unprecedented degree of mobility

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Center for Urban Transportation Research | University of South Florida

Toward zero deaths: Who needs to do the heavy lifting?

(Motorcycle Crash Trend in Florida)

Chanyoung Lee, Ph.D.

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Unprecedented Degree of Mobility

• “Motor vehicle travel is the primary means of transportation in the United States, providing an unprecedented degree of mobility. Yet for all its advantages, motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for age 4 and every age 11 through 27 (based on 2009 data).”

NHTSA Traffic Safety Factshttp://www‐nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811753.pdf

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Pandemic?

• CDC estimated that between about 2,500 and 6,000 2009 H1N1‐related deaths occurred between April and October 17, 2009. The mid‐level in this range was about 3,900 2009 H1N1‐related deaths. http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/estimates_2009_h1n1.htm

• In 2011, 32,367 people were killed in the estimated 5,338,000 police‐reported motor vehicle traffic crashes

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Toward Zero Deaths: A National Strategy on Highway Safety

• will be a data‐driven effort focusing on identifying and creating opportunities for changing American culture as it relates to highway safety.

• will also focus on developing strong leadership and champions in the organizations that can directly impact highway safety through engineering, enforcement, education, emergency medical service (EMS), policy, public health, communications, and other efforts.

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Toward zero deaths

Source: Florida DHSMV

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Indexed Traffic Crashes in Florida

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Traffic Crashes Fatalities Total Injuries

(# of Crashes/Fatalities/Injuries in 2003 = 1)

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Motorcycle Crash

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According to NHTSA,

• In 2011, 4,612 motorcyclists were killed in motor vehicle traffic crashes.

• Motorcycles made up 3 percent of all registered vehicles in the United States in 2011 and accounted for only 0.6 percent of all vehicle miles traveled.

http://www‐nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811765.pdf

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Motorcyclists Killed in Florida

227 252 274339

441521 517 502

376 350413 425

1924

30

26

36

29 33 30

2633

38 32

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Operator Passenger

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Indexed Injuries, Fatalities, and Crashes (2001–2012)

1.001.11

1.21

1.49

1.94

2.30 2.282.21

1.661.54

1.82 1.87

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Indexed (2001 = 1)

Indexed Motorcycle CrashesIndexed Motorcycle FatalitiesIndexed Motorcycle Injuries

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Indexed Crash Trend in Florida, 2003-2012

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Indexed (2003=1)

Year

Traffic Fatalities

Motorcyclist Fatalities

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Percent of Motorcycle Fatalities* and Crashes in All Traffic Crashes

2.3% 2.4% 2.7% 2.9% 3.0% 3.5% 3.6% 4.0% 3.5% 3.2%3.8% 3.3%

8.2%8.8%

9.6%

11.2%

13.5%

16.3%17.1%

17.8%

15.7% 15.7%

18.8% 18.8%

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

20.0%

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

The Percent of MotorcycleCrashes in Traffic Crashes

The Percent of MotorcycleFatalities in Traffic Fatalities

*Operator Only

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Percent of Fatal and Injury Crashes in Motorcycle Crashes

4.3% 4.6% 4.6% 5.0% 5.9% 6.1% 6.0% 5.5% 4.8% 5.1% 5.2% 4.9%

88.5% 90.2% 90.0% 89.0% 89.4%97.5% 97.3% 97.8% 98.7% 99.0% 92.4% 92.2%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

The Number of Motorcycle Fatalities / Total Motorcycle Crashes

The Number of Motorcycle Injuries / Total Motorcycle Crashes

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Percent of Fatal and Injury Crashes in All Traffic Crashes

1.1% 1.1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 0.8%

56.7% 57.1% 57.1% 56.3% 55.1% 53.6% 52.9% 52.7% 53.3% 53.0% 51.7%46.5%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Fatal Crashes Injury Crahes

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At-Fault

• Motorcycle riders are particularly vulnerable, and are seen by drivers as taking greater risks than other road users.

• Public perception is that motorcycle riders are reckless and more likely to ride at higher speeds.

• On the other hand, many motorcycle riders believe that drivers need more education and should have a greater awareness of motorcycles on the road. These opposing perceptions logically raise the question of fault, especially in motorcycle‐motor vehicle crashes.

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Motorcycle Crash

Single Vehicle Multiple Vehicles

Motorcycle at fault Motorcycle at fault

Other vehicleat fault

34 % 26 % 40 %

Single Vehicle Crash for passenger car > 13‐15%

:26/66 = about 40% :40/66 = about 60%

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Motorcycle Crashes in Florida by At-Fault Vehicle

37.3% 36.7% 36.6% 37.3% 38.4% 38.2% 37.2% 37.2% 37.7% 36.5%

25.9% 27.8% 26.2% 26.6% 26.7% 25.6% 26.6% 26.1% 26.7% 26.5%

36.8% 35.5% 37.2% 36.1% 34.9% 36.2% 36.2% 36.8% 35.6% 37.1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

YearSMC Crash MCMV Crash (Motorcycle at fault)

MCMV Crash (Motor Vehicle at fault)

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Bike Types in Fatal Motorcycle Crashes

45.9%

27.6%

0.8%

6.6%2.5% 3.8%

12.8%

44.0%

32.8%

1.1%

5.8%2.9% 2.5%

10.9%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

45.0%

50.0%

CRUISER SPORT OFF SCOOTER STANDARD TOURING N/A

2010 (366) 2011 (440) 2012 (448)

( ):Sample Size

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Average Age of MC Operator in Fatal Motorcycle Crashes by Bike Type

50.3

29.8

41.136

49 49.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

CRUISER SPORT OFF SCOOTER STANDARD TOURING

Age

2010 2011 2012 Average

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Number of Motorcyclists Killed by Age

53

88

58 58

67

33

62

67

106

69

84

69

35

61

91

100

51

91

77

29

8

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Under 15 15‐24 25‐34 35‐44 45‐54 55‐64 65‐74 75+

Number of Motorcyclists Killed

2010 2011 2012

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Countermeasures that work

http://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/buying‐your‐first‐motorcycle‐everything‐you‐need‐to‐know/#!yHSN5

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DOT-Compliant Helmet

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Motorcyclists

Licensed(Endorsed) Unlicensed(Unendorsed)

Formal training after endorsement

No formal training after endorsement

Formal training when endorsed

YES‐YES YES‐NO

No formal training when endorsed

NO‐YES NO‐NO

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Formal Training vs. Endorsement



Total


14%YES‐YES

52%YES‐NO

66%

No formal training whenendorsed

7%NO‐YES

27%NO‐NO

34%

Total 21% 79% 100%

Florida Motorcyclist Survey 2013

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Out of 10 motorcyclists in Florida

No MotorcycleEndorsement

No Formal Training

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Florida was the one of first state to adopt a mandatory training law(July 2008)

• Florida was the first state to adopt a mandatory training law requiring all motorcyclists, regardless of age, to attend a motorcycle training course in order to obtain a motorcycle endorsement on their license.

• In addition, the mandatory training course is standardized across the state and follows the Motorcycle Safety Foundation’s (MSF) curricula for the Basic Rider Course (BRC).

• Furthermore, the Florida Rider Training Program (FRTP) monitors all course providers in the state to ensure they are upholding all MSF standards, including training sites, course structure, and instructor training.

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Did you complete formal motorcycle training, such as the MSF’s Basic Rider Course, in order to obtain your motorcycle endorsement?

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

# of survey respondent

Year that survey respondent obtained his/her motorcycle endorsement

No, Without a formal training

Yes, With a formal training

On average, 66% respondents stated that they completed a formal training in order to obtain their motorcycle endorsement


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Proportion of motorcyclists with/without a formal training for endorsement

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Year that survey respondent obtained his/her motorcycle endorsement

Without a formal training

With a formal training


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Unendorsed Motorcyclists based on Crash Data

34.9% 35.2% 36.4% 35.5%32.8%

28.9%27.4% 27.8% 28.4% 28.5%

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

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What is your position towards the reinstatement of a universal helmet law in Florida?

What is your opinion regarding the 2008 Florida Statue that requires all new riders to complete a basic training course in order to obtain a motorcycle endorsement?

72.7%

22.6%

3.4% 1.2%

27.5%21.4%

24.8% 26.2%

Strongly support Support Oppose Strongly oppose

Mandatory Training Law

Universal Helmet Law

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What made you decide to take the Basic Rider Course?

2011 2012 2013

Court order 3.7% 3.2% 1.8%

I am a new rider and want to have a motorcycle endorsement

64.3% 64.0% 65.4%

I have been riding and need a motorcycle endorsement

27.4% 26.0% 26.4%

I wanted to improve my skills 2.6% 4.6% 3.2%

Other 2.0% 2.2% 3.2%

Total100.0%

(543)

100.0%

(497)

100.0%

(500)

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Riding Experience Prior to Course

2011 2012 2013

Very experienced 13.7% 16.1% 11.7%

Somewhat experienced 40.6% 34.3% 32.4%

Somewhat inexperienced 19.3% 18.1% 22.1%

Very inexperienced (I have never ridden a motorcycle prior to the course)

26.4% 31.5% 33.8%

Total100%

(539)

100%

(496)

100%

(497)

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Would you recommend the MSF Basic Rider Course (BRC) to an experienced motorcyclist?

Response (488)

Yes 86.7%

No 13.3%

Very experienced

Response (57)

Yes 77.2%

No 22.9%

All

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Would you consider taking the Experienced Rider Course (ERC)?

Motorcycle riding experience prior to taking the Basic Rider Course(BRC) YES

Very experienced 77.2%

Somewhat experienced 82.2%

Somewhat inexperienced 86.2%

Very inexperienced (I had never operated a motorcycle prior to the course) 87.5%

Florida Rider Training Survey 2013

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37

After a few years of riding…

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There are several motorcycle training courses for experienced riders. Would you consider attending one of these courses in the next 12 months?

7.0%

31.9%

61.1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

I have recentlytaken a trainingcourse for riders

No Yes


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Reason for Not Considering Experienced Rider Course (ERC)

18.1%

9.2%

32.8%

19.3%

20.3%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Other

I am unsure of the types ofcourses that are offered

I don't feel that I wouldlearn much

I don't have the time

Too expensive


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Formal Training vs. Endorsement



Total


14%YES‐YES

52%YES‐NO

66%

No formal training whenendorsed

7%NO‐YES

27%NO‐NO

34%

Total 21% 79% 100%


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Taking a training course after endorsement

• Required

– Military

• Improving Skills

– Sport Bike

• Built‐in Culture in Motorcycle Club

– GWRRA

• New Motorcycle

– Trike

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Conclusion

• No Sliver Bullet

• PPE Use, Defensive Riding/Driving

– Required

– Motivation

– Culture

– Habit

– Benefit

– Price

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Question?

Chanyoung Lee, Ph.D.

Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR)

[email protected]

813.974.5307

unprecedented degree of mobility

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