University of Groningen

Central because LiminalIJssennagger, Nelleke Laure

IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.

Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Publication date:2017

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):IJssennagger, N. L. (2017). Central because Liminal: Frisia in a Viking Age North Sea World. [Groningen]:Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.

CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).

Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.

Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.

Download date: 04-09-2020

258

Bibliography

259

Primary sources and editions

Abbo of Fleury, Passio Sancti Edmundi, ed. Michael Winterbottom 1972, Three Lives of English Saints, Toronto Medieval Latin Texts, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies (Toronto).Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hamaburgensis Exxlesiae Pontificum, ed. B. Schmeidler 1917, MGH SS rer. Germ. 2 (Hannover-Leipzig).Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. and trans. Michael J. Swanton 1996, The Anglo- Saxon Chronicle, J.M. Dent (London).Annales Bertiniani, ed. G. Waitz 1891, MGH SS rer. Germ. 5 (Hannover).Annales Egmundenses, ed. and trans. Marijke Gumbert-Hepp and J.P. Gumbert 2007, Annalen van Egmond: de Annales Egmundenses tezamen met de Annales Xantenses en het Egmondse leven van Thomas Becket, and ed. J.W.J Burgers, Het Chronicon Egmundanum, Verloren (Hilversum).Annales Fuldenses, ed. F. Kurze 1891, MGH SS rer. Germ. 7 (Hannover). Annales Lindisfarnenses et Dunelmenses, ed. G.H. Pertz 1866, MGH SS 19, XXIII-XXIV (Hannover), 502–8. Annales regni Francorum, ed. F. Kurze 1895, MGH rer. Germ. 6 (Hannover).Annales Xantenses et Annales Vedastini, ed. B. von Simson 1909, MGH SS rer. Germ. 12 (Hannover).Annals of St. Neots, eds. David N. Dumville and Michael Lapidge 1985, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. A Collaborative Edition, vol. 17, The Annals of St. Neots with Vita Prima Sancti Neoti, Brewer (Cambridge).Asser, De rebus gestis Ælfredi, ed. W.H. Stevenson 1959, Asser’s Life of King Alfred. Together with the Annals of Saint Neots erroneaously ascribed to Asser, Clarendon Press (Oxford).Beowulf, ed. and trans. Howell D. Chickering Jr., 1989, Beowulf. A Dual-Language Edition, Anchor Books (New York).Brookmer Recht, eds. Wybren Jan Buma and Wilhelm Ebel 1963, Das Brokmer Recht, Altfriesische Rechtsquellen. Texte und Übersetzungen, Band 2, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Göttingen). Egils saga Skallagrimssonar, ed. Bjarni Einarsson 2003, Egils Saga, Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London (London).Einarr Skálaglamm Helgason, Vellekla, ed. and trans. Edith Marold 2012, ‘Einarr Skálaglamm Helgason’. In Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to C. 1035. Part 1, ed. Diana Whaley, Brepols (Turnhout), 278–335.Einhard, Vita Karoli Magni, ed. O. Holder-Egger 1911, MGH SS rer. Germ. 25 (Hannover-Leipzig).Emsinger Recht, eds. Wybren Jan Buma and Wilhelm Ebel 1967, Das Emsiger Recht, Altfriesische Rechtsquellen. Texte und Übersetzungen, Band 3, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Göttingen). Fivelgoër Recht, eds. Wybren Jan Buma and Wilhelm Ebel 1972, Das Fivelgoer Recht, Altfriesische Rechtsquellen. Texte und Übersetzungen, Band 5, Vandenhoeck

260

& Ruprecht (Göttingen).Fragmentary Annals, ed. Joan Newton Radner 1978, Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (Dublin).Hallfreðr Vandræðaskáld Óttarsson, Ólafsdrapa, ed. and trans. Diana Whaley 2012, ‘Hallfreðr Vandræðaskáld Óttarsson’. In Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages, Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to C. 1035. Part 1, ed. Diana Whaley, Brepols (Turnhout), 386–441.Historia de Sancto Cuthberto , ed. Ted Johnson South 2002, Historia de Sancto Cuthberto, Anglo-Saxon Texts 3, D.S. Brewer (Cambridge).Hunsinger Recht, eds. Wybren Jan Buma and Wilhelm Ebel 1969, Das Hunsingoer Recht, Altfriesische Rechtsquellen. Texte und Übersetzungen, Band 4, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Göttingen).Jus Municipale Fresonum, eds. Wybren Jan Buma and Wilhelm Ebel 1977, Westerlauwerssches Recht I. Jus Municipale Frisonum. Erster Teil, Altfriesische Rechtsquellen. Texte und Übersetzungen, Band 6 (1/2), Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Göttingen).Lex Frisionum, ed. K. von Richthofen 1863, MGH LL 3, III (Hannover), 631-711.Óttar Svarti, Knútsdrápa, ed. and trans. Matthew Townend 2012, ‘Óttar Svarti’. In Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Poetry from the King’s Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to C. 1035. Part 2, ed. Diana Whaley, Brepols (Turnhout), 738–89. Passio s. Walfridi et Radfridi, , ed. and trans. Remi Van Schaïk1985, Walfridus van Bedum. Een duizend jaar oude Groninger overlevering, Wolters-Noordhoff- Bouma’s Boekhuis (Groningen).Pliny, Naturalis Historia, ed. and trans. H. Rackham 1945, Natural History, Volume IV: Books 12-16, (1938-1952 ten vols.), Harvard University Press (London-Cambridge, MA).Regino of Prüm, Chronicon, ed. F. Kurze 1890, MGH SS rer. Germ. 50 (Hannover).Rüstringer Recht, eds. Wybren Jan Buma and Wilhelm Ebel 1963, Das Rüstringer Recht, Altfriesische Rechtsquellen. Texte und Übersetzungen, Band 1, Muster schmidt Verlag (Göttingen-Berlin-Frankfurt).Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum. ed. Karsten Friis-Jensen and trans. Peter Fisher 2015, Gesta Danorum. The History of the Danes. Volume I, Oxford Medieval Texts, Clarendon Press (Oxford).Sigvatr Þórđarson, Víkingarvísur, ed. and trans. Judith Jesch, ‘Sigvatr Þórđarson’. In Poetry from the King’s Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Part 2, ed. Diana Whaley, Brepols (Turnhout), 533–56.Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla, ed. Bjarni Ađalbjarnarson 1941-1951, Heimskringla I-III, Íslenzk Fornrit 26-28, Hiđ Íslenzka Fornritafélag (Reykjavík). Symeon of Durham, Libellus de exordio atque procursu istius, hoc est dunhelmensis, ecclesie, ed. and trans. David Rollason 2000, Clarendon Press (Oxford).The Tale of Charlemagne and Redbad, ed. O. Vries 2007, ‘De sage van Karel en Redbad’. In Asega, is het Dingtijd?, Steven Sterk (Leeuwarden-Utrecht), 74-77.Vita Anskarii auctore Rimberto, ed. G. Waitz 1884, MGH SS rer. Germ. 55 (Hannover).

261

Vita Bonifatii auctore Willibaldo, ed. B. W. Levison 1905, MGH SS rer. Germ. 57, Addenda I (Hannover), 1-58.Vita Daboberti III. regis Francorum, ed. B. Krusch 1888, MGH SS rer. Merov. 2 (Hannover), 509–24.Vita Vulframni episcopi Senonici auctore Pseudo-Iona, ed. W. Levison 1910, MGH SS rer. Merov. 5, XXIII (Hannover), 657–73.Vita Wilfridi I. episcopi Eboracensis auctore Stephano, ed. W. Levison 1913, MGH SS rer. Merov. 6, X (Hannover), 163–263.Widsith, ed.and trans. R. W. Chambers 2010 (1912), ‘Text of Widsith, with Notes’. In Widsith: A Study in Old English Heroic Legend, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 187-224.William of Jumiéges, Gesta Normannorum Ducum, ed. and trans. Elisabeth M.C. Van Houts 1992, The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Vol. 1: Introduction and books I-IV, Clarendon Press (Oxford).

Secondary literature and translation sourcesAannestad, Hanne L. 2015, ‘Transformasjoner. Omforming og bruk av importerte gjenstander i vikingtid’, Ph.D thesis, University of Oslo.Abrams, Lesley 2012, ‘Diaspora and identity in the Viking Age’, Early Medieval Europe 20, 17–38.Alexander, Michael trans. 1991, The Earliest English Poems, Penguin Books (London).Algra, N.E. 1991, Zeventien Keuren en Vierentwintig Landrechten, Doorn (Graal).Arndt, Astrid 2007, ‘North/South’. In Imagology. The Cultural Construction and Literary Representation of National Characters. A Critical Survey, eds. Manfred Beller and Joep Leerssen, Rodopi (Amsterdam-New York), 387–88.Azier, I.J.J. 2010, ‘Uitwerking steilkantonderzoek van de terp Dongjum’, unpublished Master thesis, University of Groningen (Groningen).Baastrup, Maria Panum 2012, ‘Kommunikation, kulturmøde of kulturel identitet – tingenes rejse i Skandinaviens vikingetid’, PhD thesis, Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet.Bakka, Egil 1971, ‘Eine ovale Schalenfibel von Fehmarn’, Offa 28, 55-63.Bartels, Michiel H. and Bart Vermeulen 2009, ‘Die frühmittelalterlich umwallten Siedlungen Deventer und Zutphen in den östlichen Niederlanden’. In Ringwälle und verwandte Strukturen des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. an Nord- und Ostsee, ed. Martin Segschneider, Schriften des Archäologischen Landesmuseums 5, Wachholtz Verlag (Neumünster), 219–48. Bately, Janet and Anton Englert 2007, Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context, Maritime Culture of the North 1, The Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde). Bazelmans, Jos 1996, ‘Één voor allen, allen voor één. Tacitus’ Germania, de Oudengelse Beowulf en het ritueel-kosmologische karakter van de relatie tussen heer en

262

krijger-volgeling in Germaanse samenlevingen’, Ph.D thesis, University of Amsterdam.Bazelmans, Jos 2009, ‘The Early-Medieval Use of Ethnic Names from Classical Antiquity: The Case of the Frisians’. In Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity. The Role of Power and Tradition, eds. T. Derks and N. Roymans, Amsterdam University Press (Amsterdam), 321–38.Bazelmans, Jos, D. Gerrets, J. de Koning and P. Vos 1999, ‘Zoden aan de dijk: kleinschalige dijkbouw in de late prehistorie en protohistorie van noordelijk Westergo’, De Vrije Fries 79, 7–74.Bazelmans, Jos, Dirk Meier, Annet Nieuwhof, Theo Spek and Peter Vos 2012, ‘Understanding the cultural historical value of the Wadden Sea Region. The co- evolution of environment and society in the Wadden Sea area in the Holocene up until Early Modern Times (11,700 BC -1800 AD): an outline’, Ocean & Coastal Management 68, 114–26.Bentley, Jerry H. 1993, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times, Oxford University Press (Oxford).Besteman, Jan C. 2004, ‘Scandinavisch gewichtsgeld in Nederland in de Viking- periode’. In Van Solidus tot Euro. Geld in Nederland in economisch-historisch en politiek perspectief, ed. E.H.P. Cordfunke and H. Sarfatij, Verloren (Hilversum), 21–42.Besteman, Jan C. 2004a, ‘Two Viking Hoards from the Former Island of Wieringen (The Netherlands): Viking Relations with Frisia in an Archaeological Perspective’. In Land, Sea and Home, eds. John Hines, Alan Lane and Mark Redknap, Maney (Cardiff ), 95–108.Besteman, Jan C., J. M. Bos, D.A. Gerrets, H.A. Heidinga and J. de Koning eds. 1999, The Excavation at Wijnaldum. Reports on Frisia in Roman and Medieval Times, A.A. Balkema (Rotterdam).Besteman, Jan C., with contributions by Gert Rispling and Simon Coupland 2006–07. ‘A second Viking silver hoard from Wieringen: Westerklief II’, Jaar- boek voor Munt- en Penningkunde 93–94, 5–80.Besteman, Jan C., Ever Kramer and Kees Leenheer 2009, ‘Zeldzame Vikingring’, Detector Magazine 107, 32–5.Biggs, Frederick M. 2014, ‘History and Fiction in the Frisian Raid’. In The Dating of Beowulf. A Reassessment, ed. Leonad Neidorf, Anglo-Saxon Studies 24, D.S. Brewer (Woodbridge), 138-56.Blindheim, Charlotte and Birgit Heyerdahl-Larsen 1999, Kaupang-Funnene. Bind II. Del A. Gravskikk, Norske Oldfunn, XVI. Institutt for arkeologi, kunsthistorie of numismatikk. Universitetets oldsaksamling (Oslo).Bochner, Stephen 1982, ‘The Social Psychology of Cross-Cultural Relations’. In Cultures in Contact: Studies in Cross-Cultural Interaction, ed. Stephen Bochner, Pergamon Press (Oxford-New York), 3–37.Boeles, P.C.J.A. 1915, ‘Les trouvailles de monnaies carolingiennes dans les Pays- Bas, spécialement celles des trois provinces septentrionales’, Jaarboek voor Munt- en Penningkunde 2, 1–100.

263

Boeles, P. C.J.A. 1951, Friesland tot in de elfde eeuw, Martinus Nijhoff (’s-Gravenhage).Bos, Jurjen M. 2005-6, ‘Medieval brooches from the Dutch province of Friesland (Frisia): a regional perspective on the Wijnaldum brooches. General introduction’, Palaeohistoria 47-48, 447–554.Bos, Jurjen M. 2007-8, ‘Medieval Brooches from the Dutch province of Friesland (Frisia): a regional perspective on the Wijnaldum brooches. Part II: Disc Brooches’, Palaeohistoria 49, 709–93.Boer, Dick E.H. and Erik H.P. Cordfunke 2010, Graven van Holland. Middeleeuwse vorsten in woord en beeld (880-1580), Walburg Pers (Zutphen).Brate, Erik 1918, Sveriges runinskrifter II. Östergötlands runinskrifter, Kungl. vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien (Stockholm). Brather, Sebastian 2003, ‘Rerik’, Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Band 24, Walter de Gruyter (Berlin-New York), 514–15.Braudel, Fernand 1949, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l’époque de Philippe II, Armand Colin (Paris).Bremmer, Rolf H. Jr. 1981, ‘Frisians in Anglo-Saxon England: a historical and toponymical investigation’, Fryske Nammen, 45–94.Bremmer, Rolf H. Jr. 2004, Hir is eskriven. Lezen en schrijven in de Friese landen rond 1300, Verloren-Fryske Akademy (Hilversum-Leeuwarden).Bremmer, Rolf H. Jr. 2014, ‘The Orality of Old Frisian Law Texts’. In Directions for Old Frisian Philology, Amsterdammer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, Band 73, eds. Rolf H. Bremmer Jr, Stephen Laker and Oebele Vries, Brill- Rodopi (Leiden-Amsterdam), 1–48.Brink, Stefan 2013, ‘The creation of a Scandinavian provincial law’, Historical Research 86 (233), 432–42.Broome, Ricky 2013, ‘Rebel Duke and Pagan King: the Variety in Early Carolingian Depictions of Radbod of Frisia’, unpublished conference paper.Buma, Wybren Jan and Wilhelm Ebel eds.1963, Das Rüstringer Recht, Altfriesische Rechtsquellen. Texte und Übersetzungen, Band 1, Musterschmidt Verlag (Göttingen, Berlin, Frankfurt).Buma, Wybren Jan and Wilhelm Ebel eds.1963, Das Brokmer Recht, Altfriesische Rechtsquellen. Texte und Übersetzungen, Band 2, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Göttingen). Buma, Wybren Jan and Wilhelm Ebel eds. 1967, Das Emsiger Recht, Altfriesische Rechtsquellen. Texte und Übersetzungen, Band 3, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Göttingen).Buma, Wybren Jan and Wilhelm Ebel eds. 1969, Das Hunsingoer Recht, Altfriesische Rechtsquellen. Texte und Übersetzungen, Band 4, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Göttingen).Buma, Wybren Jan and Wilhelm Ebel eds. 1972, Das Fivelgoer Recht, Altfriesische Rechtsquellen. Texte und Übersetzungen, Band 5, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Göttingen).Buma, Wybren Jan and Wilhelm Ebel eds. 1977, Westerlauwerssches Recht I. Jus Municipale Frisonum. Erster Teil, Altfriesische Rechtsquellen. Texte und Über

264

setzungen, Band 6, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Göttingen).Capelle, Torsten 1976, Die frühgeschichtlichen Metallfunde von Domburg auf Walcheren 1, Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek (’s-Gravenhage).Capelle, Torsten 1968, Der Metallschmuck von Haithabu. Studien zur wikingischen Metallkunst. Die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 5, Wachholtz Verlag (Neumünster).Cavill, Paul 2001, Vikings. Fear and Faith in Anglo-Saxon England, HarperCollins (London).Chase, Colin ed. 1997, The Dating of Beowulf, University of Toronto Press (Toronto).Cohen, Percy S. 1969, ‘Theories of Myth’, Man 4, 337–53.Cohen, Anthony P. 1985, The Symbolic Construction of Community, Key Ideas, Horwood-Tavistock (Chichester-London).Cooijmans, Christian 2015, ‘The controlled decline of Viking-ruled Dorestad’, Northern Studies 47, 32–46.Coupland, Simon 1998, ‘From poachers to gamekeepers: Scandinavian warlords and Carolingian kings’, Early Medieval Europe 7 (1), 85–114.Coupland, Simon 2006, ‘Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Hoards in Ninth-Century Frisia’. In Coinage and History in the North Sea World C. 500-1250. Essays in Honour of Marion Archibald, eds. Barri Cook and Gareth Williams, The Northern World 19, Brill (Leiden-Boston), 241–66.Coupland, Simon 2016, ‘Recent finds of imitation gold Solidi in the Netherlands’, Numismatic Chronicle 176, 261–9.Christiansen, Torben Trier and Torben Sarauw 2014, ‘Central Places in Abundance? The Eastern Limfjord Area in the Late Iron Age and Viking Age’. In Wealth and Complexity. Economical Specialized Sites in Late Iron Age Denmark, eds. E. Stridsing, K. Høilund-Nielsen and R. Fiedel, East Jutland Museum Publications 1, Museum Østjylland and Aarhus University Press (Aarhus), 127–42.Cruysheer, Anton and Luit Van der Tuuk 2014, ‘Gouden Vikingring uit de gemeente Huizen’, De Ratel (n.p.). Daleman, Margot and Cuno G. Koopstra 2011, ‘Metaal en slakmateriaal’. In Een archeologische opgraving in de vroegmiddeleeuwse ringwalburg van Domburg, gem. Veere (Z.), A. Ufkes et al., ARC-Publicaties 223, 117–28.Davidson, Hilda Ellis ed. and trans. Peter Fisher 1998, Saxo Grammaticus. The History of the Danes. Books I-IX, Woodbridge, D.S. Brewer (Rochester).Davies, Wendy and Paul Fouracre eds. 2010,The Languages of Gift in the Early Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge).Davis, Craig R. 2006, ‘An Ethnic Dating of Beowulf ’, Anglo-Saxon England 35 (December), 111–29.Deckers, Pieterjan 2014, ‘Between Land and Sea. Landscape, Power and Identity in the Coastal Plain of Flanders, Zeeland and Northern France in the Early Middle Ages (AD 500-1000)’, Ph.D thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel.Deckers, Pieterjan and Letty Ten Harkel eds. forthcoming, A Central Place on the World’s Edge: Studies on the Early Medieval History and Archaeology of the Island of Walcheren, the Netherlands.

265

Deckers, Pieterjan, Aagje Feldbrugge and Torben Christiansen forthcoming, ‘Evidence for Viking-Age bullion exchange on the Scheldt estuary’.De Koning, Jan 2012, ‘De betekenis van Noord-Holland binnen vroegmiddeleeuws Frisia’, It Beaken 74 (1-2), 3–24.De Langen, Gilles J. 2012, Vensters op Frisia. Over nut en noodzaak van het universitaire terpenonderzoek, Jaarverslagen van de Vereniging voor Terpen- onderzoek 95, Vereniging voor Terpenonderzoek (Groningen).De Langen, Gilles J., T. M. Perger, S. Wentink and M.H. Wispelwey 1997, De terpencluster van Dongjum (Groep 15B), Gemeente Franekeradeel. Waarderend Archeologisch Onderzoek, Raap-rapport 183, BOM-rapport 3, RAAP Archeologisch Adviesbureau (Amsterdam).De Langen, Gilles J. and H.W. Hommes 1998, Metaaldetectie Noord-Westergo 1992-1996, Raap-rapport 298, BOM-rapport 22, RAAP Archeologisch Advies- bureau (Amsterdam). De Langen, Gilles J. and Hans Mol 2016, ‘Terpenbouw en dorpsvorming in het Friese kustgebied tussen Vlie en Eems in de volle middeleeuwen’. InVan Wierhuizen tot Achlum. Honderd jaar archeologisch onderzoek in terpen en wierden, ed. Annet Nieuwhof, Jaarverslagen van de Vereniging voor Terpen- onderzoek 98, Vereniging voor Terpenonderzoek (Groningen), 99–128.De Vries, Jan 1923, De Wikingen in de Lage Landen bij de zee, H.D. Tjeenk Willink & Zoon (Haarlem). Dijkstra, Menno 2011, Rondom de mondingen van Rijn en Maas, Sidestone Press (Leiden).Dijkstra, Menno and Jan de Koning 2017, ‘“All Quiet on the Western Front”? The Western Netherlands and the “North Sea Culture” in the Migration Period’. In Frisians and their North Sea Neighbours. From the Fifth Century to the Viking Age, eds. John Hines and Nelleke IJssennagger, Boydell & Brewer (Wood- bridge), 53–73.Dijkstra, Menno and Tim De Ridder 2009, ‘Circular fortresses in the Provinces of North and South Holland’. In Ringwälle und verwandte Strukturen des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. an Nord- und Ostsee, ed. Martin Segschneider, Schriften des Archäologischen Landesmuseums 5, Wachholtz Verlag (Neumünster), 201–18.Dobat, Andres S. 2009, ‘Die südskandinavischen Burgen vom Typ Trelleborg’. In Ringwälle end verwandte Strukturen des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. an Nord- und Ostsee, ed. Martin Segschneider, Schriften des Archäologischen Landes- museums 5, Wachholtz Verlag (Neumünster), 51–70.Dobat, Andres S. 2010, ‘Füsing. Ein frühmittelalterlicher Zentralplatz im Umfeld von Haithabu/Schleswig. Bericht über die Ergebnisse der Prospektionen 2003- 2005’. In Studien zu Haithabu und Füsing, Die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 16, eds. Birte Anspach and Andres Siegfried Dobat,Wachholtz Verlag (Neumünster), 129–256.Dobat, Andres S. 2015, ‘Viking stranger-kings: the foreign as a source of power in Viking Age Scandinavia, or, why there was a peacock in the Gokstad ship burial?’, Early Medieval Europe 23 (2), 161–201.

266

Downham, Clare 2004, ‘The good, the bad and the ugly: portrayals of Vikings in “The Fragmentary Annals of Ireland”’, The Medieval Chronicle 3, 28–40.Downham, Clare 2009, ‘Hiberno-Norwegians and Anglo-Danes’, Mediaeval Scandinavia 19, 139–69.Downham, Clare 2012, ‘Viking ethnicities: a historiographic overview’, History Compass 10 (1), 1–12.Dumville, David N. and Michael Lapidge eds. 1985, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. A Collaborative Edition, 17. The Annals of St. Neots with Vita Prima Sancti Neoti, Brewer (Cambridge).Einarsson, Bjarni ed. 2003, Egils Saga, Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London (London).Elzinga, Gerrit 1975, ‘Rondom de “Vikingschat van Winsum”’, De Vrije Fries 55, 65–71.Fell, Christine 1981, ‘Víkingarvísur’. In Speculum Norroenum. Norse Studies in Memory of Gabriel Turville-Petre, ed. Ursula Dronke, Odense University Press (Odense), 106–22.Fidjestøl, Bjarne 1982, Det Norrøne Fyrstediktet, Alvheim & Eide (Øvre Eivik).Fischer, Andreas 2012, Karl Martell. Der Beginn karolingischer Herrschaft, W. Kolhammer (Stuttgart).Flierman, Robert 2015, ‘Pagan, Pirate, Subject, Saint. Defining and Redefining Saxons 150-900 AD’, PhD thesis, Universiteit Utrecht.Fowler, Chris 2004, The Archaeology of Personhood: An Anthropological Approach, Routledge (London).Frank, Roberta 1997, ‘Skaldic Verse and the Date of Beowulf ’. In The Dating of Beowulf, Colin Chase, University of Toronto Press (Toronto), 123–39.Friis-Jensen, Karsten 2015, ‘Introduction’. In Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum. The History of the Danes. Volume I, ed. Karsten Friis-Jensen and trans. Peter Fisher, Oxford Medieval Texts, Clarendon Press (Oxford), xxix–lxxx.Fulk, R.D. 2014, ‘Beowulf and Language History’. In The Dating of Beowulf: A Reassessment, ed. Leonard Neidorf, Anglo-Saxon Studies 24, D.S. Brewer (Cambridge), 19–36.Galestin, Marjan C. 2007-08, ‘Frisii and Frisiavones’, Palaeohistoria 49-50, 287–708.Geake, Helen 2010, ‘Viking-Age cubo-octahedral weights recorded on the PAS database: weights and weight-standards’, Medieval Archaeology 54, 393–6.Geary, Patrick J. 1983, Ethnic Identity as a Situational Construct in the Early Middle Ages, Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 113 (Vienna), 15-26.Geary, Patrick J. 2003, The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe, Princeton University Press (Princeton).Geary, Patrick J. and K.R. Veeramah 2016, ‘Mapping European population movement through genomic research’, Medieval Worlds 4, 65–78.Gell, Alfred 1998, Art and Agency. An Anthropological Theory, Clarendon Press (Oxford).Gerrets, Danny 2010, Op de grens van land en water. Dynamiek van landschap

267

en samenleving in Frisia gedurende de Romeinse tijd en de Volksverhuizingstijd, Groningen Archaeological Studies 13, Barkhuis (Groningen).Godelier, Maurice 1999, The Enigma of the Gift, University of Chicago Press (Chicago).Goetz, Hans-Werner 2003, ‘Introduction’. In Regna and Gentes: The Relationship Between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Trans formation of the Roman World, eds. Hans-Werner Goetz, Jörg Jarnut and Walter Pohl, Brill (Leiden-Boston), 1–11. Graham-Campbell, James 1976, ‘The Viking-Age silver and gold hoards of Scandinavian character from Scotland’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 107, 114–35. Graham-Campbell, James 1980, Viking Artefacts: A Select Catalogue, British Museum Publications for the Trustees of the British Museum (London).Graham-Campbell, James 1987, ‘Western penannular brooches and their Viking Age copies in Norway: a new classification’, Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, 231–46.Graham-Campbell, James 2011, ‘Pins and Penannular Brooches’. In Things from the Town, ed. Dagfinn Skre, Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series 3, Norske Oldfunn XXIV, Aarhus University Press, (Aarhus), 99–106.Graham-Campbell, James 2011a, The Cuerdale Hoard and Related Viking-Age Silver and Gold from Britain and Ireland in the British Museum, British Museum Press (London).Groenendijk, H. and M. van den Bosch 2015, ‘Depot Jonkersvaart (Gr.): twee 9de-eeuwse zilveren muntfibula’s en een Romeinse bronzen munt’, Paleo- aktueel 26, 55–64.Groenendijk, Henny A., J. Molema and J. Schokker, forthcoming, De collectie Regtop: Groninger bodemvondsten 1985-2000, Groningen: NAD.Groothedde, Michel 2004, ‘The Vikings in Zutphen (Netherlands)’. In Vikings on the Rhine. Recent Research on Early Medieval Relations Between the Rhine- lands and Scandinavia, eds. R. Simek and U. Engel, Fassbaender (Vienna), 123–9.Gumbert-Hepp, Marijke and J.P. Gumbert ed. and trans.2007, Annalen van Egmond: de Annales Egmundenses tezamen met de Annales Xantenses en het Egmondse leven van Thomas Becket, and ed. J.W.J Burgers, Het Chronicon Egmundanum, Verloren (Hilversum).Hadley, Dawn M. and Julian D. Richards 2000, ‘Introduction: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Scandinavian Settlement’. In Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, eds. Dawn M. Hadley and Julian D. Richards, Studies in the Early Middle Ages Vol. 2, Brepols (Turnhout), 3–15.Hadley, Dawn M. and Julian D. Richards 2016, ‘The winter camp of the Viking Great Army, AD 872-3, Torksey, Lincolnshire’, The Antiquaries Journal 96, 23–67.Halbertsma, Herre 2000, Frieslands oudheid. Het rijk van de Friese koningen, opkomst en ondergang, Matrijs (Utrecht).

268

Hallencreutz, Carl F. 1984, Adam Bremensis and Sueonia, Vol. 47. Acta Universitatis Usaliensis. Skrifter rörande Uppsala Universitet. C. Organisation och historia, Uppsala University (Uppsala).Hedeager, Lotte 2002, ‘Scandinavian “Central Places” in a Cosmological Setting’. In Central Places in the Migration and the Merovingian Periods, eds. Brigitta Hårdh and Lars Larsson, Almqvist & Wiksell International (Lund), 3–18.Hedeager, Lotte 2011, Iron Age Myth and Materiality. An Archaeology of Scandinavia AD 400-1000, Routledge (London-New York).Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte 2006, ‘Borre style metalwork in the material culture of the Birka warriors: an apotropaic symbol’, Fornvännen 101 (5), 312–22.Heeren, Stijn and Lourens Van der Feijst 2017, Fibulae uit De Lage Landen, SPA Uitgevers (Amersfoort).Heidinga, H.A. ed. 1975, De ‘Noordzeecultuur’. Een onderzoek naar de culturele relaties van de landen rond de Noordzee in de vroege Middeleeuwen, IPP (Amsterdam).Helms, Mary W. 1988, Ulysses’ Sail, Princeton University Press (Princeton).Helms, Mary W. 1998, Access to Origins. Affines, Ancestors and Aristocrates, University of Texas Press (Austin).Henderikx, Peter A. 1995, ‘De ringwalburgen in het mondingsgebied van de Schelde in historisch perspectief ’. In Vroeg-Middeleeuwse ringwalburgen in Zeeland, eds. Robert M. van Heeringen, Peter A. Henderikx and Alexandra Mars, De Koperen Tuin-Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek (Goes-Amersfoort), 71–112.Henson, Donald 2006, The Origins of the Anglo-Saxons, Anglo-Saxon Books (Hockwold-cum-Wilton).Henstra, Dirk Jan 2012, Friese graafschappen tussen Zwin en Wezer, Van Gorcum (Assen).Hills, Catherine M. 2003, Origins of the English, Gerald Duckworth and Co. Ltd. (London).Hines, John 1992, ‘Kingship in Egils Saga’. In Introductory Essays on Egils Saga and Njáls Saga, eds. John Hines and Desmond Slay, Viking Society for Northern Research (London), 15–32.Hines, John 2003, ‘The Conversion of the Old Saxons’. In The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century. An Ethnographic Perspective, Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology, The Boydell Press (Woodbrigde), 299–329.Hines, John 2004, Voices in the Past. English Literature and Archaeology, D.S. Brewer (Cambridge).Hines, John and Nelleke L. IJssennagger 2017, ‘Introduction: The Frisians – Who, When, Where, Why?’ In Frisians and their North Sea Neighbours. From the Fifth Century to the Viking Age, eds. John Hines and Nelleke IJssennagger, Boydell & Brewer (Woodbridge), 1–4.Hoekema, Teake 1962, ‘Fan Friezen, Føroyingers en Frlslanda-biwenners’, Us Wurk 11, 73–96.Hofmann, D. and A.T. Popkema 2008, Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Universitäts-

269

verlag Winter (Heidelberg).Hofstra, Tette 2003, ‘Changing views on Vikings’, Tijdschrift voor Skandinavistiek 24 (2), 147–60.Hollander, Lee M trans. 2009 (1964), Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, University of Texas Press (Austin).Holman, Katherine 2003, Historical Dictionary of the Vikings, Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras 11, The Scarecrow Press (Lanham, MD-Oxford).Horden, Peregrine and Nicholas Purcell 2000, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History, Blackwell (Oxford).Howe, Nicholas 1989, Migration and Myth-Making in Anglo-Saxon England, Yale University Press (New Haven- London).Hødnebø, Finn ed. 2007, Snorre. De første kongene, Norges kongesagaer av Snorre Sturlason 1, J.M. Stenersens Forlag A.S. (Oslo).Hårdh, Birgitta 1996, Silver in the Viking Age: A Regional-Economic Survey, Almqvist & Wiksell International (Stockholm).IJssennagger, Nelleke L. 2012, ‘Vriend, vazal en vijand? Contacten tussen Friezen en Scandinaviërs in de Vikingtijd: teksten en objecten’, De Vrije Fries 92, 37–59.IJssennagger, Nelleke L. 2013a, ‘Between Frankish and Viking: Frisia and Frisians in the Viking Age, Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 9, 69–98.IJssennagger, Nelleke L. 2013b, ‘Wikingerring von Gaasterland/Vikingring van Gaasterland’. In Land der Entdeckungen: die Archäologie des friesischen Küstenraums, ed. J.F. Kegler, Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft (Aurich), 444–45.IJssennagger, Nelleke L. 2015a, ‘A Viking find from the Isle of Texel (Netherlands) and its implications’, Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 11, 127–42.IJssennagger, Nelleke L. 2015b, ‘Een bijzondere Vikingvondst van Texel’, Paleo- aktueel 26, 81–7.IJssennagger, Nelleke L. 2017, ‘Vikingen en fibula’s’. In Fibula’s: vondsten, vormen en mode, S. Heeren and A. Willemsen, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (Leiden), 58–61.IJssennagger, Nelleke L., Luc Megens and Annemarieke Willemsen 2013, ‘Van Wijnaldum tot Maastricht. Een onderzoek naar de herkomst van vroegmiddel- eeuwse granaten’, Madoc. Tijdschrift over de Middeleeuwen 27 (2), 78–86.IJssennagger, Nelleke L., Johan Nicolay, Tim Hattenberg and Emiel Amsterdam 2016, ‘Gemeten goud. Een onderzoek naar goudgehaltes van vroegmiddeleeuwse objecten uit Friesland’. In Van Wierhuizen tot Achlum: Honderd jaar archeologisch onderzoek in terpen en wierden, ed. Annet Nieuwhof, Jaarverslagen van de Vereniging voor Terpenonderzoek 98, Vereniging voor Terpenonderzoek (Groningen), 207–21.Innes, Matthew 2000, ‘Danelaw Identities: Ethnicity, Regionalism and Political Allegiance’. In Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, eds. Dawn M. Hadley and Julian D. Richards, Studies in the Early Middle Ages Vol 2, Brepols (Turnhout), 65–88.Innes, Matthew and Rosamond McKitterick. 1994, ‘The Writing of History’. In

270

Carolingian Culture: Emulation and Innovation, ed. Rosamond McKitterick, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge).Jansen, H.P.H. and P.C.M. Hoppenbrouwers 1980, ‘Military obligations in medieval Holland. The burden of the host’, The Low Countries History Yearbook, Acta Historiae Neerlandicae XIII, 1–24.Jansson, Ingmar 1984, ‘Kleine Rundspangen’. In Birka II:1. Systematische Analysen der Gräberfunde, ed. Greta Arwidsson, Birka Untersuchungen und Studien, Kungl. vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien (Stockholm), 58–74. Jesch, Judith 1997, ‘The Senja neck-ring and Viking activity in the eleventh century’, Blandade Runstudier 2, 7–12. Jesch, Judith 2001, Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse, The Boydell Press (Woodbridge).Jesch, Judith 2004, ‘Vikings on the European Continent in the Late Viking Age’. In Scandinavia and Europe 800-1350: Contact, Conflict and Coexistence, ed. Jonathan Adams, Brepols (Turnhout), 255–68.Jesch, Judith 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórđarson’. In Poetry from the King’s Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Part 2, ed. Diana Whaley, Brepols (Turnhout), 533–56. Jones, Siân 1997, The Archaeology of Ethnicity. Constructing Identities in the Past and Present, Routledge (London-New York).Jongbloed, Hein H. 2008, ‘“Cold Case” Upladen (oktober 1016). Godfrieds prefectuur tussen grote politiek en dynastieke competitie (850-1101)’, Jaarboek voor middeleeuwse geschiedenis 11, 7–68.Jöns, H., J. Beuker, N. IJssennagger and E. Kramer 2013, ‘Das Besondere in der Fremde: Fernkontakte im Ems-Dollart-Raum’. In Land der Entdeckungen: Die Archäologie des friesischen Küstenraums, ed. J.F. Kegler, Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft (Aurich), 360–70.Kelly, Eamonn P. and John Maas 1999, ‘The Vikings and the Kingdom of Laois’. In Laois History & Society. Interdisciplinary Essays on the History of an Irish County, eds. Pádraig G. Lane and William Nolan, Geography Publications (Dublin), 123–59.Kershaw, Jane F. 2009, ‘Culture and gender in the Danelaw: Scandinavian and Anglo-Scandinavian brooches’, Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 5, 295–325.Kershaw, Jane. F. 2013, Viking Identities: Scandinavian Jewellery in England, Oxford University Press (Oxford).Keynes, Simon and Michael Lapidge eds. 1983, Alfred the Great. Asser’s Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources, Penguin Books (Harmondsworth).Kilger, Christopher 2008, ‘Wholeness and Holiness: Counting, Weighing and Valuing Silver in the Early Viking Period’. In Means of Exchange. Dealing with Silver in the Viking Period, ed. Dagfinn Skre, Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series Vol. 2, Norske Oldfunn XXIII, Aarhus University Press (Aarhus), 253–325.Kleingärtner, Sunhild 2007, Der Pressmodelfund aus dem Hafen von Haithabu, Die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 12, Wachholtz Verlag (Neumünster).Kosian, Menne 2015, ‘Dorestad’s Rise and Fall: How the Local Landscape Influenced

271

the Growth, Prosperity and Disappearance of an Early-Medieval Emporium’. In Golden Middle Ages in Europe. New Research into Early-Medieval Communities and Identities, eds. A. Willemsen and H. Kik, Brepols (Turnhout), 99–104. Knol, Egge 1999, ‘Zilverbaar uit de Vikingentijd’, Jaarverslag van het Groninger Museum 1998–99, Groninger Museum (Groningen), 23.Knol, Egge 2004, ‘Het elf-hartenwapen en het Ommelander geld’, Stad en lande. Cultuur-historisch tijdschrift voor Groningen 13 (1), 12–20.Knol, Egge 2009, ‘Anglo-Saxon Migration Reflected in Cemeteries in the Northern Netherlands’. In Foreigners in Early Medieval Europe: Thirteen International Studies on Early Medieval Mobility, eds. Dieter Quast and Horst Wolfgang Böhme, Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums (Mainz), 113–29.Knol, Egge 2010, ‘Frisia in Carolingian Times’. In Viking Trade and Settlement in Continental Western Europe, ed. Iben Skibsted Klæsøe, Museum Tusculaneum Press (Copenhagen), 43–59.Knol, Egge 2011, Een provincievlag voor Groningen , n.p. (Groningen).Knol, Egge, W. Prummel, H.T. Uytterschaut, M.L.P. Hoogland, W.A. Casparie, G.J. De Langen, E. Kramer and J. Schelvis 1995-6, ‘The Early Medieval Cemetery of Oosterbeintum (Friesland)’, Palaeohistoria 37-38, 245–416.Knol, Egge and Nelleke L. IJssennagger 2017, ‘Paleogeography and People: Historical Frisians in an Archaeological Light’. In Frisians and their North Sea Neighbours. From the Fifth Century to the Viking Age, eds. John Hines and Nelleke IJssennagger, Boydell & Brewer (Woodbridge), 5–24.Kramer, Evert et al. eds. 2000, Kings of the North Sea, AD 250-850, Fries Museum etc. (Leeuwarden etc.).Kristoffersen, Siv E. 2017 forthcoming, ‘Underlining and Transcending Boundaries in Style I Animal Art’. In Life on the Edge: Social, Political and Religious Frontiers in Early Medieval Europe, eds. S. Semple, C. Orsini and S. Mui, Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung 6.Kruse, Susan E. 1988, ‘Ingots and weight units in Viking Age silver hoards’, World Archaeology 20 (2), 285–301.Laing, L. 1993, A Catalogue of Celtic Ornamental Metalwork in the British Isles c. AD 400-1200, BAR British Series 229 (Oxford).Langbroek, Erika 2015, ‘So viel geschrieben, so wenig beblieben. Eine neue Entdeckung: unbekannte altfriesische Psalmglossen’. In Amsterdammer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, Band 74, eds. Guus Kroonen, Erika Langbroek, Arend Quak and Annelies Roeveld, Brill-Rodopi (Leiden-Amsterdam), 135–46.Lebecq, Stephane 1983, Marchands et navigateurs Frisons du Haut Moyen Âge. 2 vols., Presses Universitaires de Lille (Lille).Lebecq, Stephane 1990, ‘On the Use of the Word “Frisian” in the 6th-10th Centuries Written Sources: Some Interpretations’. In Maritime Celts, Frisians and Saxons, Council for British Archaeology Research Reports 71, ed. S. McGrail, Council for British Archaeology (London), 85–90.Lebecq, Stephane 1992, ‘The Frisian Trade in the Dark Ages: A Frisian or a Frankish/ Frisian Trade?’. In Rotterdam Papers VII, ed. A. Carmiggelt, Bureau Oudheid-

272

kundig Onderzoek van Gemeentewerken Rotterdam (Rotterdam), 7–15.Leupen, P., 1996, ‘Viking-Age Raids and Urban Settlement on the Rivers Rhine and Meuse in the 9th Century’. In The Emergence of Towns. Archaeology and Early Urbanization in Non-Roman, North-West Europe, eds. L. Nilsson and S. Lilja, Studier i stads- och kommunhistoria Vol. 14, Stads- och kommunhistoriska institutet (Stockholm), 79–94.Lewis, Stephen 2016, ‘Rodulf and Ubba. In Search of a Frisian-Danish Viking’, Saga-Book Vol. XL, Viking Society for Northern Research (London), 5–42.Looijenga, Tineke 2003, Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions, The Northern World. North Europe and the Baltic c. 400-1700 AD: Peoples, Economies and Cultures Vol. 4, Brill (Leiden-Boston).Looijenga, Tineke and Egge Knol 1990, ‘A Tau Staff with Runic Inscriptions from Bernsterburen (Friesland)’. In Aspects of Old Frisian Philology. Amsterdammer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, Band 31-32, eds. Rol H. Bremmer Jr., Geart van der Meer and Oebele Vries, Brill-Rodopi (Leiden-Amsterdam), 226–41.Loveluck, Chris 2012, ‘Central-Places, Exchange and Maritime-Oriented Identity around the North Sea and Western Baltic, AD 600-1100’. In From One Sea to Another, eds. Sauro Gelichi and Richard Hodges, Brepols (Turnhout),123–66. Loveluck, Chris and Dries Tys 2006, ‘Coastal societies, exchange and identity along the Channel and Southern North Sea shores of Europe, AD 600-1000’, Journal of Maritime Archaeology 1, 140–69.Lund, Niels 2006, ‘Friesland og vikingerne’. In Fireogtyvende tvarfaglige vikinge- symposium, Hikuin (Aarhus), 7–16.Lund, Niels, Christine Elizabeth Fell and Ole Crumlin-Pedersen 1984, Two Voyagers at the Court of King Alfred: The Ventures of Ohthere and Wulfstan Together with the Description of Northern Europe from the Old English Orosius, Sessions (York).Lydon, Ghislaine 2009, On Trans-Saharan Trails. Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge).MacLean, Simon trans. and ann. 2009, History and Politics in Late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe. The Chronicle of Regino of Prüm and Adalbert of Magdeburg, Manchester University Press (Manchester-New York)Maixner, Birgit 2005, Die Gegossenen Kleeblattförmigen Fibeln der Wikingerzeit aus Skandinavien, Rudolf Habelt (Bonn).Marold, Edith 2012, ‘Einarr Skálaglamm Helgason’. In Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to C. 1035. Part 1, ed. Diana Whaley, Brepols (Turnhout) 278–335.McKitterick, Rosamond 2004, History and Memory in the Carolingian World, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge).McLeod, Shane 2014, The Beginning of Scandinavian Settlement in England. The Viking ‘Great Army’ and Early Settlers, c. 865-900, Studies in the Early Middle Ages Vol. 29, Brepols (Turnhout).McNeill, William H. 1986, ‘Mythistory, or truth, myth, history, and historians’,

273

The American Historical Review 91 (1), 1–10.McTurk, Rory 1991, Studies in Ragnars Saga Lodbrókar and its Major Scandinavian Analogues, Medium Ævum Monographs New Series XV, The Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature (Oxford).Meens, Rob 2015, ‘With One Foot in the Font: The Failed Baptism of the Frisian King Radbod and the 8th-Century Discussion about the Fate of Unbaptized Forefathers’. In Early Medieval Ireland and Europe: Chronology, Contacts, Scholarship, Studia Traditionis Theologiae 14, eds. Pádraic Moran and Immo Warntjes, Brepols (Turnhout), 577–96.Meulengracht-Sørensen, Preben 1993, ‘Historical reality and literary form’. In Viking Revaluations, eds. A. Faulkes and R. Perkins, Viking Society for Northern Research (London), 172–81.Mikkelsen, Egil 2002, ‘Handel-misjon-religionsmøter. Impulser fra buddhisme, islam og kristendom i Norden 500-1000 e.Kr.’, Viking LXV, 91–136.Milis, Ludo J.R. 1998, ‘Introduction: The Pagan Middle Ages – A Contradiction in Terms?’. In The Pagan Middle Ages, ed. Ludo. J.R. Milis, Boydell (Woodbridge).Miller, Daniel 1996, ‘Editorial’, Journal of Material Culture 1, 5–14.Mills, Nigel 2001, Saxon & Viking Artefacts, Greenlight (Witham).Mol, J.A and J. Smithuis, ‘De Friezen als uitverkoren volk. Religieus-pattriottische geschiedschrijving in vijftiende-eeuws Friesland’, Jaarboek voor Middeleeuwse Geschiedenis 11, 165-204.Moreland, John 2000, ‘Ethnicity, Power and the English’. In Social Identity in Early Medieval Britain, eds. W.O. Frazer and A. Tyrrell, Leicester University Press (Leicester), 23–51.Moreland, John 2001, Archaeology and Text, Duckworth Debates in Archaeology, Duckworth (London).Moreland, John 2004, ‘Objects, Identities and Cosmological Authentication’, Archaeological Dialogues 10 (2), 144–9.Mostert, Marco 2005, ‘Bonifatius spoorde zijn leerlingen vriendelijk aan tot het martelaarschap’, Historisch Nieuwsblad 5, 26–9.Müller-Wille, Michael 2002, Frühstädtische Zentren der Wikingerzeit und ihr Hinterland. Die Beispiele Ribe, Hedeby und Reric, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur-Franz Steiner Verlag (Mainz-Stuttgart), 31-3.Myhre, Bjørn 1992, ‘The Royal Cemetery at Borre, Vestfold: A Norwegian Centre in a European Periphery’. In The Age of Sutton Hoo: The Seventh Century in North-Western Europe, ed. Martin O. H. Carver, Boydell Press (Woodbridge- Rochester), 301–14.Neidorf, Leonard 2014, ‘Germanic Legend, Scribal Errors, and Cultural Change’. In The Dating of Beowulf. A Reassessment, ed. Leonad Neidorf, Anglo-Saxon Studies 24, D.S. Brewer (Woodbridge), 37–57.Nelson, Janet 1991, The Annals of St-Bertin, Ninth-Century Histories Vol. I, Manchester University Press (Manchester).Nelson, Janet L, 2003, ‘Presidential Address: England and the Continent in the Ninth Century: II, the Vikings and Others’, Transactions of the Royal Historical

274

Society 6, 1–28.Nicolay, Johan A.W. 2005, ‘Nieuwe bewoners van het terpengebied en hun rol bij de opkomst van Fries Koningschap. De betekenis van gouden bracteaten en bracteaatachtige hangers uit Friesland (vijfde-zevende eeuw na Chr.)’, De Vrije Fries 85, 37–103.Nicolay, Johan A.W. 2006, ‘Een koninklijk machtscentrum in vroegmiddeleeuws Friesland? De interpretatie van goudvondsten uit de late zesde en eerste helft van de zevende eeuw na Chr.’, De Vrije Fries 86, 33–94.Nicolay, Johan A.W. 2014, The Splendour of Power: Early Medieval Kingship and the Use of Gold and Silver in the Southern North Sea Area (5th to 7th Century AD), Barkhuis (Groningen).Nieuwhof, Annet 2013, ‘Anglo-Saxon immigration or continuity? Ezinge and the coastal area of the Northern Netherlands in the Migration Period’, Journal of Archaeology in the Low Countries 4, 53–83.Nieuwhof, Annet 2015, Eight Human Skulls in a Dung Heap and More. Ritual Practice in the Terp Region of the Northern Netherlands 600 BC - AD 300, Groningen Archaeological Studies Vol. 29, Barkhuis (Groningen).Nijdam, Han 2008, Lichaam, Eer en Recht in Middeleeuws Friesland. Een studie naar de Oudfriese Boeteregisters, Verloren (Hilversum).Nijdam, Han 2009, ‘Klinkende Munten en Botsplinters in de Oudfriese Rechtsteksten. Continuiteit, Discontinuiteit, Intertekstualiteit’, De Vrije Fries 89, 45–66.Nijdam, Han and Otto S. Knottnerus forthcoming, ‘Redbad, the Once and Future King of the Frisians’. In Northern Myths, Modern Identities, eds. M. Baár and S. Halink, Brill (Leiden).Niles, John D. 1999, ‘Widsith and the Anthropology of the Past’, Philological Quarterly 78 (1/2), 171–213.Niles, John D. 2007, Old English Heroic Poems and the Social Life of Texts. Studies in the Early Middle Ages, Brepols (Turnhout).Noomen, Paul N. 1999, ‘De Friese vetemaatschappij: sociale structuur en machts bases.’ In Fryslân, staat en macht 1450-1650. Bijdragen aan het historisch congres te Leeuwarden van 3 tot 5 juni 1998, eds. Johan Frieswijk, A.H. Huussen jr., Yme B. Kuiper and Johannes A. Mol, Verloren-Fryske Akademy (Hilversum- Leeuwarden), 43–64.Noomen, Paul N. 2001, ‘Hachens en Wachens: feit en fiksje yn midsieusk Fryslân’. In Speculum Frisicum, Stúdzjes oanbean oan Philippus H. Breuker, eds. R.H. Bremmer Jr., L.G. Landsma and P. Visser, Fryske Akademy (Leeuwarden- Leiden), 3–22.Nordal, Guðrún 1992, ‘Sturlunga Saga and the Context of Saga-Writing’. In Introductory Essays on Egils Saga and Njáls Saga, eds. John Hines and Desmond Slay, Viking Society for Northern Research (London), 1–14.Nordal, Guðrún 2001, Tools of Literacy. The Role of Skaldic Verse in Icelandic Textual Culture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, University of Toronto Press (Toronto).Ó Corráin, Donnchadh 1998, ‘Viking Ireland – Afterthoughts’. In Ireland and

275

Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age, eds. Howard B. Clarke, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh and Raghnall Ó Floinn, Four Courts Press (Dublin), 421–52.Olsen, Bjørnar 2003, ‘Material Culture after Text: Re-Membering Things’, Norwegian Archaeological Review 36, 87–104.Page, Richard I. 1997, ‘The Audience of Beowulf and the Vikings’. In The Dating of Beowulf, University of Toronto Press (Toronto), 113–22.Paterson, Caroline 2002, ‘From pendants to brooches. The exchange of Borre and Jellinge style motifs across the North Sea’, Hikuin, 267–76.Pedersen, Unn 2008, ‘Weights and Balances’. In Means of Exchange. Dealing with Silver in the Viking Period, ed. Dagfinn Skre, Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series Vol. 2, Norske Oldfunn XXIII, Aarhus University Press (Aarhus), 119–95.Petersen, Jan 1928, Vikingetidens Smykker, Stavangers Museum (Stavanger).Pohl, Walter 1998, ‘Conceptions of Identity in Early Medieval Studies’. In Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings, eds. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein, Blackwell Publishers (Oxford), 13–24.Pohl, Walter 2013, ‘Strategies of Identification: A Methodological Profile’. In Strategies of identification: Ethnicity and Religion in Early Medieval, eds. W Pohl and G. Heidemann, Brepols (Turnhout), 1–64.Pohl, Walter and H. Reimitz eds. 1998, Strategies of Distinction. The Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300-800, Brill (Leiden).Pol, Arent 1999, ‘Medieval Coins from Wijnaldum’. In The Excavations at Wijnaldum. Reports on Frisia in Roman and Medieval Times, A.A. Balkema (Rotterdam), 217–27.Popkema, Anne Tjerk 2013, ‘On the Origin of All Evil: The Old Frisian Collocation grimme herne and its Modern Use’. In Twenty-Nine Smiles for Alastair. Freundesgabe für Dr. Alastair MacDonald, eds. J. Hoekstra and G.H. Walker (Kiel), 195–207.Pritsak, Omeljan 1981, The Origin of Rus’. Vol. 1 Old Scandinavian Sources Other than the Sagas, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA).Prummel, Wietske 1983, Excavations at Dorestad 2: Early Medieval Dorestad: An Archaeozoological Study, Nederlandse Oudheden 11, Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek (Amersfoort). Pye, Michael 2015, The Edge of the World: A Cultural History of the North Sea and the Transformation of Europe, Pegasus Books (London).Radner, Joan Newlon, ed. 1978, Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (Dublin).Raffield, Ben, Claire Greenlow, Neil Price and Mark Collard 2016, ‘Ingroup identification, identity fusion and the formation of Viking war bands’, World Archaeology 48 (1), 35–50.Regtop, R.A. 1995/6, ‘Viking Fibula’, Detector Magazine 24, 8–9.Reuter, Timothy 1991, Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800-1056, Longman (London).Reuter, Timothy, trans. 1992, The Annals of Fulda, Ninth-Century Histories Vol.

276

II, Manchester University Press (Manchester-New York).Robinson, Peter 1992, ‘Vikings and Celts’. In Introductory Essays on Egils Saga and Njáls Saga, eds. John Hines and Desmond Slay, Viking Society for Northern Research (London), 125–39. Roes, Anne 1955, ‘Les trouvailles de Dombourg Zelande’, Berichten van de Rijks- dienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek VI, 79–85.Roxburgh, Marcus A. 2013, ‘Castaways. New Insights from the Metal-Detected Brooches of Early Medieval Frisia’, Master thesis, University of Leiden.Roxburgh, Marcus A., Nelleke L. IJssennagger, Hans D.J. Huisman and Bertil J.H. Van Os forhtcoming, ‘Where Worlds Collide: A typological and compositional analysis of the copper-alloy mounts from Viking Age Walcheren’, Medieval and Modern Matters: Archaeology and Material Culture in the Low Countries 6.Rose, Susan 2007, The Medieval Sea, Bloomsbury Academic (New York).Rudolf, Winfried 2011, ‘The Spiritual Islescape of the Anglo-Saxons’. In The Sea and Englishness. Maritime Narratives, Identity and Culture, ed. Sebastian I. Sobecki, D.S. Brewer (Woodbridge), 31–58.Röcke, Werner 1997, ‘Erdrandbewohner und Wunderzeichen. Deutungsmuster von Alterität in der Literatur des Mittelalters’. In Der fremdgewordene Tekst, Festschrift für Helmut Brackert zum 65. Geburtstag, eds. Silvia Bovenschen, Winfried Frey, Stephan Fuchs, Walter Raitz and Dieter Seitz, Walter de Gruyter (Berlin-New York), 265–84.Rundkvist, Martin 2010, ‘Domed oblong brooches of Vendel Period Scandinavia. Ørsnes Types N & O and similar brooches, including transitional types surviving into the Early Viking Period’, Uppåkrastudier 11, 127–99.Salomon, Almuth 2000, Friesische Geschichtsbilder. Historische Ereignisse und kollektives Gedächtnis im mittelalterlichen Friesland, Abhandlungen und Vor- träge zur Geschichte Ostfrieslands Band 78, Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft (Aurich).Samplonius, Kees 1998, ‘Friesland en de Vikingtijd: de ring van Senja en Vierentwintig Landrechten’, It Beaken 60 (2), 89–101.Samplonius, Kees 2013, ‘The Background and Scope of Vǫluspá’. In The Nordic Apocalypse. Approaches to Völuspá and Nordic Days of Judgement, eds. T. Gunnell and A. Lassen, Brepols (Turnhout), 113–45.Sawyer, Peter H. 1977, ‘Kings and Merchants’. In Early Medieval Kingship, eds. Peter H. Sawyer and Ian N. Wood, The School of History, University of Leeds (Leeds), 139–58.Schmidt, Heinrich 1987, ‘Kirchenbau und ‘zweite Christianisierung’ im friesisch- sächsischen Küstengebiet während des hohen Mittelalters’, Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte 59, 63–93.Schneidmüller, Bernd 2002, ‘Constructing the Past by Means of the Present: Historiographical Foundations of Medieval Institutions, Dynasties, Peoples, and Communities’. In Medieval Concepts of the Past. Ritual, Memory, Historiography, eds. Gerd Althoff, Johannes Fried and Patrick J. Geary, German Historical Institute-Cambridge University Press (Washington-Cambridge), 167–93.

277

Scholz, Bernhard W. 1970, Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard’s Histories, The University of Michigan Press (Ann Arbor).Schrijver, Peter 1999, ‘The Celtic Contribution to the Development of the North Sea Germanic Vowel System, with Special Reference to Coastal Dutch’, NOWELE 35, 3–47.Schrijver, Peter 2017, ‘Frisian between the Roman and the Early Medieval Period: Language Contact, Celts and Romans.’ In Frisians and their North Sea Neigh- bours. From the Fifth Century to the Viking Age, eds. John Hines and Nelleke IJssennagger, Boydell & Brewer (Woodbridge), 43–52.Schwartz, Stephen P. 1973, Poetry and Law in Germanic Myth, University of California Press (Berkeley).Scudder, Bernard, trans. and Svanhildur Óskarsdóttir ed. and intr. 2004. Egil’s Saga, Penguin Books (London).Segschneider, Martin 2008, ‘Suchen nach klaren Regeln’, Archäologische Nach- richten aus Schleswig-Holstein 2008, 12–13. Segschneider, Martin 2009, ‘Die Ringwälle auf den nordfriesischen Inseln’. In Ringwälle und verwandte Strukturen des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. an Nord- Und Ostsee, ed. Martin Segschneider, Schriften Des Archäologischen Landes- museums 5, Wachholtz Verlag (Neumünster), 99–111.Sheehan, John 1998, ‘Early Viking Age Silver Hoards from Ireland and their Scandinavian Elements’. In Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age, eds. Howard B. Clarke, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh and Raghnall Ó Floinn, Four Courts Press (Dublin), 166–202.Sheehan, John 2000, ‘Ireland’s early Viking-Age silver hoards. Components, structure and classification’, Acta Archaeologica 71, 49–63.Sheehan, John 2011, ‘Hiberno-Scandinavian Broad-Band Arm-Rings’. In The Cuerdale Hoard and Related Viking-Age Silver and Gold from Britain and Ireland in the British Museum, ed. James Graham-Campbell, British Museum Press (London), 94–100.Shippey, Tom 1972, Old English Verse, Hutchinson’s (London).Siems, Harald 1980, Studien zur Lex Frisionum, Gremer (Ebelsbach).Sindbæk, Søren M., 2007, ‘The Small World of the Vikings. Networks in Early Medieval Communication and Exchange’, Norwegian Archaeological Review 40, 59–74.Sindbæk, Søren M. 2011, ‘Silver Economies and Social Ties: Long-Distance Inter - action, Long-Term Investments – and Why the Viking Age Happened’. In Silver Economies, Monetisation and Society in Scandinavia AD 800-1100, eds. James Graham-Campbell and Søren M. Sindbæk, Aarhus University Press (Aarhus), 41–65. Sigurđsson, Gísli 2004, The Medieval Icelandic Saga and Oral Tradition. A Discourse on Method. Publications of the Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature Vol. 2, The Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature, Harvard University (Cambridge, MA-London). Skre, Dagfinn ed. 2007, Kaupang in Skiringssal. Kaupang Excavation Project

278

Publication Series Vol. 1, Norske Oldfunn XXII Aarhus University Press (Aarhus).Skre, Dagfinn ed. 2008, Means of exchange. Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series 2, Norske Oldfunn XXIII, Aarhus University Press (Aarhus).Skre, Dagfinn 2010, ‘From Dorestad to Kaupang’. In Dorestad in an International Framework. New Research on Centres of Trade and Coinage in Carolingian Times, eds. A. Willemsen and H. Kik, Brepols (Turnhout), 137–41Skre, Dagfinn ed. 2011, Things from the Town: Artefacts and Inhabitants in Viking-Age Kaupang, Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series 3, Norske Oldfunn XXIV, Aarhus University Press (Aarhus).Skre, Dagfinn 2014, ‘From Kaupang and Avaldsness to the Irish Sea’. In Clerics, Kings and Vikings. Essays on Medieval Ireland in Honour of Donnchadh Ó Corráin, eds. Emer Purcell, Paul MacCotter, Julianne Nyhan and John Sheehan, Four Courts Press (Dublin), 237–46.Smith, Anthony D. 1986, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Blackwell (Oxford).Smith, Anthony D. 1999, Myths and Memories of the Nation, Oxford University Press (Oxford).Smithuis, Justine 2010, ‘The Imagined Community of Friesland in the Late Middle Ages’. In Networks, Regions and Nations: Shaping Identities in the Low Countries, 1300-1650, eds. Robert Stein and Judith Pollman, Studies in Medieval and Reformation Tradition Vol. 149, Brill (Leiden-Boston).Smyth, Alfred P. 1977, Scandinavian Kings in the British Isles 850-880, Oxford University Press (Oxford).Sobecki, Sebastian I. 2011, The Sea and Englishness in the Middle Ages: Maritime Narratives, Identity and Culture, D.S. Brewer (Cambridge).Sonne, Lasse C. A 2014, ‘Kings, chieftains and public cult in pre-Christian Scandinavia’, Early Medieval Europe 22 (1), 53–68.South, Ted Johnson 2002, Historia de Sancto Cuthberto. Anglo-Saxon Texts 3, D.S. Brewer (Cambridge).Spiegel, Gabrielle M. 1990, ‘History, historicism, and the social logic of the text in the Middle Ages’, Speculum 65 (1), 59–86.Steuer, Heiko 1987, ‘Gewichtsgeldwirtschaften im frühgeschichtlichen Europa’. In Untersuchungen zu Handel und Verkehr der vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Zeit in Mittel- und Nordeuropa. Teil IV: Der Handel der Karolinger-und Wikingerzeit, eds. Klaus Düwel, Herbert Jankuhn, Harald Siems and Dieter Timpe, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Göttingen), 405–527.Steuer, Heiko 1997, Waagen und Gewichte aus dem mittelalterliche Schleswig. Funde des 11. bis 13. Jahrhunderts aus Europa als Quellen zur Handels- und Währungsgeschichte, Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters, Beiheft 10, Rheinland-Verlag (Köln-Bonn).Story, Joanna 2005, ‘The Frankish Annals of Lindisfarne and Kent’, Anglo-Saxon England 34, 59–109.Sørheim, Helge 2011, ‘Three prominent Norwegian ladies with British connections’, Acta Archaeologica 82, 17–54.Taayke, Ernst 1996, Die einheimische Keramik der nördlichen Niederlande, 600 v.

279

Chr. bis 300 n. Chr, PhD thesis, University of Groningen (Groningen).Thomas, Gabor 2012, ‘Carolingian Culture in the North Sea World: Rethinking the Cultural Dynamics of Personal Adornment in Viking-Age England’, European Journal of Archaeology 15 (3), 486–518.Ten Harkel, Letty 2011, ‘De Vikingen en de Zeeuwse ringwalburgen: enkele vraagstukken’, Madoc: Tijdschrift over de Middeleeuwen 25 (3), 161–72.Ten Harkel, Letty 2013, ‘A Viking Age Landscape of Defence in the Netherlands? The Late Ninth- and Tenth-century Ringwalburgen in the Dutch Province of Zeeland’. In Landscapes of Defence in the Viking Age, eds. J. Baker, S. Brookes and A. Reynolds, Brepols (Turnhout), 223–59.Theuws, Frans C.J.W. 1995, ‘De vele lagen van de vroeg-middeleeuwse geschiedenis’, Madoc. Tijdschrift over de Middeleeuwen 9 (3), 133–49.Theuws, Frans C.J.W. 2003, De Sleutel van Sint Servaas, Vossiuspers (Amsterdam).Theuws, Frans C.J.W. 2004, ‘Exchange, Religion, Identity and Central Places in the Early Middle Ages’, Archaeological Dialogues 10 (2), 121–38.Theuws, Frans C.J.W. 2009, ‘Grave Goods, Ethnicity, and the Rhetoric of Burial Rites in Late Antique Northern Gaul’. In Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity. The Role of Power and Tradition, eds. T. Derks and N. Roymans, Amsterdam University Press (Amsterdam), 283–317.Theuws, Frans C.J.W. 2014, De boer en de koning in vroegmiddeleeuws Noord- west-Europa, inaugural lecture, Universiteit Leiden (Leiden).Theuws, Frans and Monica Alkemade 2000, ‘A Kind of Mirror for Men: Sword Depositions in Late Antique Northern Gaul’. In Rituals of Power. From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages, eds. Frans Theuws and Janet T. Nelson, The Transformation of the Roman World, Brill (Leiden-Boston-Köln), 401–76.Thomas, Gabor 2012, ‘Carolingian Culture in the North Sea World: Rethinking the Cultural Dynamics of Personal Adornment in Viking-Age England’, European Journal of Archaeology 15, 486–518.Thunmark-Nylén, Lena 1984, ‘Ringnadeln’. In Birka II:1. Systematische Analysen der Gräberfunde, ed. Greta Arwidsson, Birka Untersuchungen und Studien, Kungl. vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien (Stockholm), 5–14.Townend, Matthew 2001, ‘Contextualising the Knútsdrapur: Skaldic Praise-Poetry at the Court of Cnut’, Anglo-Saxon England 30, 145–79.Townend, Matthew 2012, ‘Óttar Svarti.’. In Poetry from the King’s Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to C. 1035. Part 2, ed. Diana Whaley, Brepols (Turnhout) 738–89.Trafford, Simon 2000, ‘Ethnicity, Migration Theory, and the Historiography of the Scandinavian Settlement of England’, In Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, eds. Dawn M. Hadley and Julian D. Richards, Studies in the Early Middle Ages Vol 2, Brepols (Turnhout), 17–39.Tschan, Francis J. trans. 1959, History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen by Adam of Bremen, Columbia University Press (New York). Tsigaridas Glørstad, Zannette 2012, ‘Sign of the times? The transfer and transfor-

280

mation of penannular brooches in Viking-Age Norway’, Norwegian Archaeo- logical Review 45, 30–51.Turner, Victor 1987, ‘Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites of Passage’. In Betwixt & Between. Patterns of Masculine and Feminine Initiation, eds. L.C. Mahdi, S. Foster and M. Little, Open Court (La Salle, IL), 3-19.Turner, Victor and Edith Turner 1978, Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture, Columbia University Press (New York-Chichester). Tys, Dries, Pieterjan Deckers and Barbora Wouters 2016, ‘Circular, D-Shaped and Other Fortifications in 9th- and 10th-Century Flanders and Zeeland’. In Fortified Settlements in Early Medieval Europe, eds. Neil Christie and Hajnalka Herold, Oxbow books (Oxford- Philadelphia), 175–91. Ufkes, Adrie et al. 2011, Een archeologische opgraving in de vroegmiddeleeuwse ringwalburg van Domburg, gem. Veere (Z.), ARC-Publicaties 223 (n.p.).Van de Noort, Robert 2011, North Sea Archaeologies: A Maritime Biography, 10,000 BC - AD 1500, Oxford University Press (Oxford). Van der Tuuk, Luit 2015, Vikingen. Noormannen in de Lage Landen, Omniboek (Utrecht).Van Egmond, Wolfert S. 2005, ‘Radbod van de Friezen, een aristocraat in de periferie’, Millennium. Tijdschrift voor middeleeuwse studies 19 (1), 24–44.Van Es, W.A. and W.J.H. Verwers 1980, Excavations at Dorestad 1: The Harbour: Hoogstraat I, Nederlandse Oudheden 9, Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek (Amersfoort).Van Es, W.A. and W.J.H. Verwers 2009, Excavations at Dorestad 3. Hoogstraat 0, II-IV, Nederlandse Oudheden 16, Rijksdienst voor Archeologie, Cultuurland- schap en Monumenten (Amersfoort).Van Es, W.A. and W.J.H. Verwers 2015, Excavations at Dorestad 4. The Settlement on the River Bank Area, Nederlandse Oudheden 18, Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (Amersfoort). Van Gennep, Arnold 1960, The Rites of Passage, (translation of Les Rites du Passage (1909), Routledge & Kegan Paul (London).Van Heemskerck-Düker, Ir. W. F .and P. Felix 1941, Wat de aarde bewaarde. Vondsten uit onze vroegste geschiedenis, De Hamer (Den Haag).Van Heeringen, Robert M., P.A. Henderikx and A. Mars eds. 1995, Vroeg- Middeleeuwse ringwalburgen in Zeeland, De Koperen Tuin-Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek (Goes-Amersfoort).Van Heeringen, Robert M. with contributions by Arent Pol and Janneke Buurman 1995, ‘Kolonisatie en bewoning in het mondingsgebied van de Schelde in de vroege Middeleeuwen vanuit archeologisch perspectief ’. In Vroeg-Middeleeuwse ringwalburgen in Zeeland, eds. R.M. Van Heeringen, P.A. Henderikx and A. Mars, De Koperen Tuin - Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonder- zoek (Goes-Amersfoort).Van Houts, Elisabeth M.C. 1983, ‘Scandinavian Influence in Norman Literature of the 11th Century’. In Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference VI, ed. R. Allen Brown, Boydell Press (Woodbridge), 107–21.

281

Van Houts, Elisabeth M.C. ed. and trans. 1992, The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumieges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Clarendon Press (Oxford).Van Oosten, Roos 2015, ‘De valkuilen van de historische sensatie’, BMGN. Low Countries Historical Review 130 (4), 89–98.Van Regteren Altena, H.H. and J.C. Besteman eds. 1971, De Vikingen in de Lage Landen, getoetst aan de Danelaw, Universiteit van Amsterdam (Amsterdam).Van Schaïk, Remi 1985, Walfridus van Bedum. Een duizend jaar oude Groninger overlevering, Wolters-Noordhoff-Bouma’s Boekhuis (Groningen).Veenstra, Hans 2009, ‘Friesland in Balans’, Paleo-aktueel 20, 83–90.Verhulst, Adriaan 1999, The Rise of Cities in North-West Europe, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge).Vogel, Walther 1906, Die Normannen und das Fränkische Reich bis zur Gründ- ung der Normandie : 799 – 911, Scientia (Heidelberg).Vohra, P. 2016, ‘One of us? Negotiating multiple legal identities across the Viking diaspora’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 39 (2), 204–22.Vos, P. and S. de Vries 2013, 2e generatie palaeogeografische kaarten van Neder- land (versie 2.0). Deltares (Utrecht). Vries, Oebele 2007, Asega, is het dingtijd?, Steven Sterk (Leeuwarden-Utrecht).Waggoner, Ben trans. 2009, The Sagas of Ragnar Lodbrok, Troth Publications (New Haven).Wamers, Egon 1983, ‘Some ecclesiastical and secular Insular metalwork found in Norwegian Viking graves’, Peritia 2, 277–306.Wamers, Egon 1985, Insularer Metallschmuck in wikingerzeitlichen Gräbern Nordeuropas. Untersuchungen zur skandinavischen Westexpansion, Offa-Bücher Band 56, Wachholtz Verlag (Neumünster).Wamers, Egon 2005, ‘Die Spur des Silbers: fränkisches Beutegut im Norden’. In Die Macht des Silbers. Karolingische Schätze im Norden, Schnell & Steiner (Regensburg), 112–18.Wamers, Egon 2011, ‘Continental and Insular Metalwork’. In Things from the Town: Artefacts and Inhabitants in Viking-Age Kaupang, ed. Dagfinn Skre, Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series 3, Norske Oldfunn XXIV, Aarhus University Press (Aarhus), 65–97.Weale, Michael E., Deborah A. Weiss, Rolf H. Jager, Neil Brandman and Mark G. Thomas 2002, ‘Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration’, Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (7), 1008–21.Webley, Rob forthcoming, ‘Some select Copper-Alloy Items from Domburg: “Mounts” for What, and from When?’. In A Central Place on the World’s Edge: Studies on the Early Medieval History and Archaeology of the Island of Walcheren, the Netherlands, eds. P. Deckers and L. Ten Harkel.Weiner, Annette 1992, Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping While Giving, University of California Press (Berkeley).Westerdahl, Christer 1992, ‘The maritime cultural landscape’, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21 (I), 5–14.

282

Whaley, Diana 2012, ‘Hallfreðr Vandræðaskáld Óttarsson’. In Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages, Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to C. 1035. Part 1, ed. Diana Whaley, Brepols (Turnhout), 386–441.Whaley, Diana 1991, Heimskringla. An Introduction. Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London (London). Whitbread, Leslie 1946, ‘The ‘Frisian sailor’ passage in the Old English gnomic verses’, Review of English Studies 22, 215–19.Whitelock Dorothy1951,The Audience of Beowulf, Clarendon Press (Oxford).Whitelock, Dorothy ed. 1955, English Historical Documents C. 500-1042. Vol. 1. English Historical Documents, Eyre & Spottiswoode (London).Willemsen, Annemarieke 2004, ‘Scattered across the Waterside: Viking Finds from the Netherlands’. In Vikings on the Rhine: Recent Research on Early Medieval Relations between the Rhinelands and Scandinavia, eds. Rudolf Simek and Ulrike Engel, Fassbaender (Vienna), 65–82.Willemsen, Annemarieke 2009, Dorestad: een wereldstad in de middeleeuwen, Walburg Pers (Zutphen).Willemsen, Annemarieke and Hanneke Kik, eds. 2010, Dorestad in an Inter- national Framework. New Research on Centres of Trade and Coinage in Carolingian Times, Brepols (Turnhout).Williams, David 1997, Late Saxon Stirrup-strap Mounts. A Classification and Catalogue, Council for British Archaeology (York).Williams, David 2007, Anglo-Scandinavian Horse Harness Fittings, The Finds Research Group AD 700-1700 Datasheet 39 (n.p.).Williams, Gareth, Peter Pentz and Matthias Wemhoff eds. 2014, Vikings. Life and Legend, Cornell University Press (Ithaca, NY).Wilson, David M. 1995, Vikingatidens konst, Bokförlaget Signum (Lund).Wilts, Ommo1966, ‘Zum Frieslandbild in der Egilssaga’, Nordfriesisches Jahrbuch Neue Folge 2,148–9.Wilts, Ommo 1992, ‘Die Wikinger in Friesland. Anmerkungen zum Wikingerbild in den altfriesischen Rechtshandschriften’, Philologia Frisica Anno 1990. lêzingen fan it lolfte filologekongres 17, 18 en 19 oktober 1990 (Leeuwarden), 195–208.Winterbottom, Michael ed. 1972, Three Lives of English Saints, Toronto Medieval Latin Texts, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies (Toronto).Woltering, Phillippus J. 2000, The Archaeology of Texel. Four Studies on Settlement and Landscape (1350 BC–ad 1500), doctoral thesis, Free University Amsterdam (Amsterdam).Wood, Ian 1977, ‘Kings, Kingdoms and Consent’. In Early Medieval Kingship, eds. Peter Sawyer and Ian N. Wood, The School of History, University of Leeds (Leeds), 6–29.Wood, Ian 1994, The Merovingian Kingdoms 450-751, Longman (London-New York).Wood, Ian, 1995, ‘Defining the Franks: Frankish Origins in Early Medieval Historiography’. In Concepts of National Identity in the Middle Ages, eds. S. Ford, L. Johnson, A.V. Murray, School of English, University of Leeds (Leeds),

283

47–57.Woolf, Alex 2007, From Pictland to Alba, New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh University Press (Edinburgh).Ypey, Jaap 1967, ‘Archeologica uit de collectie Mr J.W. Frederiks in bruikleen aan het Museum Boymans-van Beuningen’, BROB Overdrukken 7 (Bulletin Museum Boymans van Beuningen), 99–148. Ypey, Jaap 1960–61, ‘Een bronzen riemtong uit Wijk bij Duurstede’, BROB 10- 11, 576–77.Zettel, Horst 1977, Das Bild der Normannen und der Normanneneinfälle in west fränkischen, ostfränkischen und angelsächsischen Quellen des 8. bis 11. Jahr hunderts, Wilhelm Fink Verlag (München).Zijlstra, Jan 2004, ‘Christelijke [ins]signia’, Detector Magazine 74, 9-11.Zijlstra, Jan 2001, ‘Een bijzondere vondst uit Groningen’, Detector Magazine 59, 10-11.Zijlstra, Jan 1990-1994, Friese Bodemvondsten (n.p.).Zijlstra, Jan 1991, Friese Bodemvondsten 2. Onderzoek Wijnaldum. Supplement “Finns Fibula.” (n.p.).Zoëga, Geir T. 2004, A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Dover Publications (Mineola, NY)Zwierlein, C. 2010, ‘Gegenwartshorizonte im Mittelalter. Der Nachrichtenbrief vom Pergament- zum Papierzeitalter’, Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte 12, 3–60.

Webpages

http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/vikingdb_ahrc_2012/index.cfmhttp://tdb.fryske-akademy.eu/tdb/# Integrated Frisian Language Database.https://thelongvikingage.wordpress.com/http://vikingmetalwork.blogspot.nl/2013/07/standardised-viking-weights-part- 2-cubo.htmlhttp://www.britishmuseum.orghttp://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=65680&partid=1&searchText=ringed+pin&fromADBC=ad&toADBC=ad&numpages=10&orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_collec-tion_database.aspx&currentPage=7) http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/bedevaart/bol/plaats/1009 http://www.tau.ac.il/~algazi/texts/Rev--CS.pdf http://www.vogala.org/tekst/oudfries-karel-en-redbad Samnordisk runextdatabas: http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htmwww.archeologieinnederland.nl