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CU1401
Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles. Employment of UAVs by emergency. The concept of employing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to acquire imagery
for disaster research and management has progressed into actual implementation in
recent years. UAV usage in disaster assessment, response and management is an
active area of research. UAVs have been utilized following ecological, meteorological,
geological, hydrological and human - induced disasters. The flexibility, safety, ease of
operation, and relatively low - cost of ownership and operation facilitate UAV
implementation in disaster situations.
2014
Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales Maestría AEARTE 2013
10/10/2014
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INDEX.
1 . INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 4
2. DEFINITIONS. ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
WHAT'S AN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE? ..................................................................................................... 4
OTHERS DEFINITIONS: ....................................................................................................................................... 5
3. HISTORY. ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
4. CLASSIFICATION. ............................................................................................................................................... 7
5. AN EXAMPLE: UAV BASED CLOSE-RANGE RAPID AERIAL MONITORING SYSTEM. ................................. 8
AERIAL SECTOR.................................................................................................................................................. 9
GROUND SECTOR. ............................................................................................................................................. 9
6. EXAMPLES OF USE OF UAVS BY EMERGENCY. .......................................................................................... 10
RADIATION MONITORING ................................................................................................................................ 10
VOLCANIC MONITORING WITH A THERMAL CAMERA. ................................................................................ 10
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES - EMPLOYEE AS DETECTION SYSTEM OF ROE DEER FAWN. ............. 12
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES - EMPLOYEE AS LOGISTIC SUPPORT. ..................................................... 12
7. DEVELOPMENTS IN ARGENTINA. ................................................................................................................... 13
8. CONCLUTIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 15
9. REFERENCES. ................................................................................................................................................... 16
PAPERS. ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
LINK OF INTEREST............................................................................................................................................ 17
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INDEX OF FIGURES.
Figure 1 - UAV Schiebel´s Camcopter S -100……………………………………………………………………………….5
Figure 2 – UAV General Atomics MQ-1 Predator……………………… ....................................................................... 4
Figure 3 – UAV Centurion………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….5
Figure 4 - UAV Tetracopter Scout .............................................................................................................................. 4
Figure 5 – Aerial attack by balloon, 1880 ................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 6 – UAV OQ-1 ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Figure 7 – UAV Global Hawk………………………………………………………………………………………………….6
Figure 8 – General Atomics MQ-1 Predator. .............................................................................................................. 6
Figure 9 – General Atomics MQ-1 Predator. .............................................................................................................. 6
Figure 10 – UAV DHL Parcelcopter………………………………………...…………………………………………………8
Figure 11 – Hexacopter by volcanic monitoring.......................................................................................................... 7
Figure 12 - Overview of UAV based close-range rapid aerial ..................................................................................... 8
Figure 13 – Schiebel’s Camcopter S-100…………………………………………………………………………………...10
Figure 14 – Integrated sensors and supporting modules in the aerial sector ............................................................ 9
Figure 15 – Deployable ground station…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...10
Figure 16 - RF subsystem .......................................................................................................................................... 9
Figura 17 – UAV md4-1000 with RSD and photo camera as a payload………………………………………………....11
Figura 18 - Radiation survey device (RSD) .............................................................................................................. 10
Figure 19 – Hexacopter equipped with a thermal camera ready for the vertical take off. ......................................... 11
Figure 20 – Thermal Camera (TC) 3600 scheme (left); TC and ............................................................................... 11
Figure 21 - Visible image of the investigated area.t The white surface is due to the presence of salt deposit while
the darker are the muddy. ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Figure 22 – Thermal images acquired by TC3600 in six areas of interest are indicated as point 2, 3,4,5,6. ........... 11
Figure 23 – Flying Game Guard in action………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
Figure 24 – ROE DEER FAWN ................................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 25 – Thermal image of a fawn………………………………………………………………………………………..13
Figure 26 – Thermal image cut-outs of typical hot spots at a flight altitude of 30 and 50 m ..................................... 12
Figura 27 – UAV DHL Parcelcopter .......................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 28 – UAV Lipan M3 ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 29 - UAV ARGENTINO GUARDIAN.............................................................................................................. 13
Figura 30 – VANT MET1 - INVAP ........................................................................................................................... 14
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1 . INTRODUCTION
The concept of employing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to acquire imagery for disaster
research and management has progressed into actual implementation in recent years.
UAV usage in disaster assessment, response and management is an active area of research.
UAVs have been utilized following ecological, meteorological, geological, hydrological and human -
induced disasters. The flexibility, safety, ease of operation, and relatively low - cost of ownership and
operation facilitate UAV implementation in disaster situations.
2. DEFINITIONS.
WHAT IS AN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE?
An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone and referred to as a
Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), is an aircraft
without a human pilot aboard. Its flight is controlled either autonomously by onboard computers or by the
remote control of a pilot on the ground or in another vehicle. The typical launch and recovery method of
an unmanned aircraft is by the function of an automatic system or an external operator on the ground.
Historically, UAVs were simple remotely piloted aircraft, but autonomous control is increasingly being
employed.
They are usually deployed for military and special operation applications, but also used in a small
but growing number of civil applications, such as policing and firefighting, and nonmilitary security work,
such as surveillance of pipelines.
Figure 1 - UAV Schiebel s Camcopter S -100 Figure 2 – UAV General Atomics MQ-1 Predator
Figure 3 – UAV Centurion Figure 4 - UAV Tetracopter Scout
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OTHERS DEFINITIONS:
a. Model Aircraft: A remote controlled aircraft used by hobbyists, which is manufactured and
operated for the purposes of sport, recreation and/or competition.
b. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Pilot: A person exercising control over an unmanned aerial vehicle
during flight.
c. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Crewmember: A pilot, visual observer, payload operator or other
person assigned duties for a UAVfor the purpose of flight.
3. HISTORY.
Figure 5 – Aerial attack by balloon, 1880
The idea of a pilotless aircraft is not a new concept. The concept of drones dates back to the mid-
1800s, when Austrians sent off unmanned, bomb-filled balloons as a way to attack Venice. The drone
we see today started innovation in the early 1900s, and was originally used for target practice to train
military personnel.
The first pilotless aircraft were built shortly after World War I. Leading the way, using A. M. Low's
radio control techniques, was the Ruston Proctor Aerial Target of 1916.
The early successes of pilotless aircraft led to the development of radio controlled pilotless target
aircraft in Britain and the US in the 1930s.
Figure 6 – UAV OQ-1
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Its evolution and development during World War II and during the Cold War came to incorporate
various devices like photographic cameras RGB, multispectral cameras, laser systems, GPS and IMU
systems and radar systems. Examples are UAV Global Hawk and General Atomics MQ-1 Predator.
Figure 7 – UAV Global Hawk Figure 8 – General Atomics MQ-1 Predator.
Figure 9 – General Atomics MQ-1 Predator.
In a recent few years, disasters and accidents, such as the volcanic eruptions, wildfires (forest
fires) or others types of natural disaster, generated that the use of UAVs have civil and commercial
purposes. Beyond the military applications of UAVs with which "drones" became most associated,
numerous civil aviation uses have been developed, including aerial surveying of crops, acrobatic aerial
footage in filmmaking, search and rescue operations, inspecting power lines and pipelines, and counting
wildlife, delivering medical supplies to remote or otherwise inaccessible regions, with some
manufacturers rebranding the technology as "unmanned aerial systems" (UASs) in preference over
"drones." UAVs are nowadays routinely used in several applications where human interaction is difficult
or dangerous. These applications range from military to civilian and include reconnaissance operations,
border patrol missions, forest fire detection, surveillance, and search/rescue missions.
UAV remote sensing functions include electromagnetic spectrum sensors, gamma ray sensors,
biological sensors, and chemical sensors. A UAV's electromagnetic sensors typically include visual
spectrum, infrared, or near infrared cameras as well as radar systems. Other electromagnetic wave
detectors such as microwave and ultraviolet spectrum sensors can also be used but are uncommon.
Biological sensors are sensors capable of detecting the airborne presence of various microorganisms
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and other biological factors. Chemical sensors use laser spectroscopy to analyze the concentrations of
each element in the air.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles transport medicines and vaccines, and retrieve medical samples, into
and out of remote or otherwise inaccessible regions. Drones can help in disaster relief by gathering
information from across an affected area. Drones can also help by building a picture of the situation and
giving recommendations like how people should direct their resources to mitigate damage and save
lives.
Figure 10 – UAV DHL Parcelcopter. Figure 1 1 – Hexacopter by volcanic monitoring.
4. CLASSIFICATION
UAVs are typically into one of six functional categories (although multi-role airframe platforms are
becoming more prevalent):
a. Target and decoy – providing ground and aerial gunnery a target that simulates an enemy aircraft
or missile.
b. Reconnaissance – providing battlefield intelligence.
c. Combat – providing attack capability for high-risk missions (see Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle).
d. Logistics – UAVs specifically designed for cargo and logistics operation.
e. Research and development – used to further develop UAV technologies to be integrated into field
deployed UAV aircraft.
f. Civil and Commercial UAVs – UAVs specifically designed for civil and commercial applications.
They can also be categorized in terms of range/altitude and the following has been advanced as
relevant at such industry events as ParcAberporth Unmanned Systems forum:
a. Hand-held 2,000 ft (600 m) altitude, about 2 km range.
b. Close 5,000 ft (1,500 m) altitude, up to 10 km range.
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c. NATO type 10,000 ft (3,000 m) altitude, up to 50 km range.
d. Tactical 18,000 ft (5,500 m) altitude, about 160 km range.
e. MALE (medium altitude, long endurance) up to 30,000 ft (9,000 m) and range over 200 km.
f. HALE (high altitude, long endurance) over 30,000 ft (9,100 m) and indefinite range.
g. HYPERSONIC high-speed, supersonic (Mach 1–5) or hypersonic (Mach 5+) 50,000 ft (15,200 m)
or suborbital altitude, range over 200 km.
h. ORBITAL low earth orbit (Mach 25+).
i. CIS Lunar Earth-Moon transfer.
j. CACGS Computer Assisted Carrier Guidance System for UAVs.
5. AN EXAMPLE: UAV BASED CLOSE-RANGE RAPID AERIAL MONITORING SYSTEM.
UAV based close-range rapid aerial monitoring system for emergency responses consists of two
main sectors, aerial sector and ground sector. The aerial sector Includes a UAV platform, sensors and
supporting modules.
The ground sector also consists of a ground vehicle, receiving system and processing system.
Through a RF link between the both sectors, the sensory data and control commands are transmitted in
real-time. The overview of our whole system is illustrated next figure.
Figure 12 - Overview of UAV based close-range rapid aerial
monitoring system
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AERIAL SECTOR.
The aerial sector acquires the sensory data and transmits the data to the ground sector in real-
time. The aerial sector consists of a UAV platform equipped with different types of sensor: camera, laser
scanner, GPS, IMU, and the supporting modules for sensor integration, data transmission to the ground,
data storage, time synchronization and sensor stabilization.
Figure 13 – Schiebel’s Camcopter S-100 Figure 14 – Integrated sensors and supporting modules in the aerial sector
GROUND SECTOR.
The ground sector receives the sensory data from the aerial sector in real-time and produces
spatial information such as DEM and orthoimages rapidly.
The ground sector is deployable and consists of a ground vehicle, a receiving and processing
system. In this example we construct the ground sector by remodelling a 2.5 ton truck as the ground
vehicle and loading it with the receiving and processing system, as shown in next figure.
The receiving system transmits the control commands and receives the data through a RF link in
real-time. The processing system performs real-time georeferencing and rapid generation of the spatial
information.
Figure 15 – Deployable ground station Figure 16 - RF subsystem
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6. EXAMPLES OF USE OF UAVS BY EMERGENCY.
RADIATION MONITORING
Figura 17 – UAV md4-1000 with RSD and photo camera as a payload Figura 18 - Radiation survey device (RSD)
Radiation survey device (RSD) on the base of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was developed as
an equipment of rescue forces for radiation situation reconnaissance in case of emergency.
RSD is multi range radiometer with spectrometer functions capable to work within gamma ray
fields of dose rate 10-7
– 10-1
Sievert per hour. UAV md4-1000 (Microdrones GmbH, Germany) was
selected as the RSD carrier as a reliable vehicle with appropriate properties.
VOLCANIC MONITORING WITH A THERMAL CAMERA.
This device is used for see the thermal anomalies in surface earth.
The thermal camera is
used for cross-comparison with the data acquired during the flight.
In this example the camera is a A310 model consisting of a 320x240 microbolometer detector array
to a range of 8 – 14 µm of sensitive defection capability, with dynamic range of 0 to +350 °C and
accuracy of ±2% of reading.
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Figure 19 – Hexacopter equipped with a thermal camera
ready for the vertical take off.
Figure 20 – Thermal Camera (TC) 3600 scheme (left); TC and
embedded acquisition system (EAS) final configuration (right).
Figure 21 - Visible image of the investigated area.t The white surface
is due to the presence of salt deposit while the darker are the muddy.
Figure 22 – Thermal images acquired by TC3600 in six areas
of interest are indicated as point 2, 3,4,5,6.
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UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES - EMPLOYEE AS DETECTION SYSTEM OF ROE DEER FAWN.
In adequate illuminating and weather conditions the presented UAV-based fawn detection via
thermal imaging is a comfortable, fast and reliable method.
There is a high demand because during pasture mowing are a lot of wild animals, especially roe
deer fawns are killed by mowing machines.
This system was tested in several real situations especially with differing weather and illumination
conditions. Its primary sensor is a lightweight thermal infrared camera.
The images are captured onboard of the flight system and also transmitted as analog video
stream to the ground station, where the user can follow the camera live stream on a monitor for manual
animal detection.
Figure 23 – Flying Game Guard in action. Figure 24 – ROE DEER FAWN
Figure 25 – Thermal image of a fawn. Figure 26 – Thermal image cut-outs of typical hot spots at a flight altitude of 30 and 50 m
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES - EMPLOYEE AS LOGISTIC SUPPORT.
Recently (Sep 2014) the logistics firm DHL used a drone to overfly parcels to the German island of
Juist, in what it says is the first time an unmanned aircraft has been authorized to deliver goods in
Europe.
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The UAV employed was the DHL Parcelcopter. Technical innovations that comprise the DHL
Parcelcopter include longer range and flight: the journey to the island is about 12 kilometers with
average flying height of 50 meters.
Figura 27 – UAV DHL Parcelcopter
7. DEVELOPMENTS IN ARGENTINA.
The early development of drones or UAV in Argentina started more o less in the year of 1996 with
the generation of UAV LIPAN M3, UAV generated and developed entirely by the Argentine Army for
surveillance and ground reconnaissance.
Figure 28 – UAV Lipan M3
Meanwhile the Argentina Navy has developed a similar device called UAV ARGENTINO
GUARDIAN.
Figure 29 - UAV ARGENTINO GUARDIAN.
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In November of 2010 the ROBOTIC SYSTEM AIR ARGENTINE (SARA for it Spanish name) was
created under the Resolution No. 1484 of the Ministry of Defense, that recognizes the need to
provide national defense unmanned aerial systems for monitoring and control of large air spaces,
land and sea of the country.
The purpose of the project SARA is to generate devices capable of delivering different payloads,
sufficient to meet the operational requirements of the own autonomous system.
The program also includes the deployment of ground control stations and portable units receiving
information to ground crew.
The Ministry of Defense commissioned the responsibility for the design and management of SARA to
INVAP industries.
The first model was developed by INVAP and received the name of MET1, which in August 2014
made its first test flight in the city of Cordoba.
Figura 30 – VANT MET1 - INVAP
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8. CONCLUTIONS
As the occurrences and scales of disasters and accidents have been increased for example due
to the global warming and other reasons, the demand for rapid responses for the emergent situations
also has been increasing too. These emergency responses are required to be customized to each
individual site for more effective management of the emergent situations and simplify the decisions in
crisis situations.
These requirements can be satisfied with the decisions based on the spatial changes on the
target area, which should be detected immediately or in real-time moment.
Aerial monitoring without human operators is an appropriate means because the emergency
areas are usually inaccessible. Therefore, a UAV is a strong candidate as a platform for the aerial
monitoring. In addition, the sensory data from the UAV system usually have higher resolution than other
system because the system can operate in a lower altitude.
If the transmission and processing of the data could be performed in real-time, the spatial
changes of the target area can be detected with high spatial and temporal resolution for the UAV rapid
mapping systems.
Finally, employing unmanned aerial vehicles, a minor property damage and less loss of human
life is obtained.
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9. REFERENCES.
PAPERS.
1. S. Amici, M. Turci, F. Giulietti, S. Giammanco, M.F Buongiorno, A. La Spina and L. Spampinato -
Volcanic Environments Monitoring by Drones Mud Volcano Case Study - International Archives
of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-1/W2, 2013
UAV-g2013, 4 – 6 September 2013, Rostock, Germany.
2. J. Ever - The Use Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) For Remote Sensing And Mapping -
Remote Sensing and Earth Observation Processes Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological
Research (VITO), Boereta ng 200, BE-2400 Mol, Belgium – [email protected].
3. Chiabrando,A. Lingua, M. Piras Direct Photogrammetry Using Uav: Tests And First Results. -
Politecnico di Torino, DAD, 10129, Torino, Italy, [email protected] , Politecnico di Torino,
DIATI, 10129, Torino, Italy,(andrea.lingua, marco.piras)@polito.it - International Archives of the
Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-1/W2, 2013 UAV-
g2013, 4 – 6 September 2013, Rostock, Germany.
4. Pdf Presentación sobre desarrollo y en empleo de UAV, por el Grupo de Estudio y Desarrollo de
Tecnologías de Información Geográfica (GEDTIG) y la Universidad Tecnológica Nacional Facultad
Regional Resistencia. Año2014.
5. Stuart M. Adams, and Carol J. Friedland - A Survey Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (Uav) Usage
For Imagery Collection In Disaster Research And Management.
6. Martin Israel - A Uav-Based Roe Deer Fawn Detection System - Remote Sensing Technology
Institute, Experimental MethodsGerman Aerospace Center Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling,
Germany [email protected]://www.dlr.de/caf - International Archives of the Photogrammetry,
Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. XXXVIII-1/C22 UAV-g 2011, Conference on
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Geomatics, Zurich, Switzerland.
7. S. Bogatov, N. Mazny, A. Pugachev, S. Tkachenko, A.Shvedov - Emergency Radiation Survey
Device Onboard The Uav - Nuclear Safety Institute, 115191 Moskow, B Tulskaya str. 52, Russia -
(sbg, tsa, [email protected]). SPC ASPECT, 141980 Moscow region, Dubna, Sakharova str. 6,
Russia – (nikitos, [email protected]). International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote
Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-1/W2, 2013 UAV-g2013, 4 – 6 September
2013, Rostock, Germany.
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LINK OF INTEREST.
1. http://www.microdrones.co.uk/emergency-services-uav-uas.html
2. http://vimeo.com/57919380
3. http://www.microdrones.co.uk/pdfs/ar180_summary_spec.pdf
4. http://www.atyges.es/1/i_d_i_drones_y_aereovision_266965.html
5. http://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-1-2/81/2013/isprsarchives-XL-1-W2-81-
2013.html
6. http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVII/congress/1_pdf/203.pdf
7. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4781575&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2F
xpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4781575
8. http://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-1-W2/5/2013/isprsarchives-XL-1-W2-5-
2013.pdf
9. http://www.iafc.org/Admin/ResourceDetail.cfm?ItemNumber=7356
10. http://www.tech4relief.com/2013/10/09/exploring-the-use-of-drones-in-emergency-response/
11. http://www.tech4relief.com/2014/03/18/humanitarian-uav-users-are-beginning-to-self-organize/
12. http://www.gizmag.com/go/2440/
13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AeroVironment
14. http://reportaje2056.blogspot.com.ar/2012/09/aviones-sin-piloto-que-no-se-entere.html
15. file:///C:/Users/FACU/AppData/Local/Temp/PELICANO_Esp_0.pdf
16. http://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XXXVIII-1-C22/247/2011/isprsarchives-
XXXVIII-1-C22-247-2011.pdf
17. http://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XXXVIII-1-C22/51/2011/isprsarchives-
XXXVIII-1-C22-51-2011.pdf
18. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DLGT201106004.htm
19. http://www.runco.com.ar/
VIDEOS
20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-63Qwyl64Zc - Video INVAP.
21. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Iv2j3EzI9E – Video Wildfire
22. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpN8VQ_UL4c Video Taken By Robotic Aerial Vehicle at Fukushima (23)
23. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6JLM4Y_mz0 Vivo en Argentina Ciencia y Tecnología Lipán 12 10 11.
24. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-aE01r6Cjc UAV Guardian 'Armada Argentina'.
25. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-shWVW1UBc Dji Phantom flies into Volcano.