Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

Needle sharing among injecting users in lifetime, 1994-2003

Needle sharing among injecting users in lifetime, 1994-2003

73.2

59.0

66.169.4 69.2

65.361.1 62.4

56.755.1

61.059.1

65.0

55.2

64.765.3

75.9

60.0

64.963.9

0

20

40

60

80

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

%

Men

Women

Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF ADOLESCENT USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003

MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF ADOLESCENT USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003

BOYS%

GIRLS%

Socio-demographic information

Previously treated 20.5 22.4

Source of referralFamilyCourt/police

51.612.7

38.84.1

Living with parentsLiving alone

90.51.3

85.76.1

Living with drug users 12.2 18.8

Secondary completed/ some higher education

53.1 69.3

Employment Regular employmentPupil/Student

13.548.4

267.3

Drug-related information Heroin/opiates (PD)CannabisHypnotics/sedativesCocaine

46.245.61.93.2

61.230.64.14.1

Usual routeInjection SmokingSniffing

26.652.518.4

35.437.522.9

Use of secondary drugs 72.8 77.5

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF ADOLESCENT USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003

MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF ADOLESCENT USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003

BOYS%

GIRLS%

Drug-related information Currently injecting 23.7 28.6

Ever injected 35.9 36.7

Currently sharing needles 43.2 35.7

Ever shared needles 58.9 55.6

Mean ages Years

Mean age 17 17

Mean age at first use (any subs.) 14 14

Mean age at first use (primary) 15 15

Mean duration of use of primary drug 2 2

Source: TDI, Greek REITOX Focal Point

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

• WOMEN ARE UNDER-REPRESENTED

• YOUNGER

• LIVE WITH DRUG USERS MORE OFTEN

• MORE EDUCATED

• MORE UNEMPLOYED

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

• HEROIN AS PRIMARY DRUG

• LESS OFTEN CURRENT INJECTION

• MORE OFTEN SHARING NEEDLES

• YOUNGER AT FIRST USE OF P.D.

• THERAPY (LAST CONTACT) EARLIER

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

FURTHER CONSIDERATIONSFURTHER CONSIDERATIONS

• QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT

Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI