Unrest in China, Southeast Asia, and Unrest in China, Southeast Asia, and India Section III: Pages 648-653India Section III: Pages 648-653

Unrest in China, Southeast Asia, and Unrest in China, Southeast Asia, and India Section III: Pages 648-653India Section III: Pages 648-653

This section is about:This section is about: How nationalism in China How nationalism in China

grew into a struggle grew into a struggle between Communists and between Communists and non-Communists.non-Communists.

The beginnings of the The beginnings of the struggle for independence struggle for independence in Southeast Asia.in Southeast Asia.

The struggles and The struggles and successes of the successes of the nationalist movement in nationalist movement in India.India.

We havenWe haven’’t been in t been in Asia for quite a while.Asia for quite a while.

But, itBut, it’’s important that s important that we look at some event we look at some event there to help us with there to help us with whatwhat’’s coming up soon s coming up soon (?) in our book.(?) in our book.

One of the more One of the more interestinginteresting people in people in history is on page 653.history is on page 653.

Look at the Main Ideas Look at the Main Ideas on page 648.on page 648.

ChinaChina

Europe wasnEurope wasn’’t the only t the only country with troubles in country with troubles in the 1920the 1920’’s -Asia had s -Asia had some issues, too. some issues, too.

India had been a British India had been a British colony since the 1800colony since the 1800’’s.s.

Much of Southeast Asia Much of Southeast Asia was under French rule.was under French rule.

China was independent, China was independent, but other countries were but other countries were interested in them.interested in them.

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Imperialism and the May 4Imperialism and the May 4thth MovementMovement

Some countries took Some countries took advantage of China being advantage of China being a weak country in the early a weak country in the early 19001900’’s.s.

Many had Many had ““spheresphere’’s of s of influenceinfluence”” in China, with in China, with their soldiers and their soldiers and merchants controlling merchants controlling certain markets – and certain markets – and always trying to get just a always trying to get just a little more.little more.

Japan was one of the most Japan was one of the most aggressiveaggressive of these of these nations (especially while nations (especially while WWI was going on in WWI was going on in Europe).Europe).

Japan wanted to make Japan wanted to make China a China a ““protectorateprotectorate”” – – with tributes and all that.with tributes and all that.

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In the Treaty of Versailles, In the Treaty of Versailles, Japan was given GermanyJapan was given Germany’’s s colonies in Asia – and the colonies in Asia – and the German German ““sphere of influencesphere of influence”” in in China.China.

Chinese people were furious.Chinese people were furious. Students began to Students began to boycottboycott the the

Japanese – and Japanese goods Japanese – and Japanese goods (starting in Beijing, but (starting in Beijing, but spreading).spreading).

These protests were called the These protests were called the May 4May 4thth Movement. Movement.

Leaders of this movement Leaders of this movement wanted to strengthen China - wanted to strengthen China - many of the leaders had been many of the leaders had been educated in the West.educated in the West.

Some believed that Western Some believed that Western ideas could best help Chinaideas could best help China’’s s problems –through science and problems –through science and political ideas (democracy).political ideas (democracy).

Others turned to and favored Others turned to and favored communism.communism.

Two Two ““political partiespolitical parties”” began began developing in China.developing in China.

The Long MarchThe Long March

Some kept looking for Some kept looking for a way to destroy the a way to destroy the communists.communists.

At that time, Mao At that time, Mao Zedong began a “Long Zedong began a “Long March” to the north.March” to the north.

Out of 100,000 Out of 100,000 followers, only a few followers, only a few thousand survived the thousand survived the 6000 mile march.6000 mile march.

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Mao Zedong became Mao Zedong became the supreme leader of the supreme leader of the communists during the communists during the march.the march.

He imposed discipline He imposed discipline on his followers.on his followers.

The soldiers were The soldiers were careful with the land careful with the land they passed through.they passed through.

He required them to He required them to pay for anything they pay for anything they got from the peasants.got from the peasants.

So many peasants So many peasants were happy with the were happy with the way Mao Zedong way Mao Zedong respected them, they respected them, they came to his came to his ““side.side.

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But at the same But at the same time, the Japanese time, the Japanese were going to try to were going to try to take advantage of take advantage of ChinaChina’’s weakness.s weakness.

They invaded They invaded Manchuria (in Manchuria (in Northeast China).Northeast China).

Before they could Before they could settle their own settle their own power struggle, the power struggle, the Nationalists and Nationalists and the Communists the Communists had to work had to work together to get rid together to get rid of the Japanese. of the Japanese.

Southeast Asia / French Rule in Southeast Southeast Asia / French Rule in Southeast AsiaAsia

France called their lands France called their lands (Vietnam, Cambodia, and (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) in Southeast Asia Laos) in Southeast Asia ““Indochina.Indochina.””

They allowed the kings of all They allowed the kings of all these lands to stay in place –these lands to stay in place –even though a even though a ““governor-governor-generalgeneral”” was really in charge. was really in charge.

France made a lot of money France made a lot of money on rice and rubber (even on rice and rubber (even though the workers were though the workers were paid little and taxed heavily).paid little and taxed heavily).

The French did try to The French did try to educate these peoples educate these peoples (especially in the French (especially in the French ways).ways).

Nationalist MovementsNationalist Movements

The educated in Southeast Asia The educated in Southeast Asia were also influenced by western were also influenced by western ideas.ideas.

These included civil rights, self-These included civil rights, self-determination, and the right of determination, and the right of people to choose their own people to choose their own government.government.

In 1919, In 1919, Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh demanded demanded self-rule for Vietnam.self-rule for Vietnam.

He was ignored and the He was ignored and the Vietnamese Nationalist Vietnamese Nationalist movement grew even stronger.movement grew even stronger.

By 1905, they had become By 1905, they had become communist and were growing communist and were growing stronger.stronger.

But in the 1930But in the 1930’’s, the French had s, the French had enough, and savagely put down enough, and savagely put down some uprisings.some uprisings.

Those left were driven Those left were driven ““underground.underground.””

India India

India had been a India had been a British colony for 50+ British colony for 50+ years when WWI years when WWI started.started.

India actually gave India actually gave money and 1.5 million money and 1.5 million soldiers to the British soldiers to the British to help fight WWI.to help fight WWI.

One thing they One thing they learned while there: learned while there: ideas of liberty and ideas of liberty and self-determination.self-determination.

The Struggle for IndependenceThe Struggle for Independence Nationalists were mad they Nationalists were mad they

had soldiers fighting, while had soldiers fighting, while they had no self-government they had no self-government at home.at home.

In a protest at Amritsar, the In a protest at Amritsar, the British actually opened fire British actually opened fire on the Indian crowd – killing on the Indian crowd – killing 4000 and wounding 1200.4000 and wounding 1200.

Now, the Indians were going Now, the Indians were going to REALLY call for self-rule.to REALLY call for self-rule.

Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi emerged emerged as a leader of India at this as a leader of India at this time.time.

He had been a lawyer in He had been a lawyer in England and then in South England and then in South Africa – where he had fought Africa – where he had fought to end discrimination.to end discrimination.

He devoted his He devoted his lifelife to India to India’’s s struggle for independence struggle for independence from the British.from the British.

Mohandas Gandhi Mohandas Gandhi and the Struggle for and the Struggle for

IndependenceIndependence Gandhi believed independence Gandhi believed independence

could be achieved through could be achieved through satyagrahasatyagraha (truth force). (truth force).

His ideas were based on His ideas were based on civil civil disobediencedisobedience (peaceful (peaceful resistance).resistance).

He urged the Indian people to He urged the Indian people to resist the British in any way they resist the British in any way they could – but NEVER to use violence.could – but NEVER to use violence.

Gandhi also resisted the British – Gandhi also resisted the British – and set out to destroy the British and set out to destroy the British monopoly on salt (easily gotten monopoly on salt (easily gotten from the ocean).from the ocean).

Local people were forbidden to Local people were forbidden to even touch it – so Gandhi began a even touch it – so Gandhi began a ““march to the sea to make salt.march to the sea to make salt.””

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Gandhi broke the salt Gandhi broke the salt law, was arrested (one law, was arrested (one of several times).of several times).

Others supported Others supported Gandhi by making their Gandhi by making their own salt.own salt.

The British were forced The British were forced to put tens of thousands to put tens of thousands of Indians in jail.of Indians in jail.

By the 1930By the 1930’’s, Britain s, Britain was having so many was having so many problems with India, problems with India, they began to give them they began to give them a few rights.a few rights.

But it wasnBut it wasn’’t enough to t enough to make Indians (and make Indians (and Gandhi) happy – they Gandhi) happy – they insisted on complete insisted on complete self-rule.self-rule.

A Separate A Separate Muslim StateMuslim State

One of the problems though One of the problems though was that there were two main was that there were two main religions in India – Hindu and religions in India – Hindu and Muslim.Muslim.

What kind of a country would What kind of a country would India be if Britain left?India be if Britain left?

Gandhi was a spokesperson Gandhi was a spokesperson for India (he was born a for India (he was born a Hindu).Hindu).

Muhammad Jinnah became a Muhammad Jinnah became a spokesperson for the Muslims.spokesperson for the Muslims.

The solution was to divide up The solution was to divide up India into India into 2 parts2 parts..

India would be a Hindu India would be a Hindu country.country.

Muslims would now live in the Muslims would now live in the part of India that was going to part of India that was going to be called be called PakistanPakistan..