unknown - full employment or “ all employment ”
TRANSCRIPT
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Full employment or All Employment?
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Unemployment rate
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1948 53 58 63 68 73 78 83 88 93 98
%
U.S.A
Germany
Japan
Figure 1
Source: Japan Productivity Center, Katsuyo Rodo Tokei (Practical Handbook of Labor Statistics), each year.
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Employed persons
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
1953 57 61 65 69 73 77
(ten thousand)
Source: Labor force survey
employees
Self-employed and family workers
Figure 2
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Discouraged workers (1993)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Japan U.S. UK France
Note: Data on Germany are not available.
Source: OECD Employment Outlook, July 1995.
%
involuntary
part-timers
discouraged
workers
unemployed
Figure 3
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Employment status of
married women
self-employed and
family workers
30%
regular workers28%
part-timers and
arubaito
31%
others
11%
Source: Basic survey on employment structure 1992.
Figure 4
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Three employment models
big-firm model small-and-
medium-sized-
firm model
self-
employment
model
employment lifetime-employment
not long-term
employment
will to continue
business
income family wage Quasi familywage
income by allfamily members
wife full-timehousewife
part-timer family worker
Table 1
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Wage difference
No. of employees Japan U.S. Germany
1 9 43.4 ----
10 49 54.7 71.4
50 99 58.4
64.9
74.5
100 499 71.0 80.1
500 999 84.0
81.0
86.1
1000 - 100 100 100
Table 2
Note: Japan in 1985, U.S. in 1977, West Germany in 1977.
Average wage = total wage / total number of employees
Source: Japan Productivity Center, Katsuyo Rodo Tokei 1998.
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The employed by industry
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
1920 30 40 44 47 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
(ten thousand)
Source: Until 1950 National Census, from 1955 labor force survey
Figure 5
Tertiary industry
Secondary industry
Primary industry
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Self-employed and
family workers
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1956 61 66 71 76 81 86 91
Ratio of self-employed and family workers among the civilian employed
For Germany, until 1990 only West Germany.
Source: OECD, Labour Force Statistics
%
Japan
Germany
U.S.A
Figure 6
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Stable peripheral workforce
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
(ten thousand)
Part-timers are those whose working hours in the week are below 35 hours.
Source: Labor force survey.
total
self-employed and family workers
female part-timers
Figure 7
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Women who lost jobs(self-employed, family workers, pieceworkers at home)
0%10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1992 93 94 95 96 97
Present status of women who lost jobs within a year (former self-employed, family workers, pieceworkers at home)
Source: Special survey of the labor force survey
not in labor
force
unemployed
employed
Figure 8
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Women who lost jobs(part-timers and arubaito)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1992 93 94 95 96 97
Present status of women who lost jobs within a year (former part-timers and arubaito)
Source: Special survey of the labor force survey
not in labor
force
unemployed
employed
Figure 9
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Labor force participation of married women
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1962 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
GDPgrowthrate
Laborforcepaticipation
Source: Labor force survey
Labor force participation rate = married women in labor force / total married women
GDP growth rate (%)Labor force
participation rate (%)
Figure 10
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Launching and quitting of SMEs
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1966-69 69-72 72-75 75-78 78-81 81-86 86-89 89-91 91-94
Source: White paper on SMEs 1997
%
Launching
quitting
Figure 11
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Female workers to be not in labor force
(part-timers and arubaito)
40
45
50
55
60
65
1986 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
Note: The ratio of former part-timers and arubaito who lost job within a year and became not in labor force
Source: Special survey of the labor force survey
Figure 12
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Labor force participation of married women
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1962 65 68 71 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
Economic growthrate
labor forceparticipation rate
Source: Annual report on national accounts and Labor force survey
Labor force participation rate = married women in labor force / total married women
Economic growth rate = year-to-year increase rate of GDP at constant prices
GDP growth rate (%)Labor force
participation rate (%)
Figure 13
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Ratio of social security
expenditures to national income
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
65 70 73 75 80 86 88 90 92 94
Source: Health and Welfare Statistics in Japan
Germany
U.S.A
Japan
Figure 14
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Aging society
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995
Japan
U.S.
Germany
Sweden
%
Note: Proportion of the people over 65 in the total population
Source: Management and Coordination Agency, Aging society in figures 1997, Tokyo 1997.
Figure 15
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Divorce rate
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1972 76 80 84 88 92 96
%
U.S.A
Sweden
FranceJapan
Figure 16
Source: Japan, Jinko Dotai Tokei (Dynamic Population Survey),
France and Sweden, U.N. Demographic Yearbook
U.S.A., Statistical Abstract of the U.S.
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Single mothers
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
1960 65 70 75 80 85 90
Notes: For the U.S., single-mother household with under 18-year-old children.
For Japan, single-mother household in the age over 20 and younger than 60 with children younger than 20 years old.
Source: U.S. Nakada (1997), Japan Trend of Welfare in Japan 1997.
(in thousand households)
U.S.A
Japan
Figure 17