University of Nigeria Virtual Library

Serial No

Author 1 OPARAKU, O. U.

Author 2

Author 3

Title Technology- Economic Analysis Of Fourteen Diesel- Generator Operated Water Pumping

Stations In Rural Nigeria

Keywords

Description Technology- Economic Analysis Of Fourteen Diesel- Generator Operated Water Pumping

Stations In Rural Nigeria Category

N. C. E.R. D.

Publisher National Center For Energy Research

Publication Date 2002

Signature

Ilcar 0. I!. Opasaku,

TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FOURTEEN DIESEL- GENERATOR OPERATED WATER PUMPING STATIONS IN

RURAL NIGERIA

O.U. Oparaku National Centre for Energy Research and Development

University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

ABSTRACT

Water production and downtime periods of fourteen (14) diesel-generator - operated

pumping stations where collected for ten (1 0) years (1 984-1 993) and analyzed. The total

per capita production within the population served by the various stations varied fiom a

minimum of 0.71 litres to maximum of 28.44. The production fiom most of the stations

were below the WHO recommended minimum for developing countries. The rainy-

season and dry season per capita figures for the communities served by the 14 stations t

and for the region are also presented. The low per capita figures are partly attributable to

the downtime periods due to breakdown of the generator and other equipment and also

shortage of fieVoil etc. which are presented. A group maintenance programme and a

central stocking policy are recommended for the fourteen stations.

Keywords: Water, Diesel Generator, pumping, downtime, per capita.

INTRODUCTION

Nigeria has a land area of 924,000 square kilometers, and a population of 88.5 million,

according to the 1991 census figures. About 65% of the population reside in rural

communities(Wor1d Bank, 1992193). The population growth rate is put at 2.9%

(Hodd,1991). The hydroelectric resource potential of the country is estimated at 40,000

G W y e a r with an installed capacity (in 1989) of 1.9 GW and a generation capacity in the

same year of 2,210GWh. The major hydroelectricity stations in the country are those

located at Kainji, Shiroro and Mambilla Plateau. Some thermal stations located at Oji,

Egbin and Sapele complement the power generated by the hydroelectric stations giving a

total electricity production (1991) of 11.2 billion kwh. The annual growtfi rates of energy

production and consumption deduced from 1980 - 1990 figures are 0.2% and 4.8%

respectively while the per capital energy consumption is 138 (in kg of oil equivalent). The

low per capita energy consumption gives an indication of the low level of development of

Nigeria (per capita energy consumption of Sweden is 6347 kg of oil equivalent), with an

annual growth rate of 0.1 % (World Bank,, 1992).

The electricity produced is consumed mainly in the urban towns. Most inhabitants of rural

areas do not have access to grid electricity and have to rely on kerosene and palm oil

lanterns for lighting and on shallow-well water for washing, cookingldrinking. These

sources of unclean water pose a threat to human health as a result of environmental

deterioration. This threat was dramatically evident in 1991 when several Latin American

and Afiican Countries were struck by Cholera epidemic, claiming many lives. This disease

which is transmitted primarily through contaminated water and food is still a menace to the

rural poor. Recognizing the need for electricity in the rural areas for lighting, water

pumping and other economic, social and educational activities, the Federal Government

established the Directorate for Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure, an organ charged with

addressing issues of rural development, including the extension of grid "electricity and the

installation of diesel generators. The activities of this government organ is being hindered

by the huge financial costs of extending the grid over long distances and through rough

terrain.

In order to complement the efforts of the Federal Government, the State Governments

instituted Rural Electrification Boards and Water Corporations to serve the needs of the

rural populace. The Enugu State Water Corporation has 19 water pumping stations in the

Nsukka Zone. The water production and downtime data of 14 stations which are powered

by diesel were analyzed to obtained the per capita production by year and period for the

communities served by each station. The regional figures are also presented. The

technicaYsocia1 factors responsible for non-production of water were classified into seven

groups. The extent to which generator. submerisible pump and electrically related factors

influenced the downtime were analyzed and are reported. The study shows that the per

capita water production can be enhanced if more reliable power supply is utilized.

METHODOLOGY -

Each pumping station has senior craftsman pumper and his assistants who maintain a daily

record of the operation of the station. The data which are kept in their log book include the

volume of water produced, number of hours of operation, number of days of operation, i

dieseVEngine oil consumption and remarks relating to why the station is non-fbnctional.

The logged data are returned to the Zonal Headquarters at Nsukka on a monthly basis. It is

fiom the Headquarters that the Author obtained all the data for the 10-year period.

Information on the population of the communities and the diesel generators serving their

pumping stations are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1: POPULATION OF COMMUNITIES AND CAPACITIES OF GENERATORS SERVICING THEM

ALOR-AGU AMACHALA

CAPACITY KVA

EI-IALUMONA ETTE

MODEL COMM./STATION

5938 5897

IB AG WA-AN1 IKPAMODO LEJJA

40943 24 186

OBOLLO-AFOR OHODO

1984 POP

7680 7628

16693 2 168 22680

ONITSHA-ENUGU OPI

The 1993 population figures were extrapolated fiom the 1984 figures using the 2.9%

annual population growth rate(Hodd, 1992). The parameters deduced fiom the data and the

formulae for obtaining their values are as follows:

52956 3 1282

203 53 19730

OVOKO UMACHI UMAGAMA

P, = Per capita water production per year.

1993 POP

Petbow 1 125R90 Petbow 1 125-0

21332 2805 29335

37893

PC, = Per capita water production over the period (1984 - 1993).

ENGINE NAME

156 156

Rolls Royce Rolls Royce

26347 255 19

20849 3080 4236

P,, = Per capita water production in the region covered by the 14 stations.

49012

EW100 EW100

156 156 156

Petbow Rolls Royce Petbow Rolls Royce Rolls Rovce

30750 39773 26967 3984 5778

100 100

125R90 ER/l56/E 125R90

Rolls Royce

EW250E EW125

Rolls Royce Rolls Royce Rolls Royce Rolls Royce

250 125

ER/156/E 156 EW125/E ER1156 ERI 100 ER/156/E

125 156 100 156

P, = Total water produced (m3) x 1000 litersl 365 (days) x population

PCP = Total water produced (m3) x 1000 literst 3653 (days) x population (Average)

P, = Total water produced in the region(m3) in the year x 1000 litrest365 x population

Of the region in the year.

PC, = Total water produced in the region over the period x 1000 litersl 3653 x (days) x

Average population over the period.

The average population over the period is deduced by summing the yearly multiplication

factors for deriving the population each year (fiom the base year - 1984) and dividing by

ten. The value is multiplied by the 1984 population to obtain the average population in

the period. The per capita figures in the two climatic seasons (Dry and Rainy Seasons)

were calculated by using the total number of days (by year and by period) in each of the

seasons in the equations for P,,P, and PC, above. The dry season months are

November, December, January, February and March while the rainy season months are

April to October, totaling 151 and 214 days respectively, except in the leap years when

the dry season total is 152 days.

The downtime periods (in days) when no water was pumped as a result of technical and

other reasons were also obtained fiom the available data at the Zonal Office. The

faults/reasons responsible for the downtime are, for the purposes of this study, classified

as shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2: CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTS I REASONS CAUSING DOWNTIME

I TYPE OF FAULT I ASSOCIATED COMPONENTS I t ~ e n . Set

I I Generating Set, Starter, Alternator 1 I I

Battery I Battery 1 I I I Fuel I Diesel Fuel, Engine Oil. 1 I I

tpipeline I Leakage on rising main, burst pipe

Pump

Booster

Others

Submersible pump, Borehole

Booster Pump, Booster Starter

No tanker sales, Non-payment of bii Community

Disagreement

The downtime periods by year and by period (1984- 1993) were obtained for each

category of fault and for each station. However, downtime contributed by gen-set,

battery, fie1 and sumo-related faults/reasons are reported in their numerical values (in

days) and also as percentage of the total downtime (days). These made more significant

contributions to the total downtime than the other categories of faultdreasons. Downtime

due to non-availability of diesel fuel may be on the increase. Extension of a reliable grid

electricity to the communities to power the pumps is the only option that could take care

of the diesel-gen-set related downtime. Solar-photovoltaics is not cost-effective because

the water table in the Nsukka zone is about 180 meters deep, on the average. The more

than 300% recent increase in water t a s m a y result to an improvement in operational and

maintenance services of systems but force the rural poor to reduce their consumption.

This will be detrimental to their health.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The per capita water production for all the stations are preseni

The average per capita over ten-year period shows that Ette has - a. # s* ~m . .. * . t . F A H A m.. J 1

ted annually in Table 3.

the lowest per capita of

u. / htters/day wnue 1KpQmOCio nas tne mgnest or m.r mers~day. Nine (representing

64%) out of the 14 stations have a per capita figure lower than 5 litredday whilst 11

stations(representing 78%) produced less than 10 literslday. These figures are much

below the value of 40 litres/dav recommended bv the World Health Organization for

devek

period 01 lU3V days (see table /) the per caplta hgure or u. I mers/aay ror arre mpues

very uncomfortable situation for the community in terms of water supply. The stations

and years in which the per capita values are remarkably low correspond to those in which

the downtime and idle period were very high as indicated in Table 7.

Table 4 shows the dry season water production as a percentage of the total production.

Most of the cases show a production higher than 50% because the communities demand

more water during the dry season. The years in which the dry

lower than 50% are those in which the downtime during the

significant. Those with the production at 100% represent the years m wmcn water was

not pumped during the rainy season as a result of faults in the system,

: entire period, the dry and rainy seasons, are presented in Table 5. . . .* . .. m. 0 * . .* -.

The summarv of the total ~roduction between 1984 and 1993 and the uer capita figures

for tht The critical

parameter is tne ary season per capita. lne values ror Amacnaua, lkpamodo mcl

Umuagama indicate a relatively good water supply at such a time when rain water is not

available. Ette, Eha-Alumom, Ibagwa-Ani, Lejja, Alor-Agu, Obollo-Mor, Onitsha-

Enugu and Opi have dry season per capita figures lower than 10 herdday. The poor

sanitary conditions and hence the health PI tt

poor water supply can be imagined. The remonal Der capita hmre is sh~htlv above 1~

literdday. This is an indication that th I

best in t e r n of per capita figures, as can tx seen wom tne tame.

iese communities as a result of . ,. . a , . . . 2 ,' - - - .

e stations with the lowest populations performe€ ,. .. . . .

The values showing the performance of the entire region embracing the 14 stations are - - -

given in Table 6. The total annual water production during the period and specifically

during the dry season are given, with the calculated per capita values for the two seasons.

In no year did the regional per capita water production (total dry season or rainy season)

exceed 1 fl literddav. This imnlies that the rel~tivelv hioh Rer canifa in the commilrrities -.----- ------. J ---- --- - - - - - - - - -a - - - - -- - - . - - J

r-- --r'-- -- ----

with low population are, under regional consideration, outweighed by the lower figures of

communities with high population figures. Table 7 gives a breakdown of total number of

days in which water was pumped in the carnmunities within the period and the total

number of ( P

failures in the generaror r ~ , g e n e r a ~ o r ~ ~ a ~ ~ e r y ~ r u e ~ ~ G B F m u me S -.--- , -..., - .. - -

lays in which technicaVsoc ial reasons prevented 1 - - -~ * - ~ n L - . . n - - & A r l . - l T? ---J .I.-

rmping of water due tc

ilmn mrmn F.

These are expressed as a percentage of FT. The idle period of the stations is also given as

the no-pump-days.

The station which pumped for the highest number of days is Opi with a total of 2384

days, representing 65% of the period. Ette, with the Iowest per capita water production

pumped for the lowest number of days representing 32% of the period, while Ikparnodo

with the highest per capita pumped for 56% of the period and did not experience a gen-

set fault. The gen-set serving Ette ranks fourth, after Ikpamodo, Lejja and Umachi. The

downtime period of the station was primarily due to battery failure and secondarily to

sumo breakdown. Onitsha-Enugu has the highest frequency of generator failure,

representing 24% of the period. The ineffective period for the station is hereby defined

as the sum of the total fault days and the no-pump days. The percentage values for all the

stations starting with AIor-Agu are 44, 40, 50,68, 59,44, 437, 40 and 36 respectively. A

group maintenance vrommme and a central stocking policy are therefore recommended

for the o

Officing CLUUL), vnwuazo (~rrtr) anu 3Ule and h n n o n \IY IY). wnat E reqUlred here is

to setup a central workshop and maintenance team that will cater for all the pumping

stations. The maintenance team will be based in Nsukka andl can be called by any of the

stations to come for maintenance. This team in addition to this will carry out routine and

preventive maintenance of the pumping stations. There are a lot of work on central

stocking see Offiong (2001), Brothroyd and Tomlinson (1963) and Mitehell (1962).

What is required here is to set up a central store that will contain aU the spares required

for the fourteen stations. The store which will be based in Nsukka should be accessible

to the maintenance team. The establishment of a group maintenance management

programme and a central store of these stations requires further research.

A - fourteen stations. There are a number ,an"-. , .--A. . - . . w -

-. f works on grouped maintenance, see

,.a #.-.-&, .." 7 - ..

CONCLUSION

All the communities served by the diesel-generator-powered pumping stations had per

capita water supply figures lower than the WHO recommendation of 40 literdday. The

low 5gures are due to a combination of technical, social and economic factors. The

technical factors include the breakdown of the generator, submersible pump, battery,

booster, pipeline and the lack of dieseI fuel and engine oil. The social and economic

factors included community disagreements, no sale by water tankers and the non-

payment of water bill.

Long downtime due to technical faults exist because the spare parts for effecting repairs

are not readily available as a result of a remarkably low stocking of spares. There could

be better services if stnrkino nf snap nmtc iq imnrnved hut the Mannu~rwnt nf t h ~ w2tc-r

Corporation in

improvement i

the willingness to pay txcause they consist or tne rural poor. I nls expram wny m some

cases and periods, there are no sales by the water tankers even when the pumping stations

are filly operational. In view of the recent increase in the price of diesel &el to , the cost Of walAw :o L w a - I ' t- :-,---"A n + J + G o m n t r FA-,-r., tha - t w o 1 ,snmmrmA+;no tn mArwrra +ha:-

sist that the financial returns to the corporation are not adequate to enhance

n services. Although the communities desire improved services, they lack 1 . . n . . m. . . . . .

.el 13 WUIIU cv U I ~ I ~ L W ~ CUN C L U ~ I I I ~ J L V I ~ C I L L I ~ I ulal ~ V I I U I I U I U L L ~ ~ LV I ~ U U ~ L . C I K U

consumption bringing with it the attendant health hazards. A group maintenance " . . " . . . . . . - . . . .

water

philosophy wrll demtely lead to a more emcient power system am mprovea water

supply services.

9

REFERENCES

Adeoti, O., Oyewole, B.A. and Agun, B.J. (2001). Rural water suppIy in Nigeia: Engineering Design and Economic Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic Powered Watel Pumning Pmiect- Niaerian h~ournal o f Enrrineerino Manarrement. Vnl 3. Nn 4. P a w s 1-6

Brothroyd, H. and Tomlinson, R.C. (1963). The stock control of Engineering spares. A case study. Operational Research Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3 ,3 17-333.

Hodd M.(1991), in "The Economics of a i c a Dart Publishing Coy. Ltd., England, Page 250.

McNelis B.(1989), "Photovoltaics for DeveIoping countries", in Applications of Phtovoltaics, Adam Hilger, Bristol.

Mitchell, G.H. (1962). Problems of controlling slow-moving Engineering Spares. Operational Research Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. l,23-39.

Offiong, A. (2001). An inventory management programme for slow moving spares in industries, African Journal of Business and Economic Research, Vol. 2, No. 1 and 2, 123- 131.

Offiong, A. (2002). Development of a maintenance scheduling model for a group of machines, Global Journal of Engineering Research, VoI. 1, No. 2, Pages 107- 1 18.

Onwauzo, C.J. (1989). Design and simulation of a small scale industries in an urban area. Masters Thesis. Deoartment of Mechanical Engineering. Universitv of Nigeria, Nsukka.

ated maintenance :ute of Industrial

World Bank(1 W2), WorId Development Report : Development and the Environment - P. 266-7, Ozcford University Pess.

World Bank(1992/93), World Resources : Land cover and SettIements. Page 264.

TABLE 3: PER CAPITA WATER STATION 1 1984 1 1985 1 1986

I I I ALOR-AGU 1 4.45 ( 12.41 1 5.49

ETTE 0.48 1.46 1.38

I I

LEJJA 2.41 4.15 3.59

ENUGL L I I

OVOKO 1 5.45 1 10.26 [ 7.3 1

I I I

UMAGAMA 1 12.46 1 27.83 1 20.54

'RODUCTION (Litres) 1987 1 1988 1 1989 1 1990

LEJJA 67 50 63 45 54

3BOLLO-AFOR 58 50 49 53 65

DNITSHA-ENUGU 74 59 48 5 8 69

OPI 59 51 5 7 54 90 I I I I I

OVOKO 1 55 1 75 ) 72 ( 60 1 76

UMACHI 83 75 52 53 49

W G A M A 59 76 72 63 72

TABLE 4: PER DRY SEASON PRODUCTION AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL

- 1 -

-

- t -

t

- 4

- 72 58

-

ALOR-AGU

TABLE 5: SUMMARY OF TOTAL (PERIOD) PRODUCTION AND PER

CAPITA BY SEASONS

-- AMACHALA

STATION I DRY SEASON I TOTAL I (PdP,) I

ETTE

- TOTAL I DRY I W I AVERAGE

IBAG WA-AN1

IKPaMODO

LEJJA

OBOLLO-

AFOR

OHODO

ENUGU

OPI

OVOKO

UMACHI

W G A M A

REGION

TOTAL

PRODUCTION PRODUCTION x 100% pD (X 1 03) pT (X 1 03)

55607 98969

2255 10 30 1096

114335 - 45590

74494 175915 43

157800 256764 6 1

PER CAPITA

4.0

12.2

2.02

0.71

2.56

28.44

3.0

4.24

4.35

4.25

4.36

6.85

8.29

27.44

4.39

147126

195032

262679

4191 12

372854

436795

7008 1

336274

291 3688

SEASON PER CAPITA 5.42

22.14

1.62

1 .W

2.63

42-14

3.76

5.54

7.7

6.4 1

7.03

12.13

13.17

45.76

10.05

2834 14 1 359514

357257

670890

558357

5948 13

106402

848633

4662874

52

54

74

62

67

73

66

69

62

SEASON PER CAPITA 2.9

5.24

2.29

0.43

2.5 1

18.68

2.45

3.3 1

1.96

2.72

2.47

3.1

4.8

14.27

2.8

POPULATION

6776

6729

46726

27598

18820

2474

25880

23225

225 14

43239

35089

2379 1

35 15

4856

291226

TABLE 6: REGIONAL POPULATION, TOTAL PRODUCTION BY YEARS A'

YEAR

POPULATION

WATER PRODUC'nON (LTRS)X :A) DRY SEASON PRODUCTION :I3 (BIA) X 100%

TOTAL PER CAPITA DRY SEASON PER CAPITA RAINY SEASON PER CAPITA

D PER 1984

FIGU 1986

TABLE 7: DOWN TIME (DAYS) DUE TO GENERATOR, BATTERY, FUEL AND SUMO PUMP

EHALUMONA 1 1834 1 806 E l T E 11154 11466

STATION

LEJJA 1 I859 1122 OBOLLO- 1 2065 ) 1064 AFOR OHODC) 1 2301 1 417

PUMP DAYS

FAULT DAYS

-. - - -

OPL OVOKO

GEN. SET FAWT F,

2384 1 577 2045 [ 1068

FdFr x 100%

EGBF ' FGBF/Ff x 100%

SUMO FAWT F;

FJFT x 100%

NO PUMP

% OF PERIOD