university of texas at austinmichigan technological university 1 module 1: environmental literacy:...

University of Texas at Austin1

Michigan Technological University

Module 1: Environmental Literacy:Environmental Issues, Risk, Exposure, and

Regulations

David Shonnard

Department of Chemical Engineering




Module 1: Presentation Outline

Educational goals and topics covered in the module

Potential uses of the module in chemical engineering courses

Review of environmental impacts - Chapter 1

Environmental and health risk assessment - Ch. 2

Exposure calculations - Chapter 6

Environmental regulations of interest to chemical engineers - Chapter 3



Module 1: Educational goals and topics

Students will: be introduced to major environmental issues related

to chemical processing

become familiar with the fundamentals of risk assessment

be introduced to the major environmental regulations of interest to the chemical industry and the chemical engineer

become aware of the major pathways and routes of exposure to industrial chemicals



Module 1: Potential uses of the module in chemical engineering courses

Design course: Introduce environmental literacy and regulations before assigning projects

Freshman Engineering: Introduction to issues regarding environment / society / industry



Module 1: Scope of environmental impacts (Ch 1)

Raw MaterialsExtraction

Energy

Wastes

ChemicalProcessing

Wastes

ProductManufacturing

Wastes

Use, Reuse,Disposal

Wastes

Materials

Energy

Materials

Energy

Materials

Energy

Materials

Pollution Control

Pollution Control

Life-CycleStages

global warming

ozone depletion

smog formation

acidifi-cation

ecological harm

Human healthand ecosystem damage

Midpoints

Endpoint



Module 1: U.S. Energy Flows, 1997

Annual Energy Review 1997, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(97)



Module 1: Global warming and related impacts

ChemicalProcessing

EnergyMaterialsProducts

greenhousegas emissions CO2, CH4, N2O

climate change;sea level change

human mortalityor life adjustments

Cause and Effect Chain

CFCs

CO2

CH4

O3

N2O

Contribution to global Warming; Phipps, NPPC, http://www.snre.umich.edu/nppc/

Climate Change 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WMO and

UNEP, Cambridge University Press, 1996.



Module 1: Stratospheric ozone and related impacts

ChemicalProcessing


ozone depleting substancesCFCs, HCFCs

ozone layer lossincrease in uv

human mortalityor life adjustmentsecosystem damage


0.E+00

2.E+05

4.E+05

6.E+05

8.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+06

1995 1996 1997

Year

Total On- and Off-site Releases

Toxics Release Inventory Data



Module 1: Smog formation and related impacts

ChemicalProcessing


NOx and volatileorganic substances

photochemical oxidation reactions

human/ecologicaldamage from O3

and other oxidants


NOx VOCs

12 3

4

5

6

7

1

2

34

5

6 7

1 - Chemical & Allied Processing2 - Petroleum & Related Industries

3 - Metals Processing, 4 - Other Industrial Processes5 - Solvent Utilization, 6 - Storage & Transportation7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling

VOCs

NOx 1997

1997

National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf

Fuel Combustion

Industrial Processes

Transportation

Miscellaneous



Module 1: Acid rain / Acid deposition

ChemicalProcessing


SO2 and NOxemission to air

Acidification rxns.& acid deposition

human/ecologicaldamage from H+

and heavy metals


National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf

SO2

1

23

5 7

4

6

1 - Chemical & Allied Processing2 - Petroleum & Related Industries3 - Metals Processing4 - Other Industrial Processes5 - Solvent Utilization6 - Storage & Transportation7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling

1997

Fuel Combustion

Industrial Processes

Transportation

Miscellaneous



Module 1: Human health toxicity

ChemicalProcessing


Toxic releases to air, water, and soil

Transport, fate, exposure pathways& routes

Human health damage; carcino-genic & non...

Petroleum Refining

9%

Chemical / Allied

Products51%

Transport-ation

Equipment7%

All Other Industries

16%

Primary Metals

8%

Electronic Equipment

9%

Chemical and Allied Products

27%

Primary Metals22%

All Other Industries

23%

Paper and Allied

Products5%

Petroleum Refining

3%

Rubber and Miscel-

laneous Plastics

3%

Transport-ation5%

Fabricated Metals

6%

Electronic Equipment

6%

RCRA HazardousWaste

EPCRAToxicWaste

Allen and Rosselot, 1997



Module 1: Risk assessment: important questions (Ch

2)

What are the risks associated with a chemical, manufacturing process, or use of a product?

How is risk quantified by professional risk assessors?

Is risk assessment used by government agencies to regulate industry? (Yes!)



Steps in risk assessment» Hazard assessment» Exposure assessment» Dose/response relationships» Risk characterization

Module 1: Risk assessment: introductory concepts

Risk = F(exposure x hazard)

Modules 1,2 Modules 1,2 Chapters 5,6 Chapters 2,5



Indicators of chemical toxicology Carcinogenic effects - Slope Factor (SF), Weight of Evidence (WOE)

classification

Noncarcinogenic effects - No Observable Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL), Reference Dose (RfD), Reference Concentration (RfC), Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

Sources of Data for Health Effects1. The Material Safety Data Sheet - MSDS

2. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (www.cdc.gov/niosh.npg/gpdstart.html) 3. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) (http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris/index.html)

4. National Library of Medicine (ToxNet) (http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/sis1)

5. Casarett and Doull’s “Toxicology, the Basic Science of Poisons”, Macmillan

6. Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, John Wiley & Sons

Module 1: Hazard assessment



Occupational Exposure- exposure to people in the workplace Community Exposure- exposure outside the workplace

Different modeling approaches and assumptions

Exposure Assessment Methodology - Community Exposure1. Identify all waste stream components and concentrations

2. Estimate release rates to the air, water, and soil

3. Choose proper exposure pathways (through environment) and routes (into humans)

4. Determine exposure concentrations at the point of exposure to humans using measurements or an environmental fate and transport model

Module 1: Exposure assessment (Ch 6)



Module 1: Exposure assessment - cont.

Multiple pathwaysare possibleExposure Routes

1. Inhalation2. Ingestion3. Dermal (skin)



Module 1: Exposure assessment - H2S release

example

Ca Q

y zvxexp

H2

2z2

Q = 0.025 kg/s H2S

H = 0 m

x = 300 m

Rural release, daytime neutral atmosphere, x<500m, vx=4 m/s yz = 0.01082 x1.78

Rural release, nighttime stable atmosphere, x<500m , vx=2.5 m/s yz = 0.0049 x1.66

Ca 0.025kg / s

(.01082 (300 m)1.78 (4 m / s))7.17 10 6 kg / m3 1.71mg / m3

Ca 0.025kg / s

(.0049 (300 m)1.66 (2.5 m / s))5.02 10 5 kg / m3 50.2 mg / m3

Atmospheric dispersion Model, Ca



How large a dose causes what kind of effect?

Module 1: Dose/Response

Effective Dose(reversible) Toxic Dose

(irreversible)Lethal Dose

Crowl and Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications, Prentice Hall, 1990



Module 1: Risk Characterization

Risk i = (Ca CREFED)

(BW AT )SF

i

Exposure Dose(mg/kg/d)

Dose - Response Relationship,Slope Factor (mg/kg/d)-1

Result: # excess cancers per 106 cases in the population; 10-4 to 10-6 acceptable

Carcinogenic Risk Example (inhalation route)

Exposure FactorsCR = contact rate (m3 air breathed / day)EF = exposure frequency (days / yr)ED = exposure duration (yr)BW = body weight (kg)AT = averaging time (days) - 25,550 days for carcinogenic risk



Module 1: Environmental regulations:the regulatory process (Ch 3)

Environmental Laws • Clean Air Act of 1970

Administrative Agencies • US Environmental Protection Agency

Environmental Regulations • National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

Rule Making • publish proposed regulations in the Federal Register

• receive public comment on proposed regulations

• publish regulations in the Federal Register



Module 1: Environmental regulations:changes over time

Bishop, “Pollution Prevention: Fundamentals and Practice”, McGraw-Hill, 2000

Major Laws/Amendments Environmental Regulations



The 9 essential environmental regulations:

the manufacture of chemicals

EnvironmentalStatute

DateEnacted

Purpose ofLegislation

Key Provisions

Regulation of ChemicalManufacturing

The Toxic SubstancesControl Act (TSCA)

The Federal Insecti-cide, Fungicide, andRodenticide Act(FIFRA)

The OccupationalSafety and Health Act(OSH Act)

1976

Enacted,1947Amended,1972

1970

Assess the risks ofchemicals before theyare introduced intocommerce.

Assess the risks of pes-ticides and to controltheir usage to minimizeexposure.

Control exposure tochemicals in the work-place

Chemical manufacturers, importers, orprocessors, must test new chemicalsand submit a Premanufacturing Notice(PMN) to EPA.

Before any pesticide can be distrib-uted or sold in the U.S., it must beregistered with the EPA.

Companies must adhere to all OSHAhealth standards (exposure limits tochemicals) and safety standards(physical hazards from equipment).Requires companies to develop (ma-terial safety data sheet (MSDS).




DateEnacted


Key Provisions

Regulation of Dischargesto the Air, Water, and Soil

Clean Air Act (CAA)

Clean Water Act (CWA)

Resource Conservationand Recovery Act(RCRA)

1970

1972

1976

Establish uniform ambient airquality standards / control airpollution discharge. Address spe-cific air pollution problems (haz-ardous air pollutants, stratosphericozone depletion, and acid rain).

Reduce pollutant discharges intothe nation’s waterways (“zero dis-charge” goal). Make water bodiessafe for swimming, fishing, andother forms of recreation (“swim-mable” goal).

Regulate the “cradle-to-grave”generation, transport, and dis-posal of both non-hazardous andhazardous wastes to land, en-courage recycling, and promotethe development of alternative en-ergy sources based on solid wastematerials.

National Ambient Air Quality Stan-dards (NAAQS) for CO, Pb, NO2,O3, particulate matter, and SO2.States must develop source-specific emission limits to achievethe NAAQS.

National Pollutant Discharge Elimi-nation System (NPDES) permitprogram. Permit holders mustmonitor discharges, collect data,and keep records of the pollutantlevels of their effluents.

Generators must maintain recordsof hazardous waste generation andtransportation, and file this data inbiennial reports to the EPA.Transporters and disposal facilitiesmust adhere to similar require-ments for record keeping andmonitoring the environment.

The 9 essential environmental regulations :

discharges to air, water, and soil



The 9 essential environmental regulations :

clean-up, disclosure, and pollution prevention


DateEnacted


Key Provisions

Clean-Up, EmergencyPanning, and PollutionPrevention

The ComprehensiveEnvironmental Re-sponse, Compensation,and Liability Act(CERCLA)

The Emergency Plan-ning and CommunityRight to Know Act(EPCRA – part of SARA)

Pollution PreventionAct (PPA)

1980

1986

1990

Identify and clean up hazardouswaste sites at industrial com-plexes, and federal facilities. EPAis responsible for creating the Na-tional Priority List (NPL). Amendedby the Superfund Amendmentsand Reauthorization Act (SARA)of 1986.

1) to respond to chemical releaseemergencies, and 2) compile aninventory of toxic chemical re-leases to the air, water, and soilfrom manufacturing facilities.

Establish pollution prevention asthe nation’s primary pollutionmanagement strategy with em-phasis on source reduction. Es-tablished a Pollution PreventionInformation Clearinghouse.

EPA identifies potentially responsi-ble parties (PRPs) and notifiesthem of their potential CERCLAliability, which is strict, joint andseveral, and retroactive.

Facilities must help state and localentities to develop emergency re-sponse plans, and report annuallyto EPA data on toxic substances .

Owners and operators of facilitiesthat are required to file a Form Runder the SARA Title III to report tothe EPA information regarding thesource reduction and recycling ef-forts that the facility has undertakenduring the previous year.



Module 1: Recap

Educational goals and topics covered in the module

Potential uses of the module in chemical engineering courses

Review of environmental impacts - Chapter 1

Environmental and health risk assessment - Ch. 2

Exposure calculations - Chapter 6

Environmental regulations of interest to chemical engineers - Chapter 3

university of texas at austinmichigan technological university 1 module 1: environmental literacy:...

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