university of western sydney · pdf fileproject list in 2015 ... with embedded sma becomes...

University of Western Sydney

Honours Topics in 2015

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The Institute will offer a number of Honours Scholarships for students who wish to undertake a Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) program in a field of research related to Infrastructure Engineering. Scholarships will be awarded on a competitive basis. The selection criteria for scholarships are:

students enrolled full-time academic merit (GPA 5.0 or above) appropriateness of fit with the core research of the Institute - refer to the following Projects List. offer of a Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) place within the University funding available

The Award shall carry a tax-free stipend of $5,000 to be paid via two instalments over the tenure of the Award. The first instalment will be paid to the student in April/May after the Autumn session HECS census date and the final instalment will be paid in September/October after the Spring session HECS census date. The level of the stipend will not be reduced during the period of the Award. The second instalment will be paid to the Student upon written confirmation from the Director of the Institute that the student has maintained good progress toward completion of the degree. In addition, the Award includes up to $2,000 for consumables. Applications for IIE Honours Scholarships are now open, closing 30 January 2015. Applicants will need to complete the Application Form in conjunction with their proposed supervisor. If you are unsure about who is the most appropriate supervisor, please contact one of the academic staff. For further information, please contact IIE BHons Coordinator Prof. Zhong Tao at [email protected] or on ‘phone (02) 4736 0064.

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Project list in 2015 Topic Abstract Supervisors Email ‘Phone

Numerical investigation on impact of bush-fire enhanced wind on building structures

Bushfires in Australia are generally defined as any uncontrolled, non-structural fire burning in a grass, scrub, bush or forested area. Australia, being a geographically and meteorogically diverse continent, experiences many types of bushfires. Bushfires under extreme conditions of weather, fuel and rugged terrain give rise to increased fire behavior out of proportion with the ambient conditions normally associated with bushfire events. The combined momentum and buoyancy flux can distort the wind velocity profile and alter the pressure distribution around a building block significantly. These results may have major implications to building design in bushfire prone areas. This project aims to investigate structural response to bushfire enhanced wind. A Finite Element Analysis program, known as Abaqus will be used to analyse stress distribution over building structures with particular focus on critical elements and/or critical joints subjected to possible elevated temperature and pressure load. The implementation of the numerical model will be assisted by the information obtain from previous studies of fire and wind dynamics. The research will provide information for further review and development of the relevant building regulations and standards to improve life and property protection against bushfires. The students undertaking this study will gain experience of using Abaqus.

Professor Kenny Kwok, Dr Olivia Mirza, Dr Yaping He and Dr Peter Zhang

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

4736.0444 4736.0402 4736.0902

Effect of SMA fiber distribution on buckling of hybrid composite panels

In the present study, the buckling of laminated composite curved panels reinforced with different distribution of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) fibers is studied. As the effect of shear strain becomes important in the shell analysis, first-order shear deformation finite element model is considered. The buckling subjected to axial, lateral and mixed loading is measured using the finite element method coded in Matlab software. The sensitive analysis is performed to investigate the effect of the variables of fiber distribution function on critical buckling of the panel. The initial results indicate that by implementing SMA fibers, buckling load significantly increases. The larger proportion of SMA fibers and higher pre-strain results in more recovery stress and consequently, multilayer composite

Prof. Bijan Samali [email protected] 4736.0063

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with embedded SMA becomes stiffer and critical buckling occurs at the higher loads. The effect of SMA fibers on lateral buckling load is more than that of axial load. By increasing the radius, the buckling load for both loading conditions decreases, however the share of SMA fibers in buckling increases. Moreover, inappropriate insertion of SMA fibers may reduce the critical buckling load. The parametric study is aimed to shows that the buckling load is very sensitive to SMA fiber direction when the panel is subject to mixed loadings. The initial results also show that local implementation of SMA fibers in the mid plate produces less critical buckling as compared with moderate non-uniform distribution. Also sensitivity analysis may show that critical buckling is very sensitive to the coefficient of higher non-uniform distributions. Furthermore, as the opening angle increases, the effect of SMA fibers on buckling load decreases.

Mechanical behavior of stainless steels in fire and after fire exposure

Stainless steel is the generic name given to a group of corrosion-resistant ferrous alloys containing a minimum of 10.5% chromium. Due to its corrosion resistance, attractive appearance, ease of maintenance and fire resistance, the past few decades have seen the accelerating interest in the use of stainless steel in construction throughout the world. Due to the severe damage that a fire can cause to structures, fire safety of structures has attracted more and more research attention. It is well known that the high amount of chromium present makes stainless steel different from carbon steel. Some stainless steels also contain certain amount of nickel, molybdenum and/or titanium. It is important to understand the mechanical behavior of stainless steels in fire and after fire exposure, which is essential to the evaluation of fire performance and post-fire safety of a structure using stainless steel in construction. A newly installed furnace will be used in the research, which is the best available furnace in theworld. A test program will be developed and fire and post-fire tests will be conducted on specimens under different temperatures (20-1200°C). The main factors that affect the mechanical properties (yield strength, ultimate strength, elastic modulus, and fracture strain) of stainless steels will be investigated. Simplified stress-strain models will be developed, which can be used directly for structural design and simulation.

Prof Zhong Tao and Dr. Tian-Yi Song

[email protected] [email protected]

4736.0064 4736.0065

Development of powder-type activators for alkali-activated cements

Concrete made from Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), including its blends with mineral admixtures, is second only to water as the commodity most used by mankind today. Global cement production in 2008 was around 2.6 billion tonnes, contributing conservatively 5–8% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The industrial by-products such as ground

Prof Zhong Tao and Dr. Zhu Pan


4736.0064 4736.0088

4

granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash become cementitious in an alkali medium. The use of these alkali-activated cements (AAC) alternative to OPC can significantly reduce the emissions arising from the burning of fossil fuels during cement manufacture. Since 1940s, the AAC has been used in the various applications including in drilling operations replacing oilwell cements, high-rise building, railway sleepers and irrigation canal. In most cases, alkaline liquid activators are used. However, the storage and dispensing of bulk alkaline activators would pose an occupational health and safety concern during the manufacture of concrete. This method necessitates separate batching of components which could lead to errors; packaging of dry blended AAC would minimise the chance of error. The aim of this project is to develop a powder-type activator for AAC. Fly ash and GGBS will be used as source materials. A combination of sodium silicate powder and other chemicals will be used as activator. Flow loss of fresh mortar, and shrinkage strain, compressive strength and modulus of rupture of hardened mortars will be measured. The compressive strength development of alkali activated mortar will be also compared with the design equations for OPC concrete specified in Australia Standard. The knowledge developed in this project will lead to the creation of a dry powdered activator that can be pre-blended with source materials prior to use for concrete making. Expertise to be gained: skills and knowledge in concrete technology; and material characterization techniques such as Thermal Characterisation Instrumentation and Surface Area and Pore Size Analysis.

Characterization of cement-based materials using microwave and piezoelectric-based sensor technologies

Portland cement concrete is the most common material used in infrastructure including buildings, bridges, dams, roads and tunnels in Australia and world-wide. Quality of cement concrete is highly dependent on its compositions: cement, water, aggregates and chemical admixtures. However, measurements of their values and properties with desired accuracy are unlikely with currently available techniques. The ability to provide quality control of materials and to monitor the health of the structures is becoming increasingly important in terms of economic and life-safety issues. Therefore, innovative approaches and methods are desired. The microwave techniques have a great potential for quality assessment

A/Prof Sergiy Kharkivskiy and Dr Kwok Chung


4736.2063 4736.2844

5

of cement-based materials since they can be non-contact, remote and one-sided, and can provide characterization of cement-based materials including determination of w/c ratio, curing state monitoring, and dielectric property determination. Another promising approach includes the piezoelectric-based (PB) sensor techniques. A successful implementation of embedded PB sensors at the desired position in a concrete structure before casting can provide early-age concrete strength determination. This research aims to conduct investigation into microwaves and stress-wave properties of cement-based materials. The results will be analysed to determine physical properties of the materials. Expected outcomes: novel technology for non-destructive characterization of cement-based materials, dielectric properties of concrete; relationship between dielectric and physical properties. Expertise to be gained: an understanding of key concepts relating to transmission-wave properties of materials; skills and knowledge in new sensor technologies; and measurement systems such as a vector network analyser and a piezoelectric-based sensors system.

Microwave imaging of composite materials

In recent years, microwave nondestructive testing and imaging techniques have been developed and applied to materials and structures for the purpose of material property evaluation, detection of flaws and damages of the structures and detection of concealed weapons. Microwave imaging techniques have demonstrated the ability to detect defects such as disbonds and delaminations in CFRP-strengthened cement-based structures and a state of steel reinforcement bars in concrete members. Unlike ultrasonic testing methods, microwave methods do not require contact between the microwave sensor and the material under test; therefore for imaging with a raster scan it may be easier to use microwave techniques than ultrasonic methods. For this purpose there is an increasing demand for producing images with finer resolutions. However, since some composite materials such cement-based materials are lossy dielectric materials and heterogeneous due to coarse aggregates (in case of concrete), they absorb and scatter microwave energy. Thus, further research and development are needed to have a reasonable depth of penetration and finer resolution when imaging composite materials such as cement-based materials and structures. The main aim of this study is to develop and apply advanced microwave imaging techniques along with signal processing methods for the nondestructive evaluation of composite

A/Prof Sergiy Kharkivskiy and Dr Kwok Chung


4736.2063 4736.2844

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structures including cement-based materials and metal reinforcements. Expected outcomes: novel technology for non-destructive characterization of cement-based materials. Expertise to be gained: skills and knowledge in new microwave imaging techniques including computerized scan mechanism, a modern vector network analyser and advanced software and signal processing methods.

Non-Fourier heat conduction and associated thermal stress

Description of the topic: Classical Fourier law can accurately describe most heat conduction problems. But for ultrafast heat conduction process and micro/nanoscale heat conduction problems, non-classical Fourier (non-Fourier) effect may become dominated. The project reviews the recent progress on non-Fourier heat conduction and associated thermal stress in engineering. It includes basic concept, physical models, thermal relaxation effect, and related thermal stress and thermal fracture mechanics. The project also develops the solution methods for non-Fourier heat conduction equations and the associated thermal shock cracking, including closed-form solution, finite difference method, finite element method, molecular dynamics simulation, variational method, and other hybrid methods. Expected outcomes: The outcome of this research will contribute to the understanding of the influence of non-Fourier heat conduction effect on the temperature field and associated thermal stress. Expertise to be gained: Receive training and acquire knowledge in heat conduction and thermal stress.

A/Prof Baolin Wang

[email protected] 4736.0576

Fracture mechanics of materials with electro-magneto-mechanical coupling

Description of the topic: Electro-magneto-mechanical coupling have been observed in single-phase materials and in two-phase composite materials. This project will exam some critical factors that could weaken the magnetoelectric (ME) effect of such materials, including (1) cracks and porosities inside the material phases and/or at the interface will change the integrity of the structure, and hence weaken the mechanical coupling effect; (2) the electrical and/or magnetic permeability of the medium inside the cracks (usually air or vacuum) has a pronounced effect on the mechanical deformation of the cracks therefore will change the mechanical coupling; (3) thermal and residual strains arising from the processing temperature can also significantly influence the mechanical coupling effect, since the properties of magnetic materials are temperature-sensitive.

A/Prof Baolin Wang


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Expected outcomes: (1) A methodology for evaluation of effective material properties of ferroelectromagnetic layered composites; (2) Development of an effective finite element (FE) code for fracture mechanics of magneto-electro-elastic materials; (3) Generation of new basic knowledge on fracture mechanics theory for electro-magneto-mechanical coupling materials. Expertise to be gained: Acquire knowledge in multi-field coupling fracture mechanics; Receive training in finite element method programming; Extend the knowledge of mechanics of materials.

Mechanics of micro/nanoscale materials-modelling and simulation

Description of the topic: Recent advances in science and technology have brought the problems of material behavior on the micro/nanoscale into the domain of engineering. Understanding of the mechanical behaviour of such advanced materials is essential for improving their reliability and extending their lifetime. This project focuses on the theoretical modeling and numerical simulation of the micro/nanoscale mechanics of materials. It will explores the the effects of thermal and residual stresses, interface, and nonlinear properties of the constituent materials, and defects (such as cracks) on the mechanical behavior of micro/nanoscale materials. Expected outcomes: (1) Computational technique for mechanics simulation of micro/nanoscale materials; (2) Theoretical models for the fracture of micro/nanoscale materials; (3) Systematic methodology for design of reliable micro/nanoscale multilayers, based on the information generated from the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Expertise to be gained: Receive training and acquire knowledge in micro/nanoscale mechanics; Enhance the knowledge of theoretical modeling and computational simulation in engineering.

A/Prof Baolin Wang


Self-powering control system for structural vibrations

Natural disaster induced dynamic loads may cause severe or sustained vibratory motion, both of which can be detrimental to the structure and its material contents and human occupants. Structural control is an alternative approach to meet the challenge of developing safer civil structures with the reality of limited resources. Based on the progress of energy harvesting research, this project aims to further develop the energy harvesting structural control system into self-powering control system, which will be able to transfer localized energy through damper-structure interactions or PZT films, meanwhile providing additional damping during times of low

Dr. Chunwei Zhang [email protected]

4736.0182

8

levels of vibrations; then during period of severe disturbances, such as earthquakes or strong winds, the control system will be self-powered in an active function mode to suppress structural vibrations. Relevant literature review, theoretical, numerical and experimental investigations, including series of dynamic tests and shake table verification tests, will be carried out.

Mechanical property of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete under high strain rate loading

Alternative mixing design of the innovative Ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) will be investigated in this project. Various types of specimen, in terms of compositions, aspect ratios, and fiber sizes, specimen characteristic dimensions and curing conditions, will be prepared for quasi static and dynamic tests. All the test results will be analyzed and summarized to achieve quantitative and qualitative for mechanical property characterization of a variety of UHPFRC materials. Further development of materials models and corresponding parameters will be built on comprehensive analysis of raw data. The developed models and parameters will be implemented to and validated through a variety of simulation environment including explicit time integration non-linear dynamic analysis codes. The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bars (SHPB) will be utilized for investigation of dynamical mechanical behavior of UHPFRC material subject to high strain rate compressive loadings. The dynamic strength increase factor of UHPFRC materials will be investigated.

Dr. Chunwei Zhang [email protected]

4736.0182

Mechanical Properties of Early-Age Engineered Cementitious Composites

Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) is also called as the bendable concrete in industry. ECC has been developed in the last decade, may contribute to more safer, durable and sustainable concrete infrastructure. Use of randomly reinforced 2% by volume of short fibers, ECC has been prepared in ready-mix plants and transported to construction sites using conventional ready-mix trucks. Under flexure, normal concrete fractures in a brittle manner. In contrast, very high curvature can be obtained for ECC at increasingly higher loads, much like a ductile metal plate yielding. The tensile strain capacity of ECC can reach 4% in general, compared to 0.01% for normal concrete. The importance of the interaction between the fibres and the matrix, governed by the fibre-matrix interface has been recognised, leading to interface modification techniques to engineer the abovementioned properties. This project involves experimental work and theoretical investigations. Outcomes include fabrication of certain types of ECC specimens, carrying out a series of tests on a variety property of ECC, understanding and analysis of the mechanical properties of early-age ECC, gaining knowledge on the current and future applications of ECC etc.

Dr. Chunwei Zhang

[email protected]

4736.0182

9

Numerical investigation on the seismic response of granular materials

Granular materials, collections of particles, are commonly seen in civil and infrastructure engineering, such as rocks, soils and ballasts. To understand the seismic response of such materials are important to the earthquake disaster reduction. However, this is still a scientific challenging topic due to that the structure of a particulate material is naturally non-continuous, disordered and depending on various properties of the particles. At current stage, to understand the fundamentals of such a system the obtaining of the particle scale information is of key importance. This is difficult for experiments but can be more effectively done by computer simulation based on the discrete element method (DEM). DEM uses first principles to describe the motion of each particle without arbitrary assumptions and has shown to be a powerful tool for studying particulate materials. However, it has only been recently used in investigating the seismic response of such materials, and most of these studies are rather preliminary, with simple systems simulated and phenomenological analysis of the less comprehensive results. This object aims to develop a DEM model that can be used to investigate the seismic response of granular materials by computer simulations. The work will be based on a previous program, with some developments on modelling the vibration related to seismic waves. The students undertaking this study will gain experience of using DEM and general experiences in conducting computer simulations and analyzing particulate systems.

Dr. Kejun Dong [email protected] 4736.0562

Numerical investigation on the effect of particle shape on the hopper flow

Hopper is commonly used in infrastructure engineering for handling of particulate materials. However, the fundamental understanding on the hopper flow is still not completed, leading to many practical problems in the operation, such as arching, biased stress distribution, etc. Analyzing particle-scale information has shown to be effective in understanding the micro mechanisms controlling the macroscopic behavior of a particulate material. However the information is difficult to obtain from physical experiments. The numerical simulations based on discrete element method (DEM) have provided an effective alternative. DEM has been developed from the later 1970s and is now more and more widely used in the studying of various particulate systems. It has also been applied in the hopper flow research, resulting in useful findings. However, previous DEM studies were mainly on spherical particles, while in reality particles are mostly non-spheres and particle shape has significant

Dr. Kejun Dong and A/Prof. Haiping Zhu (SCEM)


4736.0562 4736.0108

10

influences in many aspects of a particulate system, particularly in the interlocking phenomenon that responsible for many problems in the hopper flow. The modelling of general non-spherical particles is far more difficult than that of spherical particles. Recently, a simple, general and fast algorithm has been developed for modelling non-spherical particles in DEM, and is ready to be applied to the research on the effect of particle shape on the hopper flow process. The students undertaking this study will gain experience of using DEM and general experiences in conducting computer simulations and analyzing the particulate systems.

Probabilistic leakage detection of water pipe networks

Water pipe networks are one of the largest infrastructure assets contributing to the economic services, activities, quality of life, and environment in our urban society. Their important duty is to provide ample amount of water at a sufficient pressure level in order to meet all the consumers’ need. Unfortunately, water pipe networks lose significant amount of water in many cases due to the leakages and breakages of pipe segments caused by aging and deterioration, which prevent them to carry specified quantities and required pressure heads. To prevent this unexpected service disruption and to reduce leakages to an economical optimum level, new leakage detection strategies to support decision making on the maintenance and revamping of the water pipe networks need to be developed. In this project, a student will develop a computational model of a water pipe network according to the modeling steps provided in a water network modelling manual considering available information from literature. Using the developed model, students will perform a probabilistic leakage detection analysis considering pipe leakage and failure rates by further developing existing MATLAB code. Before developing a model, students will learn the fundamental concepts of risk assessment, the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method, and the Bayesian probabilistic method for leakage detection of water pipe networks.

Dr Won Hee Kang [email protected]

4736.0149

Probabilistic model updating of a cable-stayed bridge

Finite Element (FE) model updating is a process to calibrate the model parameters to ensure that the FE model better predicts the measured data than the initial model. FE model updating has widely been used in the area of structural health monitoring, structural reliability estimation, and structural control. Since any numerical or mathematical model includes modelling errors and parameter uncertainties, these errors and uncertainties need to be properly considered for robust prediction of structural responses. The Bayesian model updating technique can be

Dr Won Hee Kang, Dr Chunwei Zhang, and Dr Xinqun Zhu.


4736.0149 4736.0182 4736.0826

11

used for this probabilistic model updating because this technique can incorporate modelling and parametric uncertainties into its framework providing updated probabilistic distributions of model parameters. In this project, a student will perform a probabilistic model updating for an FE model of the highway crossover bridge between the Werrington North and South campuses. First, the student will carry out numerical modelling for this bridge using STRAND7 by further developing the pre-developed simple numerical model. Second, a deterministic model updating will be performed based on the test results of structural responses. In this work, MATLAB optimisation tools will be linked with the developed numerical model in STRAND 7, and optimal parameter values will be estimated. This linking technique between two different software packages will be instructed and the test results will be provided. Third, a probabilistic model updating will be performed considering the uncertainties in the test data. The fundamental concepts of probabilistic model updating, Bayesian parameter estimation technique, and the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method will also be instructed.

Reliability based capacity reduction factor calibration of composite beams

To provide the most optimised balance between the cost and safety of composite beams, the capacity reduction factors in existing design code provisions need to be regularly updated as more experimental data become available and improved statistical techniques are developed. This project aims to calibrate the distinct capacity reduction factors required for structural steel, concrete, reinforcement, and shear connection in the design of composite beams to ensure sufficient bending strength, stiffness, and secure connection to the slab. The capacity reduction factors suggested in the AS 5100 and AS 2327 will be recalibrated based on the newly collected test data. For the calibration, the reliability based calibration method developed by Johnson and Huang will be used. This method was originally developed for calibration of capacity reduction factors of short and slender concrete-encased composite columns under combined axial compression and uni-axial bending, but it can be extensively applied to the calibration of the capacity reduction factors of any resistance functions with more than one material. Before performing the calibration, students will learn the implementation of this method in MATLAB as well as the fundamental concepts of structural reliability andstatistics. MATLAB skill is preferred.

Dr Won Hee Kang and Prof Zhong Tao


4736.0149 4736.0064

Site characterization of Kingswood campus

Ambient vibrations or microtremors recorded at the ground surface are being explored by several researchers as a non invasive geotechnical

Dr. Ken Tokeshi and A/Prof. Chin Leo


4736.0183 4736.0058

12

using microtremor measurements

testing to estimate the ground structure (shear wave velocity - thickness). The ground structure is important information for geotechnical engineers for designing foundations of any structure in civil engineering. The usual method of obtaining this ground structure is the PS logging, which is normally considered reliable but intrusive and expensive. As a less expensive and non-intrusive alternative, the use of ambient vibrations for estimating the ground structure is being explored. The first one is the inversion of Rayleigh-wave dispersion curve proposed in the 90’s. This technique requires vertical component sensors distributed in a certain array (linear or 2D array) for extracting information about Rayleigh dispersion characteristics of the ground. A roughly model of the ground model to depths up to 100 m would be estimated from this technique. The second technique is the HVSR inversion (Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio), which uses ambient vibrations gathered at one station of 3 component sensors (2 horizontals and 1 vertical). This technique, which is quite new technique (2004), attracted the attention of researchers because is relatively simpler (only one station) and cheaper than the previous method. A more detailed estimation of the shallow ground structure would be obtained with this technique. In this research, both techniques separately, as well as, the joint inversion of both techniques are explored to find the most appropriate methodology to estimate a reliable ground structure. For comparison purposes, field measurements will be carried out at several sites where geotechnical and/or geophysical survey data is available.

Assessment of seismic vulnerability of a building at Kingswood campus

In June 2012, three earthquakes struck New South Wales and Victoria. The largest one had a magnitude of 5.3 at 12.2 km distant from Moe town, where some structural damages in old buildings have been reported. Concerning seismic activity around UWS Kingswood campus in the last 30 years, the epicentre of the closest one was recorded on June 24th, 1987 at a distance of 9.1 km, with a magnitude of 3.1 and a depth of 33 km. Although buildings at UWS Kingswood campus are relatively new, assessments of seismic vulnerability of 4 to 5 storey buildings (including their interaction with the ground conditions) are needed to verify their earthquake resistant behavior against possible earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 5.3. The guidelines of the present research project can be summarised as follows:

Dr. Ken Tokeshi and A/Prof. Chin Leo


4736.0183 4736.0058

13

Identification of possible location of epicentres around Kingswood campus. Analysis of seismic hazard and comparison with previous studies. Calculation of earthquake responses at the ground surface of the building in study using some strong ground motions recorded in other seismological stations. Characterisation of the dynamic characteristics of the building using microtremors. Simulation of dynamic response of the building using FEM (including its interaction with the ground). Assessment of the seismic vulnerability of target building.

Microwave sensors for civil engineering and health monitoring of infrastructure

Sensor technologies have played a very important role in infrastructure health monitoring. However, the existing standard sensors used in civil infrastructure such as strain gauges and accelerometers may not always be capable of sensing critical parts of infrastructure. For instance, strain is one of the most important physical parameters that provide information about loading, boundary, fatigue and material conditions. Traditional strain gauges are reliable, practical and inexpensive, however, they require a wired physical connection and this is not suitable for structural health monitoring of large scale civil infrastructure systems. Microwave sensor technologies may provide wireless passive (unpowered) strain sensors in addition to wireless sensor networks. They based on the interaction between materials and electromagnetic waves at frequency range from 300 MHz to 30 GHz with corresponding wavelength range from 1m to 10 mm. In some cases, microwave sensors may be the only viable solution or can be used in combination with other sensors to reveal a more comprehensive picture of structural health monitoring problem. The purpose of this study is to develop advanced microwave sensor technologies suitable for the applications in the fields of civil engineering and health monitoring of infrastructure. The sensors should be small, robust, reliable and suitable for certain applications. This problem requires the development of integrated antenna-sensor components, embedded sensors and antennas using electromagnetic models to characterize the interaction of microwaves with concrete and steel-concrete structures. Expected outcomes: novel design of microwave sensors, antennas and antenna/sensors; simulated and/or measured performances of these sensors.

Dr Kwok Chung and A/Prof Sergiy Kharkivskiy


4736.2844 4736.2063

14

Expertise to be gained: an understanding of key concepts relating to microwave sensors; skills and knowledge in new simulation technologies such as the CST Studio and measurement systems using a vector network analyser.

Fire safety design of composite frames using advanced method

Composite frame with concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) columns, steel beams and composite slabs behaves excellent structural performance and has been used widely in high-rise buildings. In terms of structural fire safety design, the existing design methods concentrate on the single member design. No practical fire safety design method or guideline based on the whole CFST structure level, such as CFST frames, has been proposed. Against this background, this project will focus on investigating the fire performance of CFST frames by using computer software SAFIR. The CFST frame is to be discretised by means of beam and shell finite elements, and different fire scenarios will be explored. From the numerical analysis, the failure modes, deformations and internal force redistributions of the CFST frame in fire condition are expected to be understood, and the fire safety design approach on CFST frames will be proposed.

Dr. Tian-Yi Song and Prof Zhong Tao


4736.0065 4736.0064

Interaction forces between units in high rise modular buildings.

As an alternative to conventional building practices, there is increasing reliance on modular buildings. Some of the greatest potentials of modular buildings are with regard to the economic benefits of productivity gains, and the fact that it provides the construction professionals with a greater opportunity to predict life cycle cost, energy performance and environmental impact. That is why modular construction is an economic sector growing much faster than onsite construction sectors, particularly for constructing green buildings, because they can achieve green certificates easier than their conventional counterparts. The concept of modular construction can be greatly revitalised by recent technology advances that allows for constructing a broad range of resource efficient buildings. Yet these technologies have not been fully exploited that have resulted in a clear research gap in this field. This project will investigate behaviour of modular units and the interactions forces between them to determine the parameters involved in the design of high rise modular building. The project primarily relies upon literature review, interviews with experts and companies involved in the modular construction and other related building industries worldwide, then, analysing the collected data and study the parameters involved in determining the interaction forces, by conducting simple finite element

Dr. Pezhman Sharafi and Prof. Bijan Samali


4736.0342 4736.0063

15

modelling and laboratory tests. Expected outcomes: A comprehensive literature review and data analysis report on interaction forces between units in high rise modular buildings, obtained from literature review, interviews, tests and FE modelling. Expertise to be gained: An understanding of key concepts relating to high rise modular structures and interactions forces between modular units and the parameters involved in design.

Design of stabilising cores in high rise modular buildings

As an alternative to conventional building practices, there is increasing reliance on modular buildings. Some of the greatest potentials of modular buildings are with regard to the economic benefits of productivity gains, and the fact that it provides the construction professionals with a greater opportunity to predict life cycle cost, energy performance and environmental impact. That is why modular construction is an economic sector growing much faster than onsite construction sectors, particularly for constructing green buildings, because they can achieve green certificates easier than their conventional counterparts. The concept of modular construction can be greatly revitalised by recent technology advances that allows for constructing a broad range of resource efficient buildings. Yet these technologies have not been fully exploited that have resulted in a clear research gap in this field. This project will investigate behaviour of stabilising systems such as cores for high rese modular buildings. The interactions forces between units and stabilising systems, force transferring mechanism and parameters involved in design are studied. The project primarily relies upon literature review, interviews with experts and companies involved in the modular construction and other related building industries worldwide, and then study the parameters involved in modelling of stabilising systems, and force transferring mechanisms by conducting simple finite element modelling and laboratory tests. Expected outcomes: A comprehensive literature review and data analysis report on stabilising systems and cores, determining involved interaction forces between units and cores and force transferring system in high rise modular buildings, obtained from literature review, interviews, tests and FE modelling.

Dr. Pezhman Sharafi and

Prof. Bijan Samali


4736.0342 4736.0063

Applications of modular As an alternative to conventional building practices, there is increasing Dr. Pezhman Sharafi [email protected] 4736.0342

16

timber units in high rise buildings.

reliance on modular buildings. Some of the greatest potentials of modular buildings are with regard to the economic benefits of productivity gains, and the fact that it provides the construction professionals with a greater opportunity to predict life cycle cost, energy performance and environmental impact. That is why modular construction is an economic sector growing much faster than onsite construction sectors, particularly for constructing green buildings, because they can achieve green certificates easier than their conventional counterparts. The concept of modular construction can be greatly revitalised by recent technology advances that allows for constructing a broad range of resource efficient buildings. Yet these technologies have not been fully exploited that have resulted in a clear research gap in this field. This project will investigate the possibility of application of timber in high rise modular buildings. The project primarily relies upon literature review, interviews with experts and companies involved in the modular construction and timber buildings industry worldwide, case studies and analysis of available data. Expected outcomes: A comprehensive literature review and data analysis report on the application of timber in modular and high rise buildings, supported by case studies worldwide. Expertise to be gained: An understanding of key concepts relating to high rise timber structures and modular systems.

and Prof. Bijan Samali


Experimental investigation on fire performance of geopolymer concrete

Concern with the impact of fire on building can be traced to past tragedies caused by fire which devastated cities and towns. The burning of Baltimore in 1904 led to a loss of 1,500 buildings covering an area of approximately 140 acres. Although over $150,000,000 worth of damage was done, Baltimoreans have believed no one died in the Great Fire. However, with the increase of occupancy density in modern buildings, even the fire disaster in a single building has a potentially high casualty rate. For example, the fire disaster at the William Booth Memorial Hostel in Melbourne caused 30 deaths in 1966. Compared to other disaster such as earthquake and flood, the fire disaster leads to a higher casualty rate in Australia. In 2009, there were 268 fire-related fatalities. To reduce fatalities in fire disasters, the building should be designed to fulfil its separating and/or load-bearing function without failure for the required period of time in a given fire scenario. This is essentially dependent on fire performance of materials that comprise the buildings. As the most

Dr. Zhu Pan and Prof. Zhong Tao


4736.0088 4736.0064

17

commonly used building materials, Portland cement concretes (PCC) experience significant strength loss (in fire) due to the rehydration of the dissociated Ca(OH)2. Geopolymer concretes (GC) are an emerging type of cementitious material purported to provide an environmentally friendly alternative to PCC. Due to the absence of Ca(OH)2, GC are believed to have better fire performance compared to PCC. The aim of this project is to perform experiments on small-scale geopolymer concrete specimens for determination of the stiffness, compressive strength degradation and stress-strain relationships of geopolymer concrete under elevated temperatures in the Electric Vertical Split Tube Furnace facility available in the IIE Laboratories. This facility provides capability to load the specimens to destruction up to 1000 kN at elevated temperatures up to 1200C. Data obtained from the experimental study will be used to develop constitutive model. This model can be used as input to computer programs to determine the behavior of geopolymer concrete structure in fire. Expertise to be gained: an understanding of mechanisms governing properties of concrete at elevated temperatures; skills and knowledge in concrete technology; and an understanding of basic concepts relating to structural design for fire safety.

Development of durable geopolymer concrete made with recycled glass aggregates

Australia’s high annual consumption of ordinary Portland cement (9.8 million tonnes) is sufficient to bury the entire land area of NSW a half metre deep. Production of 1 ton of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) consumes 1½ tons of raw materials and is responsible for the release of about 1 ton of CO2 into the atmosphere. Fly ash is the waste produced by coal combustion in powder stations. The alkaline activation of fly ash can form a binder with properties similar to those of OPC. This new binder is generally called geopolymer which is an emerging type of cementitious material purported to provide an environmentally friendly alternative to OPC. Using geopolymer to make concrete reduces the embedded CO2 of concrete by at least 50% compared to OPC concrete. Aggregates generally account for 60 to 80 percent of the volume of the concrete. Replacing these aggregates by recycling glass can further help in improving the sustainability of geopolymer concretes. This project aims to investigate engineering properties of geopolymer concrete in which the

Dr. Zhu Pan and Prof. Zhong Tao


4736.0088 4736.0064

18

aggregates were replaced by different percentages of recycled glass ranging from 10% to 100%. The effect of recycling glass on the workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and Alkali-silica Reaction will be investigated. The knowledge developed in this project will lead to the creation of an economic and eco-efficient construction material. Expertise to be gained: an understanding of basic concepts relating to durability design and quality assurance of concrete infrastructure; skills and knowledge in concrete technology; and material characterization techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope and X-ray Diffraction.

Geometric effect of the indenter for the hardness measurement of metal foams

Metallic foams are a new class of lightweight cellular engineering materials which have attracted a lot of research interests recently due to brilliant mechanical behaviours. A foam material is characterised by its cell topology, relative density, cell size, and shape, etc. and thus we can design and control its microstructures to achieve a certain mechanical performance. The indentation method has been widely employed to study the mechanical properties of solid materials as a simple and effective measurement tool but this test has been ignored to use in metal foams for a while. In the project we are aiming at numerical investigations of geometric effect including both size and shape of the indenter for the hardness measurement of typical metal foams — closed- and open-cell metal foams using the finite element analysis package — Abaqus. A series of finite element models will be built up for several typicalindentation tests and typical metal foam materials. Shape and size effects of the indenter on the hardness measurement of these aluminum foams will be studied. Recommendations on applications of indentation tests on metal foam materials will be provided based on the simulations. Expertise to be gained: Finite element analysis; Hardness measurement; Metal foams Desirable background knowledge: Mechanics of Materials; Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis

A/Prof Richard Yang and Prof Zhong Tao


4736.0112 4736.0064

Characterisation of elastic waves propagating in beam

Elastic wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) is an in-situ non-destructive damage identification technique, which has been extensively studied for the potential applications in Mechanical



4736.0112 4736.0064

19

structures made of functionally graded materials (FGMs)

engineering, Aerospace Engineering and Civil Engineering, etc. In laboratory studies, the guided-wave SHM technique was usually developed in typical engineering structures made of conventional materials, i.e., metals and composite. Recently the functionally graded nano-composites (FGNs) attract a lot of research interests however there is a lack of understanding of the characteristics of the elastic wave propagating in typical engineering structures made of such functionally graded materials (FGMs). In this project, we will develop the finite element modelling and simulation for such a research problem using a widely-used commercial FEA — Abaqus to numerically characterise the elastic waves propagating in typical beam structures made of such functionally graded materials (FGMs). A series of finite element model on the coupled and uncoupled electric-mechanical analysis will be designed and build up using Abaqus/CAE to deal with the piezoelectricity and elasticity in a typical elastic wave-based SHM system for a beam structure made of such functionally graded materials (FGMs). Characteristics of elastic waves propagating in such structures will be numerically determined by finite element modelling. Based on the numerical results, variations of the dispersion characteristics of the elastic waves associated with materialproperty variations along the beam will be investigated in depth. Expertise to be gained: Finite element analysis; Elastic waves; Structural health monitoring; Functionally graded composite materials Desirable background knowledge: Mechanics of Materials; Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis

Comparativeness analysis of commonly-used material models in simulating a typical LSP process

Laser Shock Processing (LSP) or Laser Peening (LP) is consolidating as an effective surface technology to increase the resistance of metallic components to high-cycle fatigue (HCF), stress corrosion cracking (SCC), wear, etc. through imparting compressive residual stress fields to metallic structures or components from the surface level. Interdisciplinary cooperation and information exchange on laser shock processing are highly effective to accelerate research and development since the process is based on widespread multidisciplinary science and technology ranging from plasma physics to material characterization. The aim of this project is to numerically perform a comparativeness analysis of the commonly-used material models in simulating the typical LSP process in which the material is subjected to strain rates of 106 s−1, which is very high compared with



4736.0112 4736.0064

20

conventional strain rates. For a typical LSP process, we will design and construct a transient dynamic analysis procedure and then apply it to validate the material models considering their correctness for representing the elastic–plastic behavior of materials at such high strain rates, i.e., elastic perfectly plastic, Johnson–Cook and Zerilli–Armstrong models are used, and the performance of each model is validated with available experimental results in literature. Expertise to be gained: Finite element analysis; LSP process; Nonlinear material properties; Residual stresses Desirable background knowledge: Mechanics of Materials; Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis

Significance of geosynthetic reinforcement in embankment construction

Geosynthetic reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankments immerge as a promising ground improvement technology when infrastructure development needs to be undertaken over soft soil deposits. This method has the potential to overcome many problems that arise due to undesirable characteristics of soft soil during embankment construction. There are many advantages in this method compared to conventional consolidation based ground improvement methods such as higher reliability, less time consumption and the ability to use irrespective of the subsoil properties. This research will investigate the significance of geosynthetic reinforcement in embankment construction. The effect of the geosynthetic reinforcement in a GRPS embankment is discussed in detail using three different analysis cases. Case 1 has no pile supports or geosynthetic reinforcement, Case 2 has only pile supports and Case 3 has both pile supports and geosynthetic reinforcement. An in-depth analysis was carried out using the finite element method considering the three-dimensional nature of the problem aiming to investigate: (i) the influence of geosynthetic stiffness, (ii) interface friction coefficient of the soil-geosynthetic interface, (iii) height to the geosynthetic layer from the pile head and (iv) the number of geosynthetic layers on the overall behavior of GRPS embankment systems.

A/Prof Samanthika Liyanapathirana and Professor Kenny Kwok


4736.0653 4736.0444

Numerical investigation of bushfire-enhanced wind at inclined angles

Wind is one of the damaging mechanisms that cause destruction of houses in bushfire events. It has been shown through numerical simulations that the interactions between wind and bushfire produce strong local effect at near ground level, or at the scales that are

Dr Yaping He, Professor Kenny Kwok, Dr Olivia Mirza and Dr Peter Zhang


4736.0902 4736.0444 4736.0402

21

comparable to building size. The combined momentum and buoyancy flux was found to distort the wind velocity profile and alter the pressure distribution around a building block significantly. These results may have major implications to building design in bushfire prone areas. However, the previous studies were limited to simple geometries with flat terrain. The project aims to investigate wind-fire interactions under slightly complex terrain conditions. Fire interactions with wind at inclined angles following uphill terrains will be simulated using a numerical package. Pressure coefficient distribution over a building block downstream of the fire will be examined to reveal the impact of the wind-fire interaction. The simulation control parameters will include wind speed, inclination angle as well as bushfire intensity. The Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) will be used to carry out the investigation. A systematic approach will be undertaken in which one of the control parameters will be varied at a time while other control parameters remain fixed. The outcome of this research will contribute to the further development of wind engineering standard and bushfire design standard. The students undertaking this study will receive training in the software package FDS which is widely used in building industry for fire safety engineering design. Required knowledge and skill: Fluid dynamics; heat transfer and thermal dynamics; EXCEL and/or MatLab.

Reliability study of building stair pressurisation systems

Building stair pressurisation systems are an essential fire safety measure for high rise buildings. The reliability of these systems determines the safety level of building designs to cater for emergency evacuation of building occupants. It has been proposed in high rise building designs that the pressurisation system can be installed in lift shafts to prevent smoke penetration into the shafts such that lifts can be used for emergency evacuation. The immediate question is how reliable would be the pressurised lift system. Research is needed to address this question. The aim of the proposed project is to evaluate the reliability of the existing stair pressurisation systems. Since there are not many lift shaft pressurisation systems in existence and there is not much dissimilarity

Dr Yaping He, Dr Won Hee Kang and Prof. Ulrich Weber (External Hochschule Furtwangen University, Germany)


4736.0902 4736.0149

22

between stair and lift shaft pressurisation systems, the reliability data obtained from the investigation of stair pressurisation system will be valuable and useful for evaluating the reliability of emergency lifts. Field data will be collected from building inspection and maintenance records available from building service industry. In cooperation with the University Furtwangen (Germany), the accessibility of data from international insurance companies, the government bureaus and other organisations will also be made possible. The data will be subjected to statistical and fault tree analyses to obtain various statistical characteristics and system reliability. The relationship between the reliability and the maintenance scheme will also be investigated. The project will provide an opportunity for the participating student to enhance his/her understanding of probability and statistics theory and its application in solving real world problems. In addition, the student will also receive training in the skills of system reliability analysis and the relevant software application.

Study of flow field inside furnace

The furnace in the Institute for Infrastructure Engineering is an indispensable piece of equipment for study of fire resistance capability of structural members. It is used to generate fire or high temperature conditions for the study of the heat transfer processes that may affect the performance of structural members. The aim of this project is to investigate the high temperature flow field inside the furnace via numerical simulation. A computer software entitled Fire Dynamics Simulator will be used to simulate both the three dimensional velocity and temperature distributions. Basic measurement of velocity and temperature will also be taken experimentally for comparison with the numerical simulation results. This project is a major equipment calibration project. The result of this study will help the understanding of the performance of the furnace itself and pave the foundation for the analysis heat transfer associated with the future investigations of structure member performance in fires. Experience to be gained

Enhanced knowledge of fluid mechanics and heat transfer theory; Ability to use a computer software for research and industrial

applications; Basic laboratory measurement techniques;

Problem solving skills.

Dr Yaping He and Prof. Zhong Tao


4736.0902 4736.0064

23

Condition assessment of building structures subjected to earthquake excitations

The civil infrastructure is subjected to environmental, service and accidental actions, which may cause damage to the structure. These damages adversely affect the structural system's performance. Owing to the fact that aging infrastructure is still in service in Australia, determining the integrity of infrastructure in terms of age, usage and level of safety has become a challenge task. This project is to investigate the dynamic behavior of the building structures subjected to earthquake excitations and the condition assessment using dynamic measurements. In this project, a five-story building structure model will be designed and built. An experimental study will be carried out in the structural laboratory using the Quanser Shake Table II. Dynamic responses of the structure will be monitored using wireless sensors. Different damage scenarios are simulated using different cuts on the structure. The modal parameters are extracted using a Matlab program and the change of modal parameters are used to indicate the damage in the structure. The results are also compared with numerical simulation using Strand7.

Dr. Xinqun Zhu and Dr. Chunwei Zhang

[email protected]@uws.eu.au

4736.0826 4736.0182

Condition assessment of building structures subjected to earthquake excitations

The civil infrastructure is subjected to environmental, service and accidental actions, which may cause damage to the structure. These damages adversely affect the structural system's performance. Owing to the fact that aging infrastructure is still in service in Australia, determining the integrity of infrastructure in terms of age, usage and level of safety has become a challenge task. This project is to investigate the dynamic behavior of the building structures subjected to earthquake excitations and the condition assessment using dynamic measurements. In this project, a five-story building structure model will be designed and built. An experimental study will be carried out in the structural laboratory using the Quanser Shake Table II. Dynamic responses of the structure will be monitored using wireless sensors. Different damage scenarios are simulated using different cuts on the structure. The modal parameters are extracted using a Matlab program and the change of modal parameters are used to indicate the damage in the structure. The results are also compared with numerical simulation using Strand7.

Dr. Xinqun Zhu and Dr. Chunwei Zhang

[email protected]@uws.eu.au

4736.0826 4736.0182

Bridge Condition Assessment using a Passing Instrumented Vehicle

The bridge infrastructure are subjected to continuous degradation due to the environmental, ageing and excess loading. Monitoring of bridges is a key part of any maintenance strategy as it can give early warning if a bridge becoming unsafe. This objective of this research is to provide accurate, rapid, and cost-effective assessments of a large population of

Dr Xinqun Zhu and Professor Bijan Samali


4736.0826 4736.0263

24

bridges using the data collected from a vehicle equipped with sensors. According to the Australian 2010 Infrastructure Report Card, a large proportion of Australia’s infrastructure is reaching the end of its useful life. For example, the New South Wales’s bridge infrastructure is in average to poor condition, which means these infrastructure required major improvements. Owing to the fact that ageing bridge infrastructures are being still in service in Australia and in the world, the proposed mobile sensor system will make a significant contribution to monitor the structural conditions and in protecting the structure and human lives, as well as developing an economic infrastructure asset management scheme.

Feasibility investigations of transmission tower monitoring using wireless sensor networks

In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSN) gained much attention as a new technique for monitoring purposes. WSNs can eliminate the high costs associated with running cables from spatially distant sensors to a server. They have the potential to improve structural health monitoring by allowing for dense networks of sensors employing distributed computing to be installed on a structure. This project is to investigate the feasibility of using wireless sensor networks for structural health monitor of the transmission tower. The finite element model will be built and a field testing using the wireless sensors will be carried out to verify the model. Optimization of the sensor configuration for health monitoring of the tower structures will be studied using the model.

Dr Xinqun Zhu and Professor Bijan Samali

[email protected]@uws.edu.au

4736.0826 4736.0263

Numerical study of vibration of cylinder structures in fluid flow

When cylindrical structures, such as the subsea pipelines, cables etc. are in fluid flow, the dynamic flow-induced forces will lead to the structure vibration. Flow-induced vibration of structures is of practical interest to many fields of engineering. for example, it can cause vibrations in heat exchanger tubes, it influences the dynamics of riser tubes bringing oil from the seabed to the surface, it is important to the design of civil engineering structures such as bridges and chimneys stacks, as well as to the design of marine and land vehicles, and it can cause large-amplitude vibrations of tethered structures in the ocean. In the offshore oil and gas engineering, the pipelines, subsea cables and risers are subjected to the flow induced by waves and tidal currents. In this projects flow-induced vibration of circular cylinders will be investigated. The vibration of the cylinder in flow will be calculated by a software developed at our school.

Dr Ming Zhao, Professor Kenny Kwok and Dr Peter Zhang


4736.0085 4736.0444

Fatigue behaviour of retrofitted steel structures using innovative materials

With many steel structures edging towards their design life, increased use and load capacity, climate change effects and human error, the condition of these structures is deteriorating. Monitoring, inspection and maintenance is becoming a critical aspect in ensuring maximum life span of the structure. This project integrates structural health monitoring,

Dr. Olivia Mirza, Dr. Fidelis Mashiri and

Dr. Won Hee Kang


4736.0402 4736.0355 4736.0149

25

fatigue evaluation and retrofitting resulting in a cost-effective condition-based maintenance management strategy. These solutions will improve the structural performance, extend the design life of the steel structural systems, and maintain ever increasing infrastructure budgets at sustainable levels. This research will investigate the fatigue behaviour of retrofitted steel infrastructure using innovative materials. This project consist of both experimental and numerical study.

Combining recycled concrete with steel fibres as an economic and environmentally sustainable building material for beam structures

The global policy attention directed toward climate change and environmental sustainability has created challenges to the Australian construction industry. In particular the industry requires to seek innovative solutions for reducing the impact of constructing and maintaining the built environment on the earth. The structural frame of the building accounts for the highest cost of a total building, be it reinforced concrete. Using environmentally and economically sustainable materials such as recycled concrete for the building construction would enable to respond to industry challenges effectively. The research project will focus on secondary beams of a concrete frame. It is believed that recycled concrete with incorporation of steel fibres will offer a structurally sound material that is not only more cost effective, but also provide a sustainable solution to Australian Construction Industry. Therefore, experimental study is much needed as a basis to understand and compare the structural behavior, structural reliability evaluation and cost effectiveness of this new material.

Dr. Olivia Mirza, Dr. Vivian Tam

Dr Sepani Senaratne and

Dr. Won Hee Kang

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

4736.0402 4736.0105 4736.0715 4736.0149

Fire performance of prestressed concrete beams

Prestressed concrete is widely used in the construction industry in buildings, bridges, towers and offshore structures. Performance of prestressed concrete beams under service loading conditions is important to ensure their adequate serviceability over their expected life time. In addition to the strength requirements, fire is a very important factor in design of concrete structures, especially for prestressed concrete elements. The increase in the internal water pressure under steep temperature gradients generates high local stresses, which may cause spalling and potential explosive failure. The basic fire safety objectives are to protect lifes and prevent failure. Strength of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete elements decreased after exposure to fire. This research studies the behavior of prestressed concrete beams when subjected to fire. An analytical model based on the stress-strain characteristics of prestressed concrete will be experimented and adopted to implement into finite element model.

Dr. Olivia Mirza and Prof. Zhong Tao


4736.0402 4736.0604

university of western sydney · pdf fileproject list in 2015 ... with embedded sma becomes...

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