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Arabian Journal for Science andEngineering ISSN 1319-8025Volume 41Number 11 Arab J Sci Eng (2016) 41:4691-4700DOI 10.1007/s13369-016-2252-x

Transpiration and Thermophoresis Effectson Non-Darcy Convective Flow Past aRotating Cone with Thermal Radiation

B. Mallikarjuna, A. M. Rashad, AhmedKadhim Hussein & S. Hariprasad Raju

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Arab J Sci Eng (2016) 41:4691–4700DOI 10.1007/s13369-016-2252-x

RESEARCH ARTICLE - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Transpiration and Thermophoresis Effects on Non-DarcyConvective Flow Past a Rotating Cone with Thermal Radiation

B. Mallikarjuna1 · A. M. Rashad2 · Ahmed Kadhim Hussein3 · S. Hariprasad Raju4

Received: 21 September 2015 / Accepted: 13 June 2016 / Published online: 28 June 2016© King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2016

Abstract In this article, mathematical model is developedfor transport phenomena in an incompressible viscous fluidregime adjacent to a rotating vertical cone with thermal radi-ation and transpiration effects. The governing equations forthe pertinent geometry are non-dimensionalized by employ-ing specified transformations. A set of resultant equationsare solved by numerical method. The solutions of this modelare carried out under physical realistic boundary conditionsto compute velocities, temperature and concentration func-tions distributions. The results are compared with previouslyavailable existing results. The excellent agreement has beenfound. The effect of thermal radiation, transpiration (sur-face injection/suction) and Forchheimer parameters, ther-mophoretic coefficient and relative temperature differenceparameter on flow characteristics is illustrated graphically.It is observed that substantial influence has been exerted onflow characteristics, heat transfer rate (Nusselt number) andmass transfer rate (Sherwood number) for various values oftranspiration parameter. The wall thermophoretic velocitychanges according to the variation of physical parameters.

B B. Mallikarjunadrbmallikarjuna.maths@gmail.com;mallikarjuna.jntua@gmail.com

1 Department of Mathematics, BMS College of Engineering,Bangalore 560019, India

2 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, AswanUniversity, 81528 Aswân, Egypt

3 College of Engineering -Mechanical EngineeringDepartment, Babylon University, Babylon City, Hilla, Iraq

4 Department of Mathematics, Sri Veankateswara University,Tirupati, 517502 Andhrapradesh, India

Keywords Thermophoresis · Thermal radiation · Non-Darcy · Suction/injection · Rotating cone

List of SymbolsC Non-dimensional concentrationCb Forchheimer’s inertial drag coefficientCL Concentration at the cone basecp Specific heat at pressure constantD Diffusivity of the molecule(Da)−1 Inverse Darcy number

(ν

k� sin α

)

g Acceleration due to gravity

gs Mixed convection parameter(

GrRe2

)

Gr Grashof number(gβT(Tw−T∞)L3 cosα

ν2

)

h0 Dimensionless wall mass transfer

Coefficient

(w0

(ν� sin α)12

)

K Porous medium’s permeabilityk Thermophoretic coefficientk∗ Coefficient of mean absorptionke Effective thermal conductivityL Cone slant heightNt Relative temperature difference parameter(

Tw−T∞T∞

)

qr Heat flux of the thermal radiationR Thermal radiation parameter(

4σ ∗(Tw−T∞)3

k∗ke

)

Re(

�L2 sin αν

)Local Reynolds number

T Temperature (non-dimensional)TL Temperature at cone surface

Vt Thermophoretic velocity( −k PrNt+θ

∂θ∂y

)

w0 Fluid suction at the cone surface

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Greek symbols Forchheimer parameter (local inertia drag coefficient)(

CbLρ

)

� Rotational angular velocityρ Density of the fluidσ ∗ Stefan–Boltzmann constant

1 Introduction

Mixed convective flow from a rotating cone is a branch ofresearch undergoing fast growth in heat and mass transfer.This is quite common because of its enormous applicationsin geothermal, geophysical, environmental and energy andsolutal-related engineeringproblems. Prominent applicationsare design of canisters for nuclear waste disposal, design ofturbines, turbomachines, rotating heat exchangers, nuclearreactor cooling systems, spin stabilized missiles, geothermalreservoirs, estimatingflight rotatingwheel’s path and inmanygeophysical vortices problems. Heat transfer process by freeand forced convection from a rotating vertical cone embed-ded in a porous medium had been analyzed first by Heringand Grosh [1] and Himasekhar and Sarma [2]. The effect thegeneration of heat on convective boundary layer flow fromrotating bodies (disks, cones and axisymmetric surfaces) hasbeen investigated byWang [3].MHD and unsteady effects onconvective flow past a rotating cone in porous medium havebeen presented by Chamkha [4] and Takhar [5]. Recently,Nadeem and Saleem [6] found approximate analytical solu-tions of unsteady combined free and forced convective flowof Newtonian fluid on a rotational cone with the influence ofmagnetic field. Mallikarjuna et al. [7] presented numericalresults and investigated Darcy and chemical reaction effecton free and forced convective flow from a vertical rotatingcone with variable porosity regime.

On the other side, the thermophoresis is the transport phe-nomenonof concentrationmoleculewhich leads to small par-ticles are to be driven away fromaheated surface and toward acold one. It is a mass transfer mechanism to point out the par-ticles on cold surfaces, particularly a significant for submi-cron dust particles since the velocity of thermophoretic is anindependent of the size of theparticle. In fact, submicrometer-sized dust particles are suspended in a non-isothermal gaswith a gradient of temperature and influence a force in thedirection contrary to the gradient of temperature. However,thermophoresis phenomenon was first introduced by Tyn-dall [8] when he presented a free dust layer in a dusty gassurrounding of a heat geometry. Recently, Shehzad et al.[9] studied thermophoresis influence on convective radia-tive flow of a Jeffery fluid with the influence of Joule heat-ing. Kameswaran et al. [10] analyzed the influence of ther-mophoretic and nonlinear convection flow over a vertical

plate in a non-Darcy porous medium. Hariprasad et al. [11]investigated thermophoretic effect on heat and mass transferflow of a mixed convection fluid over a vertical rotating conewith chemical reaction. Rashad et al. [12] and Mallikarjunaet al. [13] investigated thermophoresis effect on double dif-fusive convective flow induced by vertical rotating cone in aporous medium.

The suction/injection effects on double diffusive convec-tive problems has great importance in extending theory ofindustrial- and engineering-related applications. The mostprominent important application of suction (blowing) is inso-called transpiration cooling. If the suction fluid velocityis dissimilar from the free stream fluid flow an enhancementtakes place in binary boundary layer regime. As well as en-ergy and flow of fluid exchanges there is an exchange inmolecules due to change in diffusion. Very light gases, forinstance, hydrogen and helium have a great cooling effect. Itcan leads to clogging cooling process. Electronic devices arecooled by natural or mixed convection by giving sufficientnumber of outlets to enable heated air to leave and cooledair to enter. In fact, air blown is taking into account in caseof inadequate of free convection cooling. All types of con-taminants deliver in the air, such as moisture, lint and oilare situated on the body, causing overheating in this process.Hence, rate of flow volume of the air is to be controlled intothe body, to reduce the deposition of the contaminants overthe surface. This can be obtained accurately by evaluatingheat and mass transfer near the boundary with thermophore-sis effect. The Darcy convective flow over vertical rotatingcone, suction/ injection effect is investigated by Himasekharand Sarma [2] and Chamkha [4]. Recently, suction/ injec-tion effect on heat transfer flow over shrinking sheet withradiation effect has been investigated by Bhattacharya [14].Hamad and Ferdows [15] presented similarity solutions ofconvective orthogonal stagnation point flow froma stretchingsheet in saturated nanofluid with suction/injection. Gangad-har and Bhaskar Reddy [16] studied chemical reaction andtranspiration effects on double diffusive flow over a movingvertical plate. Rashidi et al. [17] found approximation ana-lytical solutions to analyze transpiration effect on convectiveheat and mass transfer flow from a non-linearly stretchingsheet in a fluid saturated nanofluid.

In view of the aforesaid applications, authors envisage toinvestigate transpiration and thermophoresis effect on doublediffusive combined free and forced double diffusive con-vective flow from a vertical rotating cone in a non-Darcyporous medium. The numerical method is used to obtain thesolutions of the differential equations pertinent to presentphysical model. The obtained results are compared with re-sults available in the literature and very good agreement hasbeen found. The results are presented graphically for the vari-ation of thermophoresis parameter, transpiration parameter,inverse Darcy parameter and non-Darcy (Forchheimer) pa-

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Fig. 1 Geometry of the model

rameter on fluid characteristics over the boundary layer andat surface of the cone.

2 Problem Formulation

Consider 2D steady viscous laminar incompressible flowfrom a permeable rotational vertical cone. Physical config-uration is represented in Fig. 1. Here system of curvilinearcoordinate is considered to describe the flow geometry. Thex, y and z axes are along meridional section, circumferentialsection and normal to the cone, respectively. The cone is as-sumed with Tw (x) and Cw (x), free stream is assumed withconstant temperature and concentration. The gray, absorbingand emitting fluid medium is assumed which is not scattered.Except the density, all the properties of porous medium andfluid are assumed to be constant. In the momentum equa-tion, the density is assumed to be varying only in buoyancyforce term. The porous region is to be described with non-Darcian Forchheimer drag forcemodel. It contains first-orderlinear drag force for low influence velocity and second-order(quadratic) resistance, non-DarcyForchheimer drag for high-velocity profiles. The non-Darcian Forchheimer model istherefore:

∇ p = − μ

Kq − ρb

Kq2

where q is the general velocity, μ is the fluid dynamic vis-cosity, K is the porous medium permeability, across theporous medium p is the pressure drop and b is the inertialForchheimer drag force. Using the boundary and Boussinesqapproximation by taking into account of the above assump-tions, the governing equations are:

u

x+ ∂u

∂x+ ∂w

∂z= 0 (1)

u∂u

∂x+ w

∂u

∂z− v2

x

= υ∂2u

∂z2− υ

Ku − Cb

ρu2

+gβt

((T − T∞) + βc

βt(C − C∞)

)cos(α) (2)

u∂v

∂x+ w

∂v

∂z+ uv

x= υ

∂2v

∂z2− υ

Kv − Cb

ρv2 (3)

(u

∂T

∂x+ w

∂T

∂z

)= ke

ρcp

∂2T

∂z2− 1

ρcp

∂qr∂z

(4)

u∂C

∂x+ w

∂C

∂z+ ∂

∂z(Cvt) = D

∂2C

∂z2(5)

The appropriate boundary conditions are

at z = 0,

{u(z) = 0, v(z) = 0, w(z) = −w0

T (z) = Tw(x), C(z) = Cw(x)

as z → ∞,

{u → 0, v → 0,T → T∞, C → C∞

(6)

where (u, v, w) is the velocity vector along (x,y,z), respec-tively.

and qr = −4σ ∗

3k∗ ∇T 4 (7)

As less difference in the temperature of the fluid phase, T 4

can be arranged as a function of the temperature of degree 1.UsingTaylor series about T∞ and terminating terms of higherorder, we get

∂qr∂z

= 16σ ∗T 3∞3k∗

∂2T

∂z2(8)

Introducing the dimensionless transformations in Eqs. (1)–(6)

(u, v, w) = (x� sin(α)F(η),

x� sin(α)G(η), (ν� sin(α))1/2 H (η))

,

(Tw(x),Cw(x)) =(T∞ + (TL − T∞) x

L,

C∞ + (CL − C∞) x

L

),

η = (� sin(α))1/2

(ν)1/2z, θ(η) = T − T∞

Tw − T∞,

r = x sin (α) , φ(η) = C − C∞Cw − C∞

(9)

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Table 1 Results of −H ′′(0) (skin friction coefficient in x-direction), −G ′(0) (skin friction coefficient in z-direction) and Nusselt number (−θ ′(0))for mixed convection parameter (gs) for N = 0, R = 0, k = 0,Pr = 0.7, = 0, h0 = 0 and (Da)−1 = 0

gs= Gr/Re2 −H ′′(0) −G ′(0) −θ ′(0)Present values Earlier values (Her-

ing and Grosh [1])Present values Earlier values (Her-

ing and Grosh [1])Present values Earlier values (Her-

ing and Grosh [1])

0.1 1.13680 1.13690 0.65481 0.65489 0.46150 0.46156

10 8.5240 8.5246 1.4032 1.4037 1.0174 1.0173

Table 2 Nusselt number(−θ ′(0)) and skin frictioncoefficient in z-direction(−G ′(0)) values for variousvalues of h0 forN = 0, R = 0, k = 0,Pr = 0.7, = 0, gs = 1 and (Da)−1 = 0

Parameter Earlier values(Himasekhar [2])

Present results Earlier values(Himasekhar [2])

Present results

h0 −θ ′(0) −θ ′(0) −G ′(0) −G ′(0)

0.0 0.6114 0.6110 0.8427 0.8425

0.125 0.6416 0.6416 0.8810 0.8810

0.25 0.6724 0.6719 0.9194 0.9195

0.5 0.7354 0.7354 0.9968 0.9968

1.0 0.8668 0.8672 1.1534 1.1529

we get,

F = −1

2H ′ (10)

H ′′′ − HH ′′ + 1

2(1 + )

(H ′)2 − Da−1H ′ (11)

−2G2 − 2θ − 2Nφ = 0 (12)

G ′′ − G2 − HG ′ + H ′G − (Da)−1G = 0 (13)1

Pr

(1 + 4

3R

)θ ′′ +

(1

2H ′θ − Hθ ′

)= 0 (14)

1

Scφ′′ + 1

2H ′φ − Hφ′ + Ntk

θNt + 1

×(

φ′θ ′ + φθ ′′ − Ntφθ ′2

θNt + 1

)= 0 (15)

The conditions are transformed into

H ′(0) = 0, H(0) = −h0, H ′(∞) → 0,

G (0) = 1, G(∞) → 0,

θ(0) = 1, θ(∞) → 0, φ(0) = 1, φ(∞) → 0 (16)

The skin friction coefficients, local rate of heat and rate ofmass transfer are presented by

Cfx =2μ

(∂u∂z

)

z=0

ρ (�0x sin α)2, Cfy =

−2μ(

∂v∂z

)

z=0

ρ (�0x sin α)2,

Nux =−x

(∂T∂z

)

z=0

(Tw − T∞),Shx =

−x(

∂C∂z

)

z=0

(Cw − C∞)

In dimensionless form:

Re1/2Cfx = −H ′′(0) (17)

2−1Re1/2Cfy = −G ′(0) (18)NuxRe1/2

= −θ ′(0) (19)

ShxRe1/2

= −φ′(0) (20)

3 Solution Procedure

A set of Eqs. (10)–(15) with specified conditions (16) aresolvedbyemployingnumerical technique, i.e., shooting tech-niqueMallikarjuna et al. [7],Rashad [12] andSrinivasacharyaet al. [18,19]. To validate the code, the current results arecorrelated with previously available results in the literature.Equations (23)–(28) coincide with equations presented byHering and Grosh [1] Himasekhar et al. [2] by excludingconcentration equation with thermophoresis influence, ther-mal radiation parameter and inverse Darcy parameters. Thevery good agreement has been found with previously pub-lished results as shown in Tables 1 and 2.

4 Results and Discussion

The fluid characteristics, i.e., flow velocity (tangential, cir-cumferential and normal), heat and mass transfer profiles arepresented graphically in Fig. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21. The influenceof inverse Darcy parameter (Da−1), Forchheimer parame-

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Fig. 2 Graph of F for various values of (Da)−1 and h0

Fig. 3 Graph of G for various values of (Da)−1 and h0

Fig. 4 Graph of H for various values of (Da)−1 and h0

Fig. 5 Graph of θ for various values of (Da)−1 and h0

Fig. 6 Graph of φ for various values of (Da)−1 and h0

Fig. 7 Graph of F for various values of and R

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Fig. 8 Graph of G for various values of and R

Fig. 9 Graph of H for various values of and R

Fig. 10 Graph of θ for various values of and R

Fig. 11 Graph of φ for various values of and R

Fig. 12 Graph of −H ′′(0) for various values of and R

Fig. 13 Graph of −G ′(0) for various values of and R

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Fig. 14 Graph of −θ ′(0) for various values of and R

Fig. 15 Graph of −φ′(0) for various values of and R

Fig. 16 Graph of −H ′′(0) for various values of Nt and k

Fig. 17 Graph of −G ′(0) for various values of Nt and k

Fig. 18 Graph of −θ ′(0) for various values of Nt and k

ter (), suction/injection parameter (ho), thermal radiationparameter R and thermophoretic coefficients (k) has beendiscussed. To analyze the influence of Da−1, , h0, R andk on the physical characteristics of the flow, the computa-tions are carried out by fixing the other parameter values asPr = 0.71, gs = 30,Sc = 0.22, k = 0.2,Nt = 0.1.

The effects of inverse Darcy parameter (Da)−1 and suc-tion h0 > 0 and injection h0 < 0 parameters on dimensionalvelocities (tangential, circumferential and azimuthal), tem-perature and concentration distributions are shown in Figs. 2,3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. As (Da)−1 = ν

K� sin(α)increases,

the porousmedium permeability (K) decreases or viscosity isincreases. It causes to reduce tangential and circumferentialvelocity fields with in the boundary layer regime as given inFigs. 2 and 3. A very strong enhancement in normal veloc-ity profile, temperature and concentration distributions hasbeen noticed from Figs. 4, 5 and 6, for larger values of Da−1.A similar effect of inverse Darcy parameter on velocity andthermal diffusion fields has also been discussed by Chamkha

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Fig. 19 Graph of −φ′(0) for various values of Nt and k

Fig. 20 Graph of Vtw for various values of Nt and (Da)−1

[4]. The thickness of the thermal and concentration boundarylayer increased for larger values of inverse Darcy parameter(Da)−1. The transpiration velocity h0 = w0

(ν� sin α)1/2repre-

sents suction and injection corresponds to h0 > 0 and h0 < 0and h0 = 0 corresponds to an impermeable cone surface. Wealso observed from Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 that the results aremore dominated for the case of h0 < 0. The similar behaviorhas been reported in Anwar Beg et al. [21] for spinning disk.

Figures 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 illustrate the response to the pa-rameters Forchheimer and thermal radiation parameters onnon-dimensional velocity profiles, temperature and concen-tration distributions. The Forchheimer parameter = CbL

ρin

the momentum Eqs. (11) and (13) is associated with Forch-heimer second-order resistance term. Forchheimer inertialdrag coefficient Cb is directly proportional to Forchheimerparameter and has stronger influence adjacent to cone sur-face. Therefore, increase in strongly retards tangential andcircumferential velocities as presented in Figs. 7 and 8 while

Fig. 21 Graph of Vtw for various values of R and

enhancement in normal velocity profile (Fig. 9). The decel-eration in the fluid flow serves to reduce in the thicknessof the hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness which givesrise in energy and concentration diffusion and a thickeningthe boundary layer of thermal and concentration. Increas-ing radiation parameter R accelerates strongly, i.e., increasesthe fluid tangential velocity while reduce circumferentialand normal velocity profiles. The radiation parameter R =4σ ∗T 3∞k∗ke in energy equation (14) states that “ratio of thermal

radiation contribution relative to the thermal conduction.”For R(<1) → 0 the term 4R

3 tends to zero, thermal con-duction contributes more than thermal radiation flux. ForR(>1) → ∞ i.e., R approaches to ∞, thermal radiationdominates over thermal conduction. For R = 1, both thermalradiation and thermal conduction have the same contribution.We considered the last two of these three cases for presentproblem. Increasing thermal radiation contribution with anincrease in R results strengthens the thermal diffusivity of thefluid and accelerated the thermal energy with in the thermalboundary layer. Therefore, temperature profile is increasedwith increase in R, as shown in Fig. 10. The boundary layerthickness for both velocity and thermal are increased withincreasing contribution from thermal radiation (with decreas-ing contribution from thermal conduction). Conversely, thereis considerable decrement in the concentration distributionfor larger values of R, as observed in Fig. 11.

Figures 12, 13, 14 and 15 display the effect of thermal radi-ation (R), Forchheimer () and transpiration (h0) parameterson skin friction coefficients in tangential

(CfxRe

1/2x = −

H ′′(0))and azimuthal

(2−1CfyRe

1/2x = −G ′(0)

)(circum-

ferential) directions, local rate of heat transfer(NuRe−1/2

x =−θ ′(0)

)and mass transfer

(Sh Re−1/2

x = −φ′(0)), respec-

tively. The tangential and circumferential skin friction co-efficients are found to be increasing for larger values of

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R, i.e., with increasing thermal radiative flux (weaker ther-mal conduction effect) as given in Figs 12 and 13. Con-versely, Nusselt number is observed to be reluctant withincreasingR values, as presented in Fig. 14. Therefore, largervalue of thermal radiation accelerates the fluid flow but re-duces transport of thermal energy to the cone surface. Fig-ure 15 shows that Sherwood number is to be strongly in-creased with increase in R. The greater contribution of ther-mal radiation heat transfer (and lower thermal conductioncontribution) assists species diffusion to the cone surface.Overall the effect of thermal radiation in a porous mediais clearly observed. Increasing Forchheimer parameter ()

retards the coefficient of skin friction along x-direction aswell as enhance coefficient of skin friction in circumfer-ential direction. Shear stress is considerably reduced, i.e.,decelerate the friction coefficient along the surface of thecone, it causes to inhibit energy and species transport alongthe cone surface. The rate of heat transfer and mass transferare therefore decreased with large values of . An increasein h0 (suction parameter) also accentuates the coefficientsof the skin friction in x (tangential) and z (circumferential)directions, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers along the conesurface. Injection parameter (h0 < 0) produced opposite re-sults.

Figures 16, 17, 18 and 19 depict the influence of coef-ficient of thermophoretic (k) and relative temperature dif-ference parameter (Nt) on coefficients of skin frictions, rateof heat transfer and mass transfer, respectively. Increase inthermophoretic coefficient (k) enhances coefficients of skinfrictions, i.e., shear stress is strongly enhanced, caused to in-hibit heat transfer rate along the cone surface.Nusselt numbertherefore increased with rise in thermophoretic coefficient.Conversely, Sherwood number reduced for increasing valuesof k. It is noticed from these figures that Nt reported similarresults of the effect of k, i.e., skin friction coefficients andrate of heat transfer increases with increase in Nt from 1 to3 but Sherwood number reduced.

Figures 20 and 21 represents the variation ofthermophoretic velocity Vtw at cone surface for various val-ues of inverseDarcy parameter, transpiration parameter, tem-perature difference parameter (Nt), thermophoretic coeffi-cient (k), Forchheimer parameter and thermal radiation para-meter. FromFig. 20, it is noticed that thewall thermophoreticvelocity increased for larger values of Da−1 and injection pa-rameter (h0 < 0). The opposite results are reported for largervalues ofNt and suction parameter (h0 > 0). Figure 21 showsthat increase in thermal radiation parameter is found to be anenhancement in wall thermophoretic velocity. The similarresults reported for larger values of Forchheimer parameter.Conversely, wall thermophoretic velocity decelerates with arise in k.

5 Conclusions

The effect of radiation, thermophoresis and transpiration pa-rameters on free and forced combined convective flow over arotating vertical cone in a saturated non-Darcy Forchheimerporousmedium has been investigated. The governing bound-ary layer equations with conditions are converted into ODEby using specified transformations. Shooting technique isused to find the results of resultant equations. The influencesof different physical parameters, thermophoretic coefficient,thermal radiation and transpiration, on fluid characteristics,were discussed for both the cases of Darcy and non-Darcy.An increase in thermal radiation causes to increase in tan-gential velocity profile and temperature distributions whiledepreciation in circumferential and normal velocity profileand concentration distribution. Drastic change in flow ve-locity, energy and molecular distribution has been reportedfor larger values of Forchheimer parameter compared to theinverse Darcy parameter. The coefficients of skin frictionin x (tangential) and z (circumferential) directions and rateof heat transfer are found to enhance strongly with a risein thermophoretic coefficient and relative temperature dif-ference parameter while depreciation in Sherwood number.The thermophoretic velocity at the cone surface increasesfor larger values of thermal radiation, inverse Darcy para-meter and Forchheimer parameters, and opposite trend hasbeen noticed for larger values of thermophoretic coefficient,relative temperature difference parameter and transpirationparameter.

Acknowledgments The author Dr. Bandaru Mallikarjuna thanks toB.M.S College of Engineering (Autonomous), Bangalore-19, for pro-viding financial assistance and kind support through the TEQIP [“Tech-nical Education Quality Improvement Programme”] of the MHRD,Government of India.

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