untπma c≥ fen-sa‚dn fpyp-t°-j≥scert.kerala.gov.in/images/2018/ded/malayalam.pdf · 1...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Untπma C≥ Fen-sa‚dn FPyp-t°-j≥
DIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION D.El.Ed.
t]∏¿ ˛ 103 aebmfw ˛ `mjbpw Ip´nbpw
kwÿm\ hnZym- ymk Kth-jW]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)
bqWn‰v 1 - ˛ hmsamgnhg°ßƒ
bqWn‰v 2 ˛ `mjm]T\Øns‚ Bcw`w
bqWn‰v 3 ˛ `mjWhpw hmb\bpw
bqWn‰v 4 ˛ Ip´nIfpsS kmlnXyw
ska-ÿ ˛ 1
2
3
bqWn‰v ˛1
hmsamgn hg°wD≈-S°w
$ ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS CuSp-h-bv]p-I-fm-bn- p-ff \mS≥]m- p-Iƒ, ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ, ISw-
I-Y-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW t\Sp-Ibpw Ah-bpsS kmln-Xy-]-chpw kmwkvIm-
cn-I--hp-amb {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
$ sNm¬°m-gvN, skan-\m¿, \nL≠p \n¿Ωm-Ww, `mjm-tI-fn-Iƒ, ]Xn-∏p-\n¿ΩmWw F∂nh-
bn-eqsS hmsamgn ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ Bkzm-Z-\hpw ¢mkv apdn-bn¬ `mjm-]-T-\-Øns‚ sshhn-
[y-]q¿W-amb km[y-X-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
sNm¬°mgvN
$ IhnX sNm√p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Zriym-\p-`-h-am°n Ah-X-cn -∏n -°p-∂-XmWv
sNm¬°mgvN.
$ H∂p apX¬ F´mw ¢mkv hsc ]Tn® \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fpsS sNm¬°mgvN Ah-X-
c-Ww.
$ ICT A[n-jvTn-X-ambn \mS≥]m- p-I-fpsS Zriy- wKn Bkz-Zn-°¬/sNm¬°mgvN
Bkz-Zn°¬.
\mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ Xmf-an´p ]mSp-tºmƒ hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ {][m-\-am-W-t√m. hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ Xmf-
an´p ]mSmw.
$ sNm√n-c-kn°mw
$ sXøm-Xn-\t¥mXn\-¥n-\-t¥m.....
sXø-Øn-\-t¥m-Xn-\-¥n-\-t¥m...
$ sXø-Xn-\-t¥m-Xn-\-¥n\w Xmtc...
sXtøm-Xn-\-t¥m-Xn-\-¥n\w Xmtcm.....
$ XnØ\w sXø∂w Xmtcmw Xmcw
XnØ∂w sXø∂w Xmtcm...
$ XmXnt¥m Xn¥n-t¥m-Xn\
Xn¥m-Xn-\-t¥m....
Xn\-Xn-t¥m Xn¥nt¥mXn\
Xn¥mXn \t¥m.....
$ sXøIw Xn¥an sXøIw Xmtc
sXøIw Xn¥an sXøIw Xmtcm...
$ B Xnt¥m Xn∂n-t¥m-Xn\ Xn¥m-Xn-\-t¥m.....
B Xnt¥m Xn¥n-t¥m-Xn\ Xn¥m-Xn-\-t¥m....
$ XmcnIw Xmcm-tcm-sX-ø-XI
XmcnIw Xmcm-tcm...
XmcnIw Xmcmtcm sXø-XI
Xmcncw Xmcm-tcm.....
hyXy-kvX-Xcw hmbvØm-cnIƒ tiJ-cn®p sNm√mw
4
hmbvØkmcn ˛ N¿®m-kq-N-I-߃
$ hmbvØm-cn-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw
$ Xmf-{Iaw
$ hyXy-kvX-Xcw hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ
$ Km\m-fl-IX
$ ¢mkv dqw {]k‡n
\mS≥ Xmfhpw hmb-vØm-cn-Ifpw
\mS≥ ]m´p-Isf√mw kwLw tN¿∂pw A√m-sXbpw Xmf-an´p ]mSp-∂-h-bm-Wv. \mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ
Ic-Xew sImt≠m, hmZyw sImt≠m Xmfw ]nSn-®mWv kzc-am-[p-cy-tØmSp IqSn Bem-]\w \S-
Øp-∂-Xv.
kwKo-X imkv{X-Øn¬ ‘PXn’°v kam-\-am-bmWv \mS≥]m- n¬ hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-
Xv. “Xmf-{I-asØ hy‡-am-°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv apJy-ambpw hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
‘Xmcn’F∂ ]Z-Øn\v Xmfw, hn[w F∂o A¿Y-ß-fp-≠v. \mS≥ Kmb-I-¿ am{X-a-√, \¿Ø-Icpw
hmZy-°mcpw ]b‰p hnZy-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-hcpw ]e-Xcw hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ samgn-bp-∂Xv tIƒ°mw.
\mS≥ Km\-ß-fn¬ Xmf-{Iaw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w KW-{I-aw, am{X XpS-ßn-bh hy‡-am-
°p-hm\pw hmbvØm-cn-I-fn-eqsS ]e-t∏mgpw km[n-°pw. sIm´p-hm-bvØm-cn, Xp≈¬hm-bv-Øm-cn,
]m´p hmbvØmcn F∂n-ßs\ {]tbmK kμ¿ -Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hmbvØm-cn-Isf Xcw Xncn-°mw.
\mS≥ kwKo-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ff Nn¥-bn¬ ]m´p hmbvØm-cn-°mWv {]k‡n”. Xmf-an´p hmbvØm-
cn-Iƒ sNm√n AXv Bh¿Øn®v G‰p-sNm-√p-tºm-gp-ff kwKo-Xm-fl-IX Bkz-Zn®v Adn-tb-≠-Xp-
X-s∂-bm-Wv. B[p-\nI kwKo-X-Øns‚ ASn-th-cp-Iƒ tXSp-tºmƒ \mw sNs∂-ØpI \mS≥
kwKoX (Flok Song)Ønem-bn-cn-°pw.
\mS≥ ]m´ns‚ hgn-Iƒ
\mS≥ ]m´v ˛sk-an-\m¿
]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp∂ taJ-e-Iƒ
$ \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fpsS Ncn{X {]m[m\yw
$ kmaq-lnI PohnXw
$ k-wkv°mcw
$ Ncn{Xw
$ \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fpsS kmlnXyw
$ h¿W\
$ Ae-¶mcw
$ _nw_-I-ev]\
$ \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fnse kwKoXw
$ Xmf-h´w
$ sNm¬h-Snhv
$ \mS≥ ]m´p-Ifnse `mj
$ {]mZ-in-IX
$ {]tbmK khn-ti-jX
$ emfnXyw
a\p-jys‚ Bi-bm-hn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ BZy cq]-
sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv A¿Yc-ln-X-amb hmbvØm-
cn-Ifpw ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw \mS≥ ]m- p-Ifpw ISw-
I-Y-Ifpw cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv. Hcp Xe-ap-d-bn¬
\n∂pw ASpØ Xe-ap-d-bn-te°v hmsam-gn-bmbn
{]N-cn® \mtSmSn hmMvab kmlnXyw (Oralliterature) hmMvab kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ (Oralculture){][m\ LS-I-ß-fn¬ H∂m-Wv.
5
\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\obw/t^mIvtem¿
a\p-jys‚ BZn-a-kw-kvIm-c-sØbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw Ipdn-®p-ff At\z-jW ]T-\-ß-fn¬ {it≤-
b-amWv t^mIvtem¿ ]T\imJ. hneyw tPm¨ tXmwkv 1846˛¬ t^mIvtem¿ F∂-]Zw BZyambn-
D]-tbm-Kn-®-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv khn-ti-jamb PohnX kwkvIm-csØ apgp-h≥ Dƒs°m-≈p∂
]T\ taJ-e-bmbn t^mIvtem¿ ]T\w i‡n {]m]n-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp Iq´m-bva-bmbn \ne-\n¬°p-
∂-Xn-\p-ff khn-tij LS-I-߃ HØp-tN-cp-tºm-gmWv AXv ‘t^mIv’ (Flok) ‘Iq´mbva’ Bbn-
Øo-cp-∂-Xv. CØcw Iq´m-bva-bpsS temdn-s\-°p-dn®v/hn⁄m-\-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS
ss]XrI ]T-\-Øn\v i‡n ]I-cp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. Chn-sS-bmWv \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fp-sSbpw
\mtSmSn hg-°-ß-fp-sSbpw ]g-s©m-√p-I-fp-sSbpw ISw-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw ]T\w {]k-‡-am-bn-Øo-
cp-∂-Xv.
\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\ob ]T\w kmaq-lnI kwkvIm-chpw (Social Culture)hmMva-b-kw-kvIm-chpw
(Oral culture) `uXnI kwkvIm-chpw (Material culture) tN¿∂v kwkvIm-csØ ka-{K-am-bmWv
ImWp-∂-Xv. CXn¬ hmMvab kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-bmWv ‘hmsamgn hg°w’ F∂ bqWn‰v
]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
\mS≥ ]m-´p-Iƒ
{]m‡\ a\p-jy¿ hn{i-a-th-f-I-fnepw sXmgn-en-S-
ß-fnepw AhcpsS Zp:Jßfpw thZ-\-Ifpw ]¶p-
hbv-°p-∂-Xns‚ D]m-[n-bm-bn- m-Wv, Xmfm-fl-I-amb
hmbvØm-cn-Ifpw G‰p-]m-Sp∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff eLp-
Km-\-ß-fpw ]m´p-I-fmbpw sNm¬Im-gvN-I-fmbpw
\rØ-Km-\-ß-fmbpw ]mSn-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. CXv
Ahs‚/Ah-fpsS Pohn-X- Im-gvN-Ifpw A\p- -h-
ßfpw IqSn-bm-Wv. Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-ßfpw Imgv-N-Ifpw
amdp-tºmƒ ]pXnb Iq´n-tN¿°-ep-Ifpw ]m´p-I-
fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fpsS Km\m-
fl-I-Xbpw Xmfm-fl-I-Xbpw {KmaoW ssien-Ifpw
{]tbm-K-ßfpw Ae-¶mc Iev]-\-Ifpw A∂sØ
a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ß-fpsS Imhym-fl-I-
amb Bhn-jvIm-c-ambn amdp-tºmƒ Ah-tbm-
tcm∂pw kmw-kvIm-cnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ IqSn AS-
bm-f-ambn amdp-∂p-≠v.
{]m‡\ a\p-jy-cpsS B{K-l-]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn \mS≥I-ebpw \mS≥]m´pw {]tbm-P-\-
s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ AXn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ BÀm-Zm-\p- qXn ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. CXv P\\w apX¬
acWw hsc-bp-ff F√m NS-ßp-I-fnepw BNm-c-ß-fnepw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw \ap°v ImWm≥
Ign-bpw. \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fnse kmaq-lnI ]cm-a¿ihpw \m´-dn-hp-Ifpw `mjm-k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifpw
kmln-Xy-aq-eyhpw ]pcm-hrØ km∂n-[yhpw hfsc Bg-Ønepw khn-tij {]m[m-\y-
tØmSpIqSnbpw th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. At∏mƒ am{Xta \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fpsS bYm¿Y {]m-[m-
\yhpw {]k-‡nbpw \ap°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.
h¿Ko-I-cWw
\mS≥ ]m´p-I-fpsS h¿Ko-I-cWw Gsd {]bm-k-I-c-am-sW-¶nepw hwiob ]mc-ºcyw, Ah-X-cW
]›m-Ø-ew, CXn-hrØ kz`m-hw, tZi-t -Z-w, ]m´p-I-fpsS [¿Ωw, ckm-\p- qXn XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ h¿Ko-I-cn®p ImWp-∂p-≠v. D≈q¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿ tIcf kmlnXy Ncn-{X-
Øn¬, Km\-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hme-bpsSbpw \mcm-b-Øn-s‚bpw HØmi IqSmsX
]c-°p∂ \mtSm-Sn-∏m- p-Isf tZh-Xm-]q-P, hoc-]p-cp-jm-cm-[-\, hnt\m-Zw, imkv{Xw, Ipe-hr-Øn,
tiJ-cWw
$ \mS≥ ]m´ns‚ tiJ-c-Whpw Ah-
bpsS ]p\-cp-]-tbm-Khpw hfsc {]
[m-\-s∏- -Xm-Wv.]g-a-bpsS i‡nbpw
`mjm ku-μ-cyhpw kwKo-Xm-fl-
I-Xbpw Pohn-Xm-\p- -hhpw Xncn-®-
dn-bp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w CXv Ncn-{X-]-
chpw kmkv°m-cn-I-hp-amb At\z-
jWw IqSn-bm-Wv.
$ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ {][m-\-s∏´
\mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ (hwiob/kmap-Zm-
bnI ]m´p-Iƒ,hnt\m-Z-∏m- p-Iƒ, ]
Wn-∏m- pIƒ) tiJ-cn®v \mS≥
]m v Ah-X-cWw \S-Ømw.
$ \mS≥ ]m v HmUntbm tIƒ°mw.
6
kZm-Nmcw F∂o hnj-b-ß-fn-embn Bdp Xc-Øn-emWv hn -Pn-®p-Im-Wp-∂-Xv. CXp IqSmsX hS-
°≥ ]m´p-I-fmbpw sX°≥ ]m´p-I-fmbpw as‰mcp Xcw hn -P\w ImWp-∂p-≠v. CØcw hn -P-\-
߃°v Gsd ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D≈-Xn-\m¬ tUm.Fw.-hn.-hnjvWp \ºq-Xncn, hwiob (kmap-Zm-bn-I)
]m´p-Iƒ, A\p-jvTm-\-߃, hnt\m-Z-∏m- p-Iƒ, ]Wn-∏m- p-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ \mep hn`m-K-Øn-emWv
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
hwiob/kmap-Zm-bnI ]m´p-Iƒ
\ΩpsS \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fn¬ `qcn- m-Khpw PmXn, h¿K, kmap-Zm-bn-I, hwiob ]mc-ºcyw ImØp
kq£n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Cu ]m´p-Iƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kmkvIm-cn-Ihpw mjm-
]-c-hp-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Ch-cpsS ]m´p-I-fn¬ \ap°v Z¿in-°m≥ Ign-bpw. ]p≈p-h≥ ]m´v,
the¿ ]m v, ae-b¿ ]m v, {_“Wn∏m v, ]pe-b¿ ]m v, am∏nf∏m v XpS-ßn-b ]m´p-I-fpsS t]cp-
Iƒ Xs∂ hwi-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ kqN-\-bmWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
am∏n-f-∏m´v (amXr-I)
$ Cui¬]qa-I-fmsW lpkv\p¬ Pam¬]p∂m-c-Ømcw anI¥ _ohntla-߃ satØ ]Wn-Nn-ØncwB -c-W-t°mh AWns¥ _ohn\ma-߃ FÆn-∏-d-™m¬ Xocm\h-cXv\ Nn¶mcw ]qs≠ _ohnImam-\-°m-gvN°Xp¿∏-sa¥mwIØpw XJvØn¬ acp≠p _ohnac-X-I-Øp-Inepw sRmdn-™p-SpØvamWn-°-ss°-c-≠-dn™p hoin
]cp-°n-Ø-em-Snbpw Ip\n™vs]cp-am≥ IgpØpw sNcn-Øpw-sIm≠vIcn-t]mƒ CSØpw he-Øn- q∂nI¨]n-cn-sh´n Npgp-‰n-S-en¬hcn-\q¬a-Z\w Xcn™v t\m°pw]hn-g-s∏m≥Np-≠mse s]m≥Nn-cnØpws]m≥Nn-cn-Ø-∂-S-®m-b-en¬]qam-\-tXhn hc-hp-X-∂n¬X©-߃ Pn∂pw-a-\p-h¿I-≠m¬X≥t_m[w hn´p aZ-s∏-Spta
˛_Z-dp¬ap-\o¿lp-kv\¬ Pam¬˛
A\p-jvTm-\-∏m-´p-Iƒ
BNm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw `mK-ambn A\p-jvTn-°p∂ PmXn/aX-]-c-amb I¿Ω-
߃, Bcm-[-\-Iƒ, a{¥-hm-Z-{In-b-Iƒ, D®m-S\ I¿Ω-߃, tZh-tXm-]m-k-\, A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-
amb D’hm-tLm-j-߃ XpS-ßn-b-hbv°p th≠n ]mSp∂ ]m´p-I-fmWv A\p-jvTm\∏m´p-Iƒ.
tXm‰w ]m´p-Iƒ, k¿∏∏m´p-Iƒ, apSn-tb‰p ]m´p-Iƒ, ]S-b-Wn-∏m- p-Iƒ, IpØn-tbm- -∏m- p-Iƒ,
ItÆ¿]m v XpS-ßn-bh A\p-jvTm\∏m´p-I-fn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
tXm‰w-]m´v
$ apØ-∏≥ tXm‰wHt∂Sw ap≠p∂ ]mSn-°p-ddnap≠n \nh¿∂-hnsS \n¬°p-t∂cwIp™≥ ‘Ipc-temi’ tIƒ∏m-\p≠v\nep-]p-dhpw Xncn-™p-t\m°nFßm-s\-tc-SØpw Im◊m-\n√]nt∂bpw ap≠p∂p ]mSn-°p‰nA√-sem-gn-™ßp apßp-t∂cwXncp-s\-‰n-°-√ns‚ Xmgvhc-bn¬s]m≥a-bn¬ t]me-hnsS \oWv I≠p
ssIsIm-´n-tbm-a-\-bn-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠vssIsIm-´n-tbm-a-\-bn-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠vAtøm-¶-c-tam-temØpw sIm≠p sN∂pAt∏mƒ]-d-bp∂p Aø-¶cC{X-\-s√mcp s]m\vaI\Fhn-Sp-∂p-In´n ]mSn-°p‰nXncp-h¿I-S-hn¬ Ipfn-°p-t∂cwhoWn‰p In´o\n s]m≥a-I\Is≠-Sp-Øp-t≈mcp s]m≥a-I∂vFt¥mcp ]m¬sIm-Sp-Øp-sa-bv h-f¿Ømw.
7
hnt\m-Z-∏m-´p-Iƒ
hnt\m-Z߃°pw Ifn-Iƒ°pw th≠n ]mSp∂ ]m´p-I-fmWv hnt\m-Z-∏m- p-Iƒ. \nc¿Y-I-ß-sft∂m
Akw-_-‘-ß-sft∂m tXm∂p∂ ]m´p-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\ [¿Ωw hnt\m-Zn-∏n-°-em-b-Xp-
sIm-≠mWv AØcw ]m´p-Isf Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-f-f-Xv. tIm¬°-fn, Nhn- p-I-fn,
ssIsIm´n°fn, Z vIfn, Nc-Sp-]n-∂n-°-fn, ]cn-N-Ifn XpS-ßnbh Ch-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏- -h-bm-Wv.
tIm¬°-fn-∏m- p-Iƒ
XmXbv Xbv Xbv XntØmw
N{I-sam∂p Nhn-s -s‚tøm
(Xm.........X-bv)
tIfp-]p-©-\-\-s®‚tøm
(Xm.........X-bv)
sXøn-Øn-\p-t¥m-Xn\pw Xn\pw Xmtcm
sXtøm-Xn-\pt¥m Xn\pw Xn\pw Xmtcm
ImIw ]d-∂mepw FØm-Ø-ImtS
Ipcn-b-ep-Ip-Øn-®mepw FØmØ ImtS
tNc s]mf-™mepw FØmØ ImtS
Ffp-h¿°pw Iqsdm-f-sfm-sc-fp-h-Æq¿ ImtS
Ffp-h-¥p-cp-Øn\v t]mIm-\-s°mt≠
Bfpw ASn-bmcpw sh≈-Øn-t°-dntb
]Wn-∏m-´p-Iƒ
sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´hbmWv ]Wn-∏m- p-Iƒ. sXmgn-ens‚ Bbmkw Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n
B\-μhpw Bizm-khpw \¬Ip-I-bmWv CØcw ]m´p-I-fpsS [¿Ωw. sImbvØp-]m- v, tX°p-]m-
´, h≈-∏m- v, N{I-∏m v, \pW-∏m v XpS-ßn-bh Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂p.
N{I-∏m´v
$ hμ-\-°fn
DeIpX∂n-ep-ff Io¿Ønhf¿Ø-sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥DÆn-bmbn aÆ-f∂psIm≠-sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥Ben≥ apI-tfdn IqSn˛s°m≠-sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥BS-IƒI-h¿∂p-sIm≠vs]mb-sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥aØ-hm-c-W-Øn≥ sImº
S¿Ø-sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥aØ `mc-saØ ta¬ InS˛∂sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥aØ-\mb Iwks\ h[n˛®sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥A¥-Øm-f-Xn-an¿sXømC¥-Ømf Xnan¿sXømX°-W-X°w XcIn Xn√-sXØ
A[nI hmb-\bv°v
$ \ΩpsS \mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ ˛(NBS)
$ ae-bmf kmlnXyw Ime-L- -ß-fn-eqsS ˛ Fcp-taen ]c-ta-iz-c≥ ]n≈
$ tIc-f-Ønse \mS≥ kwKo-Xw - tUm.-Fw.-hn.-hnjvWp \ºq-Xncn
$ \mtSmSn hnPvRm-\o-bw- - tUm.-Fw.-hn.hnjvWp \ºq-Xncn
]g-s©m¬ kmlnXyw
\ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ hfsc IrXy-ambpw Ipdn-°psIm≈p∂ Xc-Ønepw Nne¿ ]g-
s©m¬ {]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS Bib {]Im-i\w \S-Øp-∂Xv \n߃ {i≤n-®n- p-≠m-hpw. Nne ]g-
s©m-√p-Isf \ap°v hymJym-\n®p t\m°mw. \n߃°-dn-bm-hp∂ ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q.
$ A°sc \n¬°p-tºmƒ C°sc ]®
$ ARvP-\-sa-∂Xv Rm\-dnbpw a™-fp-t]mse shfp-Øn-cn-°pw.
$ A∏w Xn∂m¬ t]mtc Ipgn FÆtWm?
$ B‰n¬ If-™mepw Af∂p If-b-Ww.
8
$ I -hs\ ImWm-™m¬ I≠-hs\ Igp-th-‰p-I.
$ Im° Ipfn-®m¬ sIm°m-Iptam?
$ Ipdp-°≥ NØmepw IÆv tImgn-°q- n¬.
$ NØ Ip™ns‚ PmXIw t\m°p-I.
$ ]ip NØp tamcns‚ ]pfnbpw t]mbn.
$ saØ-bn¬ InS-∂m¬ hnZy-bp-≠m-hn-√.
$ ]ØΩ Na-™mepw s]‰-Ω-bm-In-√.
]g-s©m√pw PohnX hymJym-\hpw
Hcp P\-X-bpsS kmkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmln-Xy-]-c-hp-amb Pohn-X-Øns‚ k¿Km-fl-I-
amb Bhn-jvIm-c-am-bn- mWv ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. hmNn-I-ambn ]I¿∂p hcp-∂-h-
sb√mw hmsam-gn-h-g-°-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw Ah-sb√mw kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fm-I-W-sa-∂n-√. `mj kuμ-
cym-fl-Ihpw Iem-fl-I-hp-ambn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-tºm-gm-W-t√m, AXv kmlnXycq]-am-Ip-∂-Xv. AXp-
sIm-≠mWv ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fmbn Xocp-∂-Xv. “Hcp P\kaqlw ]t≠-°p-]t≠
]d™p hcp∂ ]g°w h∂n- p-ff sNm√pI”-sf-∂mWv D≈q¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
km[m-cW P\-X-bpsS A\p- -h-⁄m-\hpw PohnX ]cn-N-bhpw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw B‰n-°p-dp°n
kuμ-cym-fl-I-ß-fm-bn- mWv Ah cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv. Hcp Xe-ap-d-bn¬ \n∂v ASpØ Xe-ap-d-bn-
te°v hmsam-gn-bmbn {]N-cn-°p-tºmgpw A¿Y-{K-l-W-Øn\v XS w t\cn-Sp-∂n-s√∂v am{X-a-√,
]pXnb Ime-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]pXnb hymJym\ km[y-X-Ifpw Ah Xpd∂p Xcp-∂p-≠v. Ime-
sØbpw Pohn-X-sØbpw hymJy-\n-°m-\p-ff A\¥ km[y-X-I-fmWv ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ apt∂m- p-
h-bv°p-∂-Xv. “kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ Xs∂ Imcy-K¿ -ßfpw lrZb kv]r°pw k¿thm-]cn D®m-c-W-
Øn\v AXy-[n-I-amb kuIp-am-cy-Øm¬ kap-√-kn-X-ß-fp-amb A\Xn Zo¿L-hm-Iy-ß-fm-Wh”F∂mWv {ioI-WvtT-izcw ]fl-\m- -]n-ff ]gw-s©m-√n\v A¿Yw I¬∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
]g-s©m-√p-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
$ A\p- -h⁄m\w
$ {]mtZ-in-IX
$ ]mT-t`Zw
$ PohnX kμ¿`w
$ AXn-i-tbm‡n
$ \¿Ωw
$ hywKym¿Y Na¬°mcw
$ Imhy-ku-μcyw
$ `mjm khn-ti-jX
$ Xmfm-fl-IX
$ emfnXyw
]g-s©m-√ns‚ A¿Y hym]vXn
]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ hmsam-gn-bmbn {]tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ AXv, Hmtcm ImesØ kmaq-ly-Po-hnX ImgvN-
I-sfbpw Z¿i-\-ß-sfbpw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. F√m ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw kμ¿`-Øn-\-\p-k-
cn®v {]tXy-I-amb A¿Yhpw (‘k∂n-lnX kμ¿`w’) kzX-{¥-ambn \n¬°p-tºmƒ kmam-\y-
\nco-£-W-Øn-s‚bpw A\p-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw
shfn-®-Øn¬ kmam\yP\-߃ P∑w \¬Inb
Nn¥-bpsS cq]-amWv ]g-s©m-√v.
‘Icn-ºn\v Iºv tZmjw’ F∂ hkvXpX A\p-
-h-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv a\p-jy¿ {Kln-®-Xv. “Xobn-
√msX ]pI-bn-√” F∂Xv as‰mcp A\p-`-h-
⁄m-\-amWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
“ASp°°nS-∂mte cm∏-\n-b-dnbq” F∂
sNm√pw AØ-c-Øn-ep-f-f-XmWv.
- ˛tUm:Fw.hn.-hn-jvWp-\-ºq-Xncn
9
h¬°-cWw hgn s]mXp-hmb A¿Yhpw (‘hnim-e-amb kμ¿`w’) \¬Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ c≠p-Xcw
A¿Yw D¬∏mZn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, ‘G´nse ]ip ]p√p Xn∂p-I-bn√' F∂ sNm√ns‚ hnime kμ¿`w \¬Ip∂
A¿Yw ]pkvX-I-Ønse ]ip ]p√p Xn∂p-I-bn√ F∂pw AXn-s\-s°m≠v Hcp {]tbm-P-\hpw
C√ F∂-Xp-am-W-t√m. CXv Hcp kμ¿ -Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn®p t\m°mw. Hcp Hm^o-kn¬ tPmen
sNøp∂ Hcmƒ ^b-ep-Iƒ t\m°msX Ccn-°p∂ ka-b-ØmWv CXv ]d-bp-∂-sX-¶n¬, Abmƒ
sNtø≠ Imcy-߃ IrXy-ambn sNøm-Ø-Xn-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂p ImWmw.
as‰mcp kμ¿ -Øn¬: “\ΩpsS kv{Xo kpc-£-bv°p-th≠n [mcmfw \nb-a-ß-fp-≠v. ]t£ Ah-
sbm∂pw kv{XobpsS c£bv°v FØp-∂n-√. G´nse ]ip ]p√p Xn∂p-I-bn-√t√m”.F∂p ]d-bp-
tºmƒ \n -lm-bm-h-ÿ-bmWv {]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ Hcp hy‡n {]tbm-Kn-
°p∂ kμ¿ -amWv A¿YsØ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-sX∂p ]d-bm≥ Ign-bpw. k∂n-lnX kμ¿ -߃
hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ kam-\-Xbpw ImWmw. Cu k∂n-lnX kμ¿ -ßsf kmam-
\y-h-¬°-cn-°pI hgn-bmWv hnime kμ¿ -Øn-te-s°-Øp-∂-Xv.
]g-s©m-√p-Isf CØ-c-Øn¬ Bg-Ønepw ]c-∏nepw {Kln-°p-∂-Xn\v “Xmf-t_m[w, Imhy-t_m-
[w, Pohn-X-t_m-[w, ss\Xn-I-t_m-[w, ]Z-t_m-[w, ]mc-º-cy-t_m[w XpSßn `mjm-]-chpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Bg-Øn-ep-ff Adnhv Ip´n-°mew apXte”D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°-Ww. CXn-\mbn
]g-s©m¬ tiJ-c-Ww, ]g-s©m¬ hymJym-\w, ]g-s©m¬ tIfn XpS-ßnb {]h¿Ø\߃
\nc-¥cw \SØn Ah-bpsS kmkvIm-cn-I-aqeyw \ne-\n¿ØpIbpw sNømw.
Htcm Iq´m-bvabpw kmaq-ly-_-‘-ßfpw aqey-t_m-[hpw ]e-X-c-Øn-emWv {]Xy-£o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv
kv{Xosb-°p-dn-®p-ff ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
hymJym-\n°mw
]pØ-\®n ]pc-∏pdw Xq°pw
F´m-asØ s]Æv \Sp-°√v s]mfn°pw
aI≥ NØm¬ ihw; aIƒ NØm¬ ]nWw
Dds° Nncn-°p-∂-hsf De-°-sIm-≠-Sn-°Ww
s]¨ _p≤n ]n≥ _p≤n
s]Æpw aÆpw \∂m-°n-bn-S-tØmfw \∂mIpw
{]h¿Ø-\-߃
]g-s©m¬ tiJ-c-Ww, hymJym-\w, ]g-s©m¬ tIfn
]g-s©m¬ DZv -hw, hf¿®, h¿Ko-I-c-Ww˛hmb-\-°p-dn∏v
A[nI hmb-\bv°v
$ ]g-s©m¬ {]]©w ˛]n.-kn.-I¿Ø, Un.kn.-_pIvkv
$ tIcf t^mIve¿ ˛ (FUn:) -cm-L-h≥ ]ø-\m-Sv, kabw ]ªn-t°-j≥
$ t^mIvtemdns‚ kuμcy imkv{Xw ˛ tUm:tkma≥ISeq¿, Nn¥]ªn-t°-j≥
$ hnZym- ym-khpw t^mIvtemdpw ˛ tUm;tkma≥IS-eq¿, C≥sk‰v ]ªn-t°-j≥
$ t^mIvtem¿- - cm-L-h≥ ]ø-\m-Sv, tIcf `mjm-C≥Ãn-‰yq v
$ t^mIvtem¿ kao-]-\-ßfpw km[y-X-Ifpw˛ tUm: F.Fw.{io[-c≥, ae-bmf ]T-\-K-thjW
tI{μw.
$ ]Xn-\m-bncw ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ ˛ them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»-cn, Un.kn.-_pIvkv
10
ssien-Iƒ hymJym-\n°mw
$ lcn{io Ipdn-°pI
$ kzml-bm-°pI
$ ÿe-Pe {`aw
$ sh≈-cn-°m-∏´Ww
$ hnl-K-ho-£Ww
$ hmbv°-cn-bn-SpI
$ aq°p-I-b-dn-SpI
$ apSn-b-\mb ]p{X≥
$ adp I≠w NmSpI
$ ]q®v ]pd-Øm-hpI
$ ]ºIS-°pI
$ s\√n-∏Sn ImWpI
XpS-ßnb ssien-Iƒ hymJym-
\n®v A¿Yw ]d-bmw.
ioe-Øn¬ \n∂v P\n-°p-∂-h-bmWv
ssien-Iƒ. Npcp°w Nne ]Z-߃ sIm≠v hn]p-e-amb A¿Yhpw ssien-Iƒ {]Im-in-∏n-°p-
∂p. ssien-Iƒ°v hmIym¿YØn-\-∏pdw hywKm¿Y-Øn-\mWv {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Hmtcm
ssien-bp-sSbpw A¿Y-sØ-°p-dn®pw BK-a--sØ-°p-dn®pw Adn-bp-∂-Xv, Ipdn-°vs°m-≈p∂ cq]-
Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ klm-b-I-am-Ipw. ]pXn-b-Im-eØpw ssien-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.
]pXp-ssi-en-Iƒ
DZm: ASn-s]m-fn-bm-hpI, tX®p-t]m-IpI
hfsc \∂m-bn- p-≠v, Kw`o-c-am-bn- p≠v F∂ A¿Y-Øn-emWv ASn-s]m-
fn-bm-hpI F∂v {]tbm-Kn®v hcp-∂-Xv. tX®p-t]m-hpI F∂Xv ]etcmSpw
{]Wbw \Sn®v Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
DZm: ‘]q®v sXfn-bpI’
“]q®v sXfn-bpI F∂-ssi-en-bn¬ ]q®v F∂ \mahpw sXfn-bpI F∂ {Inbbpw tNcp-tºmƒ,
]qinb temlw am™p-t]mbn km£m¬ hkvXp {]Xy-£-ambn F∂p-ff hmNym¿Y-a√ clkyw
shfn-s∏-SpI F∂ hywKym¿Y-amWv \ap-°p-≠m-Ip-∂Xv”.
{]h¿Ø\w : IqSp-X¬ ssien-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v
hymJym-\n-°mw. ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°mw.
IS¶-Y-Iƒ ]dbmw
_p≤n-]-chpw ck-I-c-hp-amb mjm tIfn-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ hnImkw {]m]n® hmsamgn kmlnXy
cq]-amWv IS¶-Y-Iƒ. IS¶-Y-bn¬ c≠p `mK-ß-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. H∂v tNmZyhpw as‰m∂v DØ-c-hpw.
tNmZy- mKw mh-\m-fl-Ihpw hmNym¿Y-Øn-\-∏p-d-ap-ff hywKym¿Y {][m-\hpw Xmfm-fl-I-hpw BWv.
“s]s´∂v DØcw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hbpw F∂m¬ A¬∏w Nn¥n®v kq£vam¿Yw {Kln-
°mhp-∂-h-bp-amb Hcp Xcw KqVm¿Y hmIy-ß-fmWv IS¶-Y-Iƒ” F∂mWv tUm:Fw.hn.-hn-
jvWp-ºq-Xncn IS¶-Ybv°v A¿Yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
ssienbpw (Idiom)]g-s©m√pw (Proverb) XΩn¬ henb kmay-ap-
s≠-¶nepw hyXym-k-ßfpw Ipd-h-√. ssien-Iƒ ]s≠-∂-t]mse C∂pw
D¤-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]t£ ]g-s©m-√p-I-fn¬ ]pXnbXn√. ]g-
s©m-√ns‚ D¤hw hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂p am{X-am-Ip-tºmƒ ssien-Iƒ
hc-sam-gn-bn¬ \n∂pw D≠m-Ip-∂p. ssien-I-sf√mw A\ym-]-tZ-i-ß-fm-
bn-cn-°pw. ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ Aßs\ BI-W-sa∂v \n¿_-‘-an-√. ]g-
s©m-√p-I-fn¬ Hcp henb hn`mKw hmNym¿YØn\p ]pdta
hywKym¿Yhpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Aßs\ A√m-Ø-hbpw [mc-
fm-ap-≠v. ssien GsX-¶nepw `mhsØ As√-¶n¬ \nan-jsØ
A]q¿W-ambn hy⁄n-°p-tºmƒ ]g-s©m√v ]q¿W-ambpw Hmcm-ibw
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hym]-Im¿YØn¬ ssien-bpsS Hcp hn`m-K-amWv
]g-s©m-s√-∂n-cn-°nepw X\-Xmbn Hcp {]ÿm-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ th¿Xn-
cn™p \n¬°m≥ km[n-°-Ø-°-hÆw cq]-Ønepw `mh-Ønepw
hy‡nXzw ]pe¿Øp∂ H∂m-Wv.
˛]-g-s©m¬ {]]-©w˛ ]n.kn.-I¿Ø˛
]g-s©m√pw ssienbpw
11
IS¶-Y-Ifnte°v
1. A°sc \n¬°pw Ip´ym\
C°sc \n¬°pw Ip´ym\
tNmsS t]mIpw Ip´ym\
aosX t]mIpw Ip´ym\
D: Aºew
B¬
apXe
h©n
2. A°sc \n¬°pw Xq©mWn
C°sc \n¬°pw Xp©mWn
Iq´n ap´pw Xq©mWn
D: I¨t]mf
3. AΩ I√nepw ap≈nepw
tamfv I√ymW ]¥-enepw
D: sXßpw sXßn≥
]q-°p-ebpw
4. Ic-™n-c™p hcp-s∂mcp
I\y-I-bpsS t]cp-]-d-™m¬
FÆn-sb-Æn-sØm-≈m-bnchp˛
samscm-‰-°-Shpw
D: ag
5. ImSp-sIm-Øn-∏m-d -I≠p
]md-sIm-Øn- sh-≈ -I≠p
sh≈-sImØn sh≈w I≠p
D: tXß DS-bv°p-∂-Xv.
IS¶-Y-I-fnse `mj, kmaqly Pohn-Xw, Xmfm-fl-I-X, Imhy kuμ-cyw, Hu]ayw XpS-ßnbh
]cn-tim-[n®v IS¶-Y-I-fnse kmlnXy-]-c-hpw- kmw-kvIm-cnIhpamb {]m[m\yw t_m[y-s∏-tS-
≠-Xp-≠v. IS¶-Y-I-fpsS hnjb hym]vXn ]cn-K-Wn®v Fw.hn.-hnjvWp \ºq-Xncn Im¿jn-Iw,
ssPhn-Iw, Krlyw, imco-cn-Iw, {]Ir-Xn-Iw, k¶o¿Ww F∂n-ßs\ 5 Xc-Øn¬ hn -Pn-°p-tºmƒ
LS-\sb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n tNmZy cq]w, hmNI cq]w, Zo¿L hmN-I-cq-]w, IYm-cq]w, H‰-hm-°n-
ep-f-f-Xv, ka-kym-cq]w F∂n-ßs\ Bdp Xc-Øn-emWv cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv hn -Pn-®p- Im-Wp-∂Xv.
CØcw h¿Ko-I-cW߃ a\- n-em-°p-I IqSn sNøptºm-gmWv IS¶-Y-I-fpsS ]T\w ^e-{]-Z-am-
bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv.
]pXn-b-I-S¶-Y-Iƒ
]pXn-b ImeØpw [mcmfw IS¶-Y-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. ]pXnb kmt¶-XnI]Z-߃, imkv{X-]-
Z-߃, PohnXho£-Ww, ]pXnb `mj-Iƒ F√mw ]pXnb IS¶-Y-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ aq°n-en-cn°pw kpμ-cn-s∏-Æns‚
aq°p ]nSn-®m¬ ]m´p-]mSpw
D: tdUntbm
$ sIm®p-Imev sas√ sas√
\o≠-Imev thKw thKw
D: t¢m°nse/hm®nse kqNn-Iƒ
IS¶Y-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ Ip´n-I-fmWv IqSp-X-embpw
G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ah, _me-a-\- p-Iƒ°v BI¿j-I-ambn
tXm∂m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. AtXm-sSm∏w {]mb-ap-ffhcpw
IS¶-Y-Iƒ CjvS-s∏-Spw. cm{Xn-bn¬ Dd-ßp-∂-Xn\p apºp-
ff ka-b-ØmWv {]mtbW, IS¶-Y-I-fpsS {]tbm-Kw.
hnti-jm-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ H∂n®p tNcp-tºmƒ Hcp
hnt\m-Z-sa∂ \ne-bnepw IS¶Y-Iƒ ]d-bm-dp-≠v. apØ»n
°Y-Iƒ tIƒ°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂, IS¶Y-Iƒ ]d-bp-
∂Xpw a\- n\v Dt∑-j-Zm-b-I-am-Wv. ]e tNmZy-ß-fnepw
Hcp IY-bpsS Na-¬°mcw AS-ßn-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw
Ahsb IS¶-Y-Iƒ F∂v ]d™p hcp-∂-Xv.
DØcw Duln-°m-hp∂ \s√mcp tNmZy-amWv ISw¶Y-Iƒ.
tNmZy cq]-Øn-ep-ff hmIy-ß-fpsS DØcw {]Xn-tbm-Kn°v
]d-bp-hm≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-tºmƒ, Abmƒ ISw ]d-b-Ww.
DØcw In´msX Xm≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏- psh∂v kΩ-Xn-°p-hm-
\mWv ISw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. {]Xn-tbmKn ISw ]d-™m¬ tNmZy-
I¿Ømhp Xs∂ DØcw ]d-bWw
IS¶-Y-Iƒ Hcp ]T\w
tUm:Fw.hn.-hnjvWp \ºq-Xn-cn.
12
$ Im‰-tØmSpw IpS-h-b-d≥
D: _eq¨
XpS-ßnb ]pXnb IS¶-Y-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-Ømw.
A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v
$ tIcf t^mIve¿
$ t^mIvtemdns‚ kuμ-cy-imkv{Xw
{]h¿Ø-\-߃
$ IS¶-Y-I-fpsS Hu]-ayw, Imhym-fl-I-X, kmaq-ly-]-c-X, `mjm-k- hn-ti-
j-X, F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn®v {]_‘w Xbm-dm-°p-I.
$ ]pXnb IS¶Y-Ifpw ]gb IS¶-Y-Ifpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
$ IS¶Y∏b‰v
12
bqWn‰v 2
`mjm]T\Øns‚ Bcw`w
AΩbpsS K¿`]m{XØn¬ h®v ]eXcØnep≈ i_vZßtfmSv {]XnIcn°pIbpw `qanbn¬ P\n®p
hogp∂tXmsS ]t©{μnbßfneqsS kwthZ\w (sensation) \SØpIbpw sNbvXpsIm≠mWt√m
Ip´n temIsØ Adnbp∂Xv. AΩsb Ip™v Xncn®dnbp∂sXßs\bmbncn°pw? AΩbpw
Ip™pw XΩnep≈ Bibhn\nabw Fßs\bmbncn°pw? Ip™ns‚ Ic®n¬
Bibhn\nabØn\p≈ D]m[nbmbn IW°m°m≥ Ignbptam? Ip´n Ft∏mgmWv kwkmcn®p
XpSßp∂Xv? CØcØnep≈ [mcmfw tNmZyßfmWv inip`mjm]T\ Nn¥bpambn _‘s∏´v
\ΩpsS a\ nte°v BZyw IS∂p hcnI.
Ip´nbpsS Nncnbpw, Ip´n ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ IqP\hpw (cooing) ]eXcw i_vZßfpw (Pev]\w/
babbling) `mjbnte°p≈ hnhn[ L´ßfmbn´mWv `mjm imkv{X⁄∑m¿ hnebncpØp∂Xv.
hnhn[ {]mbØnse Ip´nIsf \nco£n®v `mjmcoXnIfpw khntijXIfpw Is≠Øn
\nco£W߃ tcJs∏SpØmw.
A[nI hmb-\bv°v : `mjmimkv{XhnthIw, sI.Fw.{]`mIchmcy¿, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-
]o-Tw, ]pdw (27-˛29)
hmbn°mw N¿® sNømw:
`mj a\pjysc kw_‘n®nStØmfw Hcp A\p{KlamWv. Bibhn\nabØn\v `mj
D]tbmKn°p∂ Htcsbmcp Pohnbpw a\pjy\mWv. a\pjy≥ `mjm¿P\w XpSßp∂ L´w
GXmWv? P\\w apXse∂pw K¿`ÿiniphmbncn°p∂ Imew apX¬s°∂pw hyXykvX
A`n{]mb߃ C∂pw \ne\n¬°p∂p.
P\n®v Bdpamkw Ne\ßfneqsSbpw hnhn[ i_vZßfneqsSbpw
{]XnIcWßfneqsSbpamWv Ip´nIƒ Bib{]IS\w \SØp∂Xv. Cu ImeL´sØ
Ipdp°¬ L´w F∂p hntijn∏n°mw. Bdpamkw Ignbptºmtg°pw IqSpX¬ hy‡ambn
Bib kwthZ\w Bcw`n®ncn°pw. Cu L´sØ sIm™¬L´w F∂p ]dbmw.
GXm≠v H∂c hb mhptºmtg°pw Ip´n Hcp kzn®n´mse∂t]mse `mjbnse ]Z߃
D]tbmKn®v Bibhn\nabw Bcw`n°p∂p. H‰∏ZØn¬ XpSßp∂ Ip´n {ItaW
Zzn]ZØnte°p IS°p∂p. {ItaW Ip´nbpsS `mjm{]tbmKØnep≠mhp∂ am‰w
hm°pIƒ°XoXamWv. \mep hb mhptºmtg°pw `mjbnse hymIcWØns‚
ASnÿm\hkvXpXIƒ IqSn Dƒs°m≈p∂ coXnbn¬ mj {]tbmKn°m≥ Ip´n ]Tn°p∂p.
k¶o¿Wamb `mjmhkvXpXIƒt]mepw Cu sNdnb {]mbØn¬ Ip´nIƒ
B¿Pn°p∂sXßs\sb∂Xv A¤pXIcamb hkvXpXbmbn C∂pw Ahtijn°p∂p.
`mjm¿P\Øn\p≈ Ignhv P∑kn≤amsW∂pw A\pIqekmlNcyßfn¬ Ip´nIƒ°v `mj
kzmbØam°m≥ Ignbpsa∂pw tNmwkvInsbt∏mep≈ ]finX∑m¿ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p.
inip°fpsS `mjm¿P\coXn hnebncpØptºmƒ c≠p Imcy߃ hy‡amIp∂p.
$ inip°ƒ `mj kzmwioIcn°p∂Xv A\pIcWØneqsSb√.
$ ipip°fpsS `mjm{]IS\tijnsb°mƒ AhcpsS `mjm{KlWtijn hfsc
hnIkn®ncn°pw.
13
ap≥]p Is≠Ønb BibßfpsSbpwIqSn ASnÿm\Øn¬ inip`mjsb°pdn®p≈
Ipdn∏v hniIe\w sNøpI.
inip`mjmL´ßƒ ]cnKWn®v `mjW khntijXIfpw `mjmhnImkhpw
kw_‘n®p≈ hniIe\°pdn∏v Xbmdm°mw.
]´nI. 1
1. ssiihmhÿbnse {]Xn{]h¿Ø\ßfpw tNjvSIfpw
2. P¬∏\ImeL´w (babbling stage)
3. eLp]Zßfp]tbmKn°p∂ L´w (beginning of vocabulary)
4. GI ]ZhmIyL´w
5. ]Zßsf kwLSn∏n®v Bib]q¿Øn hcpØp∂ L´w (combination of words intosentences)
6. `mjWIebn¬ ]q¿W kzm[o\X t\Sp∂ L´w
Ahew_w: hnZym`ymk a\x»mkv{Xhpw iniphnImkhpw tUm.sI.Pn.
cmaN{μ∏Wn°¿, ]n.sI.i¶c\mcmbW≥
]´nI 2
`mjmL´w XpSßp∂ {]mbw
Ic®n¬ P\\w
IqI¬ 6 BgvNIƒ
Akv]jvS i_vZap≠m°¬ 6 amkw
CuW hyXymk߃ 8 amkw
H‰∏Zap≈ {]tbmK߃ 1 h¿jw
c≠p]Zßfp≈ {]tbmK߃ 18 amkw
]Zßfnse {]Xyb߃ 2 h¿jw
tNmZy߃, \ntj[hmIy߃ 2½ h¿jw
A]q¿hhpw k¶o¿Whpamb LS\Iƒ 5 h¿jw
]IzX h∂ `mjWw 10 h¿jw
hnZym`ymk ]cnh¿Ø\Øn\v HcmapJw˛tIcfimkv{X kmlnXy]cnjØv
]´nIIƒ ]cntim[n®v DZmlcW߃ Is≠Ønbpw hniIe\w sNbvXpw inip`mjm hnIk\w
kw_‘n® N¿®Iƒ°v hy‡X hcpØmw.
`mjmhnImkw kw_‘n®v {][m\ambpw c≠p Xcw ImgvN∏mSpIfmWv `mjmimkv{XImc∑m¿
apt∂m´phbv°p∂Xv.
1. A\pIcWØneqsSbmWv Ip´n `mj ]Tn°p∂Xv.
2. `mj kzm`mhnIambn Ip´n B¿Pns®Sp°p∂XmWv.
14
hyhlmchmZØns‚bpw LS\mhmZØns‚bpw A\p`h⁄m\hmZØns‚bpw
ASnÿm\Øn¬ kvIn∂¿, skmkq¿, sehnkvt{Smkv XpSßnbh¿ A\pIcWØneqsSbpw
`mjbpsS LS\m]{KY\ØneqsSbpamWv `mj ]Tn°p∂sX∂p ]dbptºmƒ ⁄m\mflI
a\x»mkv{XØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ t\mwtNmwkvIn, sshtKmSvkvIn XpSßnbh¿
`mjm¿P\sØ°pdn®mWv ]dbp∂Xv.
ChcpsS {][m\s∏´ Bib߃ Is≠Øn kwhmZ N¿®bneqsS dnt∏m¿´v Xbmdm°mw.
kvIn∂dpsS Bib߃
* apXn¿∂hcpsS `mjm{]tbmKsØ A\pIcn®mWv Ip´n `mj ]Tn°p∂Xv.
*
*
*
tNmwkvInbpsS Bib߃
* k¿h`mjm hymIcWw
*
*
*
*
sshtKmSvkvInbpsS Bib߃
* Nn¥bpw `mjbpw XΩnep≈ _‘w
*
*
*
*
D®mcWhpw mjW sshIeyhpw˛N¿®m kqNI߃
$ Ip´nIfpsS kw`mjWØn¬ A\p`hs∏Smhp∂ sshhn[y߃ Fs¥√mw?
$ {]mtZinI`mj/am\I`mj ChtbmSp≈ ImgvN∏mSv F¥mbncn°Ww?
$ Ip´nIfn¬ km[mcW I≠phcp∂ `mjWsshIey߃ GsX√mw?
$ Ch `mjm¢m pIsf kzm[o\n°p∂Xv Fßs\sb√mw?
amXr`mjm`yk\Øn¬ D®mcWØn\v hfscb[nIw {]m[m\yap≠v. {]tXyIn®pw
aebmfwt]mep≈ A£tcm®mcI`mjbn¬. icnbmb D®mcWw, sX‰msXbp≈ hmb\sb
klmbn°pw. AtXmsSm∏w sX‰pIqSmsX FgpXm\pw icnbmb D®mcWw klmbIamhp∂p≠v.
D®mcWsshIeyw FgpØns\bpw _m[n°pw.
D®mcWmhbh߃
`mjmi_vZßfpsS D¬∏mZ\Øn\mbn a‰p PohnIfn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXambn Hcp {]tXyI
Ahbhhpw a\pjy\n√. izkt\{μnbßfpsSbpw ]√v, \m°v XpSßnb Zlt\{μnb hyqlØns‚
Nne `mKßfpsSbpw klmbtØmsSbmWv a\pjy\v \m\mhn[amb `mjWi_vZ߃
D®cn°m≥ Ignbp∂Xv. izmtkm—zmk {]hrØnIƒ°v hyXnbm\w hcpØns°m≠mWv
D®mcWw km[yam°p∂Xv.
`mjmi_vtZm¬∏mZ\Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ Ahbhßsf Xs∂ Ne\kzmX{¥yw D≈hsb∂pw
Ne\kzmX{¥yw C√mØh/Ipd™h F∂pw c≠mbnXncn°mw.
15
I. NeIcWw (IcWw)
II ÿncIcWw (ÿm\w)
NeIcWw : D®mcWmhbhßfn¬ XmcXtay\ Ne\ kzmX{¥yw IqSnbhbmWv
NeIcW߃ AYhm IcWw (Articulator) DZm: \mhv, IogvNp≠v
ÿncIcWw : D®mcWmhbhßfn¬ XmcXtay\ Ne\kzmX{¥yw Ipd™hbmWv
ÿncIcW߃ AYhm D®mcW ÿm\߃ (Point of Articulation) DZm:
]√v, AÆm°v (Hard palate), ta¬®p≠v apXembh
D®mcWmhbhßfpw D®mcWÿm\ßfpw
i_vZØns‚ kzX{¥k©mcØn\v `mKnIamtbm ]q¿Wamtbm XS w krjvSn®psImt≠m
IS∂pt]mIp∂ `mK߃°v BIrXn hyXymkw hcpØntbm BWv hnhn[ `mjmi_vZ߃
]pds∏Sphn°p∂Xv. hnhn[ßfmb `mjmi_vZßfpsS D¬∏mZ\ {]{Inbsb°pdn®v Adnhv
e`n°p∂Xn\v AXn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂ Ahbhßsf∏‰nbpw Adn™ncnt°≠Xp≠v.
taepfn∏√v, tamW (Alveolum), ITn\Xmep (Hard palate), arZpXmep (Soft palate) XpSßnbhbmWv
D®mcWÿm\߃. Iogv®p≠v, \mhns‚ A{Kw, D]m{Kw, a[yw, aqew XpSßnbhbmWv
IcW߃ (Articulators)
1. ]√p-Iƒ 2. Du\v 3. Np≠p-Iƒ 4. \mkm-Zzmcw
5. \mhv 6. Pnlzm{Kw 7. Pnlzm-Xew 8. Pnlzm-aqew
9. arZp-Xmep 10. ITn-\-Xmep 11. Dƒ\m°v
12. IWvT-\m-f-io¿jw 13. \mZ-X-¥p-°ƒ
14. izmk-\mfw
i_vZw ]pds∏Sphn°m≥ klmbn°p∂ Ahbhßsf°pdn®pw AhbpsS
{]h¿Ø\ßsf°pdn®pw A[ym]I¿°pw Ip´nIƒ°pw kmam\y[mcW D≠mbncn°Ww.
a\ n¬ cq]w sIm≈p∂tXm tIƒ°p∂tXm Bb Bib߃ i_vZcq]Øn¬
BhnjvIcn°pIbmWv D®mcWØneqsS sNøp∂Xv. izmkKXnsb \nb{¥n®pw
D®mcWmhbhßsf DNnXamb coXnbn¬ Nen∏n®pamWv \mw Hmtcm A£chpw D®cn°p∂Xv.
AXpsIm≠pXs∂ D®mcWmhbhßfpsS Ne\ßsf kw_‘n® hy‡amb [mcW icn-
bmb D®mcWØn\v A\nhmcyamWv.
BlmcØn\pw izmtkm—zmkØn\pap]tbmKn°p∂ Ahbh߃Xs∂bmWv D®mcWØn\pw
klmbIamhp∂Xv. CXn¬ {]m[m\yw izmtkm—zmk Ahbh߃°mWv. D—zmkhmbphmWv
IqSpX¬ i_vZ߃°p ImcWambnØocp∂Xv.
IWvTw, HmjvTw, Z¥w, aq¿[mhv, Xmep, h¿’w apXemb AwKßfpw AhbpsS `mKßfpamWv
D®mcWØn\v klmbIamb hmKn{μnb߃. ChbpsS ÿm\ßfn¬ \mhv X´ptºmgp≠mIp∂
[z\nIfmWv hyRvP\߃. aq°v, sNhn, izmktImiw apXembhbpw D®mcWsØ
16
klmbn°p∂p. `mjmi_vtZm®mcWØn\v klmbn°p∂ Ahbhßfn¬ Ne\ kzmX{¥yw
D≈Xpw C√mØXpap≠v. \mhn\p Ne\kzmX{¥yap≈t∏mƒ Z¥Øn\p Ne\kzmX{¥yan√.
i_vZap≠m°p∂Xn\mbn D®mcWmhbh߃ sXmSp∂ mKsØbmWv D®mcWÿm\w F∂p
]dbp∂Xv. i_vtZm®mcWØn\v D®mcWmhbhßfpsSbpw D®mcWÿm\Øns‚bpw
H∂n®p≈ {]h¿Ø\w BhiyamWv. i_vZßsf D®mcWmhbhßfpsSbpw
D®mcWÿm\Øns‚bpw D®mcWcoXnbpsSbpw ASnÿm\Øn¬ HmjvTyw, Z¥yw, h¿’yw,
aq¿[\yw, IWvTyw, Xmehyw F∂nßs\ Xcw Xncn°mw.
D®mcWsshIey߃
`mjm`yk\Øn¬ hfsc {]m[m\yap≈XmWv D®mcWw. F∂m¬ ¢m papdnIfn¬ ]e
XcØnep≈ D®mcWsshIey߃ I≠phcp∂p. am\knIhpw imcocnIhpamb
Zu¿_eyßfmWv D®mcW sshIeyØn\p≈ {][m\ ImcW߃. am\knIsshIey߃,
imcocnI\yq\XIƒ, amXrIm]camb D®mcWØns‚ A`mhw, A\h[m\X, D®mcWØn¬
kmZriyap≈ A£c߃ apXembh D®mcWsshIeyØn\p ImcWamIp∂p≠v. sIm©¬,
sIm™, Ahy‡`mjWw, hn°v XpSßnbh Chbn¬s∏Sp∂p.
* {]mtZinI`mj˛aebmf`mjbnse {]mtZinIt`Z߃˛(A[ym]Iklmbn hmeyw˛2 ]pdw
3˛9 {]tbmP\s∏SpØmw)
tIcfØn¬ ]md»me apX¬ Imk¿tKmUphsc k©cn°p∂h¿°v tIƒ°m≥ Ignbp∂
aebmfw ]eXmbncn°pw. Hmtcm {]tZiØn\pw AhcptSXmb mjmssienbpw mjmt`Zhpap≠v.
Hcp {]tZiØp]tbmKn°p∂ aebmfw tIcfØns‚ as‰mcp `mKØp≈h¿°v
a\ nemhWsa∂n√.
$ F¥q´m ]dbWv? Xriq¿°mcpsS Cu hmIyw \nßfpsS {]tZisØ `mjbnte°p
am‰nt\m°q? hyXymk߃ Fs¥√mw?
$ tIcfØnse hnhn[ {]tZißfn¬ ]Z/hmIyXeßfn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ hyXymk߃
At\zjn®p Is≠ØpI.
Ip´n kwkmcn°p∂Xv AhfpsS ho´nepw \m´nepap≈ mjbmWv. AXv kwkmcn°p∂Xn\mWv
Ahƒ°p Ignhp≈Xv. AhfpsS `mjmtijnsb kzm[o\n°p∂Xv Ahfpƒs∏´
`mjmkaqlØn¬ \n∂v e`n°p∂ A\p`hßfmWv. BZyL´ßfn¬ Ip´n `bclnXambn
\n t¶mNw `mj {]tbmKn°Wsa¶n¬ AhfpsS `mjbn¬Øs∂ kwkmcn°m\p≈
A\phmZap≠mIWw. CXn¬ [mcmfw {]mtZinIt`Z߃ Dƒt®¿∂psh∂p hcmw. AXp
kzm`mhnIamWv. Ah At∏mƒØs∂ XncpØn am\I`mj kwkmcn°m≥ \n¿_‘n°p∂Xv
Ip´nIfpsS BflhnizmksØbpw `mjm]T\sØbpw kmcambn _m[n°m\nSbp≠v.
`mjm{]tbmKØn¬ Bflhnizmkw h∂p Ign™m¬ {ItaW am\I`mj ]cnNbs∏Sp∂Xn\pw
Bhiym\pkcWw {]tbmKn°p∂Xn\pw Ahkcw \¬Imhp∂XmWv.
`mjmt`ZßtfmSv ]ptcmKa\]camb \ne]mSv kzoIcnt°≠XmWv. {]mtZinI P\hn`mKØns‚
kmwkvImcnIhpw `mjm]chpamb khntijXIƒ AwKoIcnt°≠Xp≠v. GsX¶nepw Hcp
P\hn`mKØns‚ `mj D¬°rjvSsa∂pw as‰mcnSsØ `mj A]cnjvIrXsa∂pw
hn[n°p∂XpXs∂ P\m[n]Xyk¶ev]߃°p \nc°p∂X√. `mjbpsS PohØmb
kzcq]amWv {]mtZinIXzw. CXwKoIcn°pI F∂√. sshtZinI`mjbv°p D∂X]Zhn \¬In
amXr`mjsb Ah⁄tbmsS kao]n°p∂Xpw am\I`mjbv°p DXvIrjvSÿm\w \¬In
`mjmt`Zßsf AwKoIcn°mXncn°p∂Xpw Htc at\m`mhØns‚ c≠p apJßfmWv.
{]mtZinIØ\na {]Xn^en∏n°p∂ hmbvsamgnt`Z߃ \ΩpsS `mjbpsS kºØmsW∂v
Xncn®dntb≠Xp≠v. AXn\m¬ am\I`mjbnep≈ `mjm]T\kma{KnIƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂
17
Ip´n°v {]mtZinIhyhlmc`mjbpsS Poh\pw, i‡nbpw kuμcyhpw Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\pw
Ahkcw e`n°Ww. \mS≥]m´pIƒ, IYIƒ, \mSI߃, t\mhepIƒ XpSßnb
kmlnXyIrXnIfpambn CS]gIp∂XneqsS CXp km[yamIpw. k¿KmflIcN\bnepw
Bib{]IS\Ønepw Xt‚Xmb ssien cq]s∏SpØnsbSp°p∂Xn\pw CXp klmbIamIpw.
D®mcWsshIey߃ `mjm¢m pIsf kzm[o\n°p∂sXßs\? Ch ]cnlcn°p∂Xn\v
A[ym]Isc∂ \nebn¬ sNømhp∂ {]h¿Ø\߃ Fs¥√mw? klmbI{KŸßƒ hmbn®v
Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.
$ Ip´nIfpsS `mj \nco£n®v ]ZtImiw \n¿Ωn°mw.
`mjmkn≤m¥ßfnte°v....
⁄mXrkn≤m¥ßƒ (Cognitive Theories)
⁄mXrimkv{XØnse apJyhnjbßfnsem∂mWv `mjm]T\w. F¬.Fkv.hntKmSvkvIn,
]nbmsj, {_qW¿, tNmwkvIn XpSßnb ⁄mXrhmZnIsf√mw Xs∂ `mjm]T\sØ°pdn®v
AhcptSXmb k¶ev]߃ apt∂m´ph®n´p≠v. {]k‡amb GXm\pw Bib߃ NphsS
tN¿°p∂p.
1. F¬.Fkv.hntKmSvkvIn
hntKmSvkvInbpsS Thought and Language F∂ ]pkvXIØn¬ Nn¥sbbpw `mjsbbpw
Ipdn®p≈ N¿® AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv iniphns‚ P\\w apX¬ ssiihL´ßfneqsSbp≈
hf¿®sb tI{μoIcn®psIm≠mWv. iniphns‚ tcmZ\hpw (crying) IqIepw (cooing) Nn¥bpambn
_‘an√mØ `mjbmWv (non-congnitive language). amXm]nXm°fpw Ip´nbpw XΩnep≈
_‘sØ ZrVs∏SpØpIsb∂ kmaqly[¿ΩamWv CØcw Nn¥mclnX i_vZ߃
\n¿hln°p∂Xv. CtXmsSm∂n®p Xs∂ `mjbpambn _‘an√mØ Nn¥bpap≠v.
Iºp]tbmKn®v Hcp Ifn∏m´saSp°m≥ {ian°p∂Xpt]msebp≈ \mUot]io{]h¿Ø\߃
CXn\v DZmlcWamWv. BZyhm°v kzmbØam°p∂ thfbn¬ kzX{¥amb Cu
hnImkamXrIIfpsS ka\zbamWv \S°p∂Xv. mjmhnImkØns‚ hnkvt^mS-\Ønte°mWv
AXp \bn°p∂Xv. iniphn\v Xm≥ ]Tn°p∂ Hmtcm hm°ns‚bpw A¿Ysas¥∂v Adnbm\p≈
B{Klap≠v. Hmtcm A\p`hØns‚bpw (DZm:˛arKime kμ¿in°¬), Xm≥ A`napJoIcn°p∂
Hmtcm hkvXphns‚bpw (DZm:-˛N{μ≥) t]sc¥msW∂v Ip´n At\zjn°p∂p. Cßs\
kzmwioIcn°s∏Sp∂ Hmtcm Cgbpw as‰m∂ns‚ kzmwioIcWØn\v klmbIambnØocp∂p.
Nn¥bpsSbpw mjbpsSbpw ka\zbsØ {]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂Xn\v hntKmSvkvIn D]tbmKn®Xv
Xmsg ImWp∂ Nn{XamWv.
2 3 41
`mjmclnXNn¥
Nn¥mclnXi_vZw
`mjbpw Nn¥bpw XΩnep≈ IqSnt®c¬
({]mbw˛h¿jØn¬)
Nn¥sb cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn¬ I≠oj\nwKv {]{Inbsb°mƒ i‡amWv `mj. Nn¥sb
cq]s∏SpØp∂Xv `mjsb ]qcnXam°p∂ kwkvImcamsW∂v At±lw A`n{]mbs∏´p.
18
]nbmsjbpw hyhlmchmZnIfpw
`mjm]T\sØ°pdn®p≈ ]nbmsjbpsS A\pam\߃ PRmXrkn≤m¥Øn¬
A[njvTnXamsW¶nepw \nbXamb LS\tbmSpIqSnb `mjmLSIw Ip´nbpsS
a\ neps≠∂v At±lw AwKoIcn®n√. C°mcyØn¬ ]nbmsjbpw hyhlmchmZnIfpw
kam\cmsW∂v Nne ]T\߃ Nq≠n°mWn®n´p≠v.
]nbmsjtbm hyhlmchmZnItfm iniphns‚ a\ n\v ss\k¿KnILS\tbm a\ ns‚
{]tXyI taJeIfn¬ A[njvTnXamb Adnthm Iev]n®p \¬Ip∂n√. s]mXptaJebnse
]T\{]{InbIƒ `mjm]chpw A√mØXpamb F√mØcw Nn¥bnepw
{]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂p-s≠∂mWv IcpXs∏Sp∂Xv. iniphns‚ {]mcw`Zibnep≈
a\ ns\°pdn®v ]nbmsjbpw hyhlmchmZnIfpw ]e Imcyßfnepw tbmPn°p∂p≠v.
P∑kn≤amb AdnthmSpIqSnb√mØ Hgn™ t…‰v F∂ \nebnemWv hyhlmchmZnIƒ
inip-hns\ I≠-Xv. th¿Xn-cn-°m\mhm-ØXpw Ipg-™p-a-dn-™-Xp-amb \nth-i-ß-tfmSp
(input) IqSnb \nebnemWv ]nbmsj iniphns\ ImWp∂Xv. c≠p ho£Wßfpw
Gsd°psd H∂p Xs∂bmWv.
Im¿antem^v˛kvanØv (Karmiloff-Smith, 1992)
2. Po≥ ]nbmsj (Jean Piaget)]nbmsj mj, Nn¥ F∂nhsb _‘n∏n®psIm≠v Nn¥bneqsSbmWv Ip´nIƒ hfcp∂sX∂pw
`mj AXn\ptijw hcp∂ H∂msW∂pw ]d™n´p≠v. Nn¥bv°v {]XoImflIcq]w
\¬IpIbmWv mj. icocØns‚ hf¿®bmWv GXp hep∏Ønepw BIrXnbnepap≈ thjamWv
th≠sX∂p \n›bn°p∂Xv. AXpt]mse Nn¥bmWv GXpXcØnep≈ `mjbmWv Ip´n°p
th≠sX∂p \n›bn°p∂sX∂v ]nbmsj hmZn°p∂p.
3. sPtdmw Fkv. {_qW¿ (Jerome Seymour Bruner)hmNntIXc Bibhn\nabØn¬ \S°p∂ bYm¿Y {]{In-b-Iƒ Fs¥√mamsW∂p
Is≠Øm≥ {_qW¿ {ian®n´p≠v. amXm]nXm°fpsS {i≤ £Wn°p∂Xn\p Ip´n
Ahew_n°p∂ am¿Kßfnsem∂v "Nq≠n°mWn°'emWv.
DZmlcWØn\p Ip´n Sn.hn. Nq≠n°mWn°p∂psh∂p IcpXpI. Hcp ]s£ AΩ At∏mƒ
Ip´nbpambn Hcp kwhmZØnte¿s∏SpIbpw Sn.hn.{]h¿Øn∏n®p Ip´n°v ImWn®psImSp°pIbpw
sNøp∂p. CXns\°mƒ \nKqVamb as‰mcp coXnbmWv Ip´nbpsS ZrjvSn{]tbmKw. Ip´n
Ifn∏m´Øn¬ Xs‚ ZrjvSn ]Xn∏n°p∂p. Ip´nbpsS t\m´sØ AΩbpw ]n¥pScp∂p. HSphn¬
c≠pt]cpw H∂n®v Ifn∏m´Øn¬ t\m´apd∏n°p∂p. Ip´nbpsS Bhiysa¥msW∂p
a\ nem°p∂ AΩ Ip´n°v Ifn∏m´saSpØpsImSp°p∂p.
F√m Bibhn\nabkmlNcyßfnepw Ip´n°v kzm¿Y]camb ]¶mfnØamWp≠mhpIsb∂v
CXn\¿Yan√. Hcp ]s£ AΩbpw Ip™pw ]ckv]cw aμlkn°pI am{Xsa
sNøp∂p≈psh∂phcmw. Cu hn[Øn¬ BZysØ ]Zw kzmbØam°p∂Xn\p apºpXs∂
inip Bibhn\nabw sNøm≥ ]Tn°p∂p≠v. ]n∂oSv Ip´nbpw AΩbpw amdn amdn ap≥ssI
FSp°p∂Xns‚ ASnØdbn¬ hmNnIamb Bibhn\nabw \S°p∂p. AΩbpambp≈
CS]gIens‚ DujvafX A\p`hn®n´n√mØ iniphns‚ ]n∂oSp≈ `mjm{]IS\Øn\p
kmcamb tIm´w kw`hn°m\nSbp≠v. C°mcyw _uƒ_nbpw (J. Bowlby, 1953)Nq≠n°mWn®ncp∂p.
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4. t\mw tNmwkvIn (Noam Chomsky)`mjm]T\sØ°pdn®v ⁄mXrhmZnbmb tNmwkvInbpw \ho-\-amb Bi-b-߃ apt∂m´p h®n-
´p-≠v. 1957˛¬ tNmwkvInb≥ amXrIbnep≈ mjmimkv{Xw P∑saSpØXp apX¬ P∑kn≤amb
k¿hhymIcWsa∂ BibsØ B[mcam°n Ht´sd ]T\߃ \S∂n´p≠v. Ign™
ZiIßfnembn DcpØncp™ph∂ apJy Bib߃ Xmsg ImWn® hn[Øn¬
t{ImUoIcn°mw.
$ a\pjya\ n\p P∑kn≤amb k¿h`mjmhymIcWw (UG) D≠v.
$ `mjsb°pdn®v X\n°p≈ P∑kn≤amb Adnhv F¥msW∂v Hcmƒ°padnbn√.
$ GXm\pw D]LSIßtfmSpIqSnb H∂mWv k¿h`mjmhymIcWw. Hmtcm LSIhpw
`mjbpsS Hcp Iq´w kz`mhßfpambn _‘s∏´hbmWv.
$ `mjIfpsS s]mXphmb kz`mhßfn¬ \n∂v Nne Xncs™Sp°epIƒ \SØp∂Xns\bmWv
`mjm]T\sa∂p hnh£n°p∂Xv. AYhm P∑kn≤amb `mjmLSIØns‚
]ehn[Ønep≈ kv]jvSoIcWßfmWv (specifications) {]tXyI `mjmhymIcW߃.
$ a\ nse `mjmLSIw Hcp {]P\\ {]{InbbmWv (generative process)
⁄m\\n¿anXnhmZw (Constructivism)⁄mXrkn≤m¥Øns‚ ASnØdbn¬ cq]wsIm≠ Nn¥m[mcbmWv. ⁄m\-\n¿an-Xn-hm-Zw.
Ip´n kz¥w Adnhv krjvSn-s®-Sp-°pIbmWv sNøp-∂-sX∂ ImgvN-∏m-SmWv Cu kao-]\w
apt∂m´phbv°p-∂-Xv. ]q¿hm¿Pn-X-⁄m-\-hp-ambpw ap∂-\p-`-h-ß-fp-ambpw _‘-s∏-SpØn Bi-
b-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw ]pXnb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv Adnhv D¬∏m-
Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXns\ kz¥w ssh⁄m-\n-I-L-S-\-bn-te°v kzmwio-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hna¿i-
\m-flI Nn¥-bnepw {]iv\-]-cn-l-cW {ia-ß-fnepw kPo-h-amb ]¶m-fnØw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw
Ip´nsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw {]k-‡hpw kzbw {]tNm-Zn-X-hp-amb ]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v
⁄m\-\n¿anXn kao-]\w {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p.
kmaqly⁄m\-\n¿Ωn-Xn-hmZw (Social Constructivism)⁄m\-\n¿Ωn-Xn-hm-Z-Øns‚ Hcp D]-hn-`m-K-amWv kmaqly⁄m\-\n¿Ωn-Xn-hm-Zw. `mj ]cn-]-
Iz-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬ kmaqlykml-N-cy-߃°p≈ {]m[m\yw CXn¬ Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p.
Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ka-{]m-b-°m-cp-ambpw apXn¿∂-h-cp-ambpw \S-Øp∂ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ `mjm-hn-
I-k-\-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. kwhm-Zm-fl-I-amb kwL-]-T-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw temI-amsI AwKo-
I-cn-°-s∏´p Ign-™p. CXv kmaq-ly-⁄m-\-\n¿Ωn-Xn-hm-Z-Øns‚ hºn® kzm[o\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
`mjm-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne hnhm-Z-߃
1. akvXn-jvI-Øn¬ mjm-L-SIw F∂p th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m-hp∂ Hcp LS-I-ap-t≠m-sb∂XmWv
X¿°-hn-j-b-ß-fn-sem-∂v. kwth-Z-\w, t]io-\n-b-{¥-Ww, bp‡n-Nn¥ XpS-ßnb a‰p-X-c-
Øn-ep≈ ⁄mXr-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ°v _m[-I-am-ImØ Nne XXz-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb H∂mWv akvXn-
jvI-Ønse `mjm-L-S-I-sa∂pw CXns‚ klm-b-Øm-emWv `mj ]Tn-°p-∂-sX-∂p-amWv
tNmwkvIn, t^mtUm¿ XpS-ßnb Ht´sd mjm-im-kv{X-⁄-∑mcpsS hmZw. F∂m¬ Fßs\
Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øm-sa∂ {]iv\-Øn¬ \n∂mWv `mj-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂pw AXn-\m¬
kmam-\y-_p-≤n-bpsS klm-b-Øm¬ {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-a√
`mjm-]-T-\-sa-∂p-amWv ]pSv\mw (H.Putnam-1971) s_bv‰vkv (E.Bates-1989) XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS
A`n-{]m-bw.
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2. `mjbpw Nn¥bpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv as‰mcp X¿°w. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\p
Nne kw⁄-Iƒ (labels) Bh-iy-am-Wv. Nn¥-bn¬ (congnition) kw⁄-Iƒ H´n®phbv°-
emWv `mjm-]-T-\-sa∂ hmZw t^mtUm¿, ]nbmsj F∂n-h¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Nn¥-
sbbpw `mj-sbbpw thm¿^v hni-I-e\w sNbvXXv as‰mcp coXn-bn-em-Wv. temIsØ a\-
n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v A\n-hm-cy-amb _‘-ßfpw (relation) h¿K-ßfpw (categories) Bh-iy-am-
Wv. Ch-sb√mw `mj-bn¬ \n∂mWp e`n-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hyXykvX `mj-Iƒ
kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h¿ temIsØ ho£n-°p-∂Xv hyXykvX coXn-I-fn-em-Wv. (thm¿^v) "`mjm-
]-T-\-sa-∂Xv kwkm-cn-°m≥ ]Tn-°¬ am{X-a-√, Nn¥n-°m≥ ]Tn-°¬Iq-Sn-bm-sW'∂v thm¿ v
hmZn-°p-∂p.
B[p-\nI ⁄mXr-a-\-»m-kv{X-⁄¿ thm¿^ns‚ Cu A\p-am\w Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. kwkm-
cn-°m≥ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ Ip´n-Iƒ Nn¥n-®p-Xp-S-ßp-∂p-≠v. hm°p-I-fn-eq-sS-b-
√, _nw_-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Aaq¿Ø-amb bp‡n-]c D]-t£-]-ß-fn-eqsS (logical propositions)bpamWv \mw Nn¥n-°p-∂-sX∂v ]n¶¿ (Steven Pinker) Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≠v.
3. C\n-bp-samcp X¿°w a\p-jys‚ AXp-ey-Xsb (Uniqueness) tI{μo-I-cn-®m-Wv. ]cn-an-X-amb
FÆw Nn”-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v arK-ßfpw kzh¿K-Øn-ep-≈-h-bp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-
Øp-∂p-≠-t√m. AXn-\m¬ Ah-bnepw "`mjm-L-SIw' Ds≠∂p ]d-tb≠n hcp-a-t√m. Cu
Zni-bn-ep≈ Nn¥ Iem-in-®Xv ]cn-Wm-a-{I-a-Øn¬ a\p-jy-t\mSv ASpØp \n¬°p∂
Nnºm≥knsb `mj "]Tn∏-n'°m-\p≈ Nne-cpsS DZy-a-Øn-em-Wv. Ah-cpsS {ia-߃ hnP-bn-
®-Xmbn tcJ-I-fn-√. Hcp]t£ Nnºm≥knsb `mj ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-™p-sh∂pXs∂ Icp-
Xp-I. a\p-jy-in-ip-hns\ Bcpw B coXn-bn¬ `mj "]Tn-∏n'°p-∂n-√-t√m.
4. `mjm-]-T-\-Øn\p P∑-kn-≤n-°mtWm ]cn-kcØn-\mtWm IqSp-X¬ {]m[m-\y-sa∂p Nne-
sc-¶nepw tNmZn-®n-´p-≠v. a\p-jy¿ am{Xta "`mj' kwkm-cn-°p-∂p≈p F∂-Xn-\m¬ `mj
P∑-kn-≤n-X-s∂-bm-Wv. AtX-k-abw ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-bpsS (environment) {]m[m\yw Ipd-®p-Im-
Wm\pw Bhn-√. AXn-\m¬ ]mc-º-cy-amtWm kml-N-cy-amtWm `mjm-]-T-\sØ kzm[o-\n-
°p-∂Xv? Ch-bn-te-XmWv IqSp-X¬ {][m\w? XpS-ßnb tNmZy-߃ A{]-k-‡-am-sW∂p
Ãoh≥ ]n¶¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
{]h¿Ø-\-߃
1. `mjm¿P\ {]{Inb Fs¥∂v hy‡-am-°pI?
2. `mjm¿P\ {]{In-b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv `mjm-]-T\w \S-°p-∂-sX∂v DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hy‡-
am-°pI?
3. Ip´n°v G‰hpw {]nb-s∏´ Ifn-∏m´w ssIbn¬ \n∂v hoWv s]m´n-t∏mbn. Cu A\p-`-hsØ
`mjm¿P-\-Nn-¥-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ˛ Ip´n `mj D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂p F∂ {]kvXm-h-\-
bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Fßs\ hni-Z-am°mw?
DZm: Atøm...-A-tΩ... Fs‚ Ifn-∏m´w apgp-h\pw s]m´n-t∏m-bn.
$ Fs‚ Ifn-∏m´w t]mtb......
$
$
$
21
4. Fß-s\-bmWv Krl-`m-jbpw {]mtZ-in-I-`m-jbpw `mjm¿P-\sØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-sX∂v
DZm-l-cW klnXw hy‡-am-°p-I.
5. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Ip´n-Iƒ D®m-c-W-sØ-‰p-Iƒ hcp-Øp-∂Xv? AXv ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ am¿K-
߃ Fs¥√mw?
6. D®m-cWmh-b-h-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ÿm\-ßfpw A[ym-]-I-hn-Zym¿Yn ]Tn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≈
KpW-߃ Fs¥√mw? Ah ss{]a-dn-¢m-kn¬ GXv Xc-Øn-emWv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
Ign-bp-∂Xv?
7. `mj-]-T\w kw_-‘n®v kvIn∂¿, tNmwkvIn, sshtKmSvkvIn F∂n-h-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ
]h¿t]m-bn‚ v {]k-t‚-j-\mbn Xbm-dm-°p-I.
8. `mjm¿P\-Øn¬ Ip´nsb BZy-L- -Øn¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv Krl- m-jbpw {]mtZ-inI mj-
bp-am-Wv. Ip´n-I-fpsS Krl-`m-jbpw {]mtZ-inI mjbpw ]cn-tim-[n®v {]mtZ-inI ]Z-tImiw
Xbm-dm-°p-I.
A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v
hyh-lm-c-hmZw (Behaviourism)
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-L-´-Øn-emWv hyh-lm-c-hmZw DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xv. a\x»m-kv{X-Øn¬
hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-{]-ÿm\w i‡-am-bXv djy≥ a\x-»m-kv{X-⁄-\mb ]mhvtemhv \mb-bn¬ \S-
Ønb ]T-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv (1902). XpS¿∂v hmSvk¨, tXm¨ssU-Iv, K{Xn, lƒ XpS-ßn-b-
hcpw Cu {]ÿm-\-Øn\p IcpØp ]I¿∂p. hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn\v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kw`m-h\
\¬In-bXv kvIn∂¿ BWv. Poh-\p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ Fs¥√mw sNøp-∂p-sh∂pw Fs¥√mw
sNøp-∂n-s√∂pw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv hyh-lm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\߃ \S-tØ-≠-sX∂v
kvIn∂¿ hniz-kn-®p.
hyh-lm-csØ Fßs\ \nco-£n-°m-sa∂pw \nb-{¥-W-hn-t[-b-am-°m-sa∂pw kvIn∂¿ ]d-bp-
∂p. A\p-Iq-e-amb {]_-e\w hgn a\p-jy-hy-h-lm-csØ IqSp-X¬ {ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-
sa∂v At±lw hmZn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ kp{]-kn-≤-amb beyond freedom and Dignity (1971) F∂
]pkvX-I-Øn¬ kzmX-{¥yw, A¥ v XpS-ßnb Bi-b-߃ B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-
iq-\y-am-sW∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Hcp {]tXyI
kml-N-cy-Øn¬ hy‡n F¥mWp sNøpI F∂Xv Ah\p `qX-Im-e-Øn¬ F¥p kw`-hn-®n-´p-
s≠-∂-Xns\ B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \√-h-cmb hy‡n-Isf krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-cpsS hyh-
lm-csØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-bm-sW∂p a\- n-em-t°-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Ønse apJy Bi-b-߃
$ a\p-jys‚ hyh-lmcw t{]c-W-bp-sSbpw (stimulus) {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw (response) {]Xn-
{]-h¿Ø-\-am-Wv.
$ hyh-lmcw am‰n-sb-Sp-°m-hp∂ H∂m-Wv.
$ arK-ß-fpsS hyh-lm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w a\p-jys‚ hyh-lm-csØ hni-I-e\w sNøp-
∂-Xn\p klm-bn-°pw.
$ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. H∂v t{]c-W-bpsS km∂n-[y-Øn¬ kwPm-X-am-
Ip∂ {]Xn-I-c-Whpw (eicited response) at‰Xv t{]c-W-bpsS ^e-am-bn-´-√m-sX-bp≈ {]Xn-I-
c-Whpw (emitted response)
$ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ D≠v. {]Xn-I-c-W-_-‘nX ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw
22
D]-I-c-W-_-‘nX ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw. Hcp ]pXnb t{]c-W-hgn ]gb {]Xn-I-c-WsØ
DW¿Øp∂ ]T-\-sØ-bmWv {]Xn-I-c-W-_-‘nX ]mI-s∏-Sp-ج F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
]mhvtemhv BWv Cu Bibw kw`m-h\ sNbvX-Xv. th´-°m-cs‚ aWw ]nSn® DS≥ ]£n
]d-∂-I-ep∂Xv CXn-\p≈ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
Bh-iysØ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xp hgn B¿Pn-°p∂ {]Xn-I-c-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]T-\sØ
ho£n-°p-∂Xv D]-I-c-W-_-‘nX ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
\mw B{K-ln-°p∂ hyh-lm-c-Øn-\-SpØp hcp∂ hyh-lm-csØ kΩm\w \¬In t{]m’m-
ln-∏n-°p-∂Xv Cu Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T\w krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. kvIn∂-dmWv
Cu Bibw apt∂m-´p-hbv-°p-∂-Xv. A\p-Iq-ehpw {]Xn-Iq-e-hp-amb {]_-e-\-ß-fp-≠v. AXp-
hgn hyh-lm-csØ ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw A√m-Ø-hsb \o°w sNøm\pw Ign-bpw. Zmln-°p-
tºmƒ Sm∏v CS-tØmSp Xncn®v sh≈-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv Cu Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-Øn\v DZm-l-c-
W-am-Wv. Sm∏v CS-tØm´p Xncn®v sh≈w e`n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ \mw he-tØm´p Xncn®p t\m°pw.
$ hyh-lm-csØ am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne \S-]-Sn-I-fp-≠v.
-˛ hyh-lm-c-e-£y-߃ Xocp-am-\n-°p-I.
˛ A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]_-e-\-߃ GsX-√m-am-sW∂p Xocp-am-\n-°p-I.
˛ h¿Ø-\sØ am‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I.
˛ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw ^ew tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
˛ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb am‰-߃ hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
LS-\m-hmZw
hyh-lm-c-hmZw {]_-e-amb Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv `mj-sb-°p-dn®v Ht´sd Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fp-ambn
k q¿, sehn-kv{Smkv XpS-ßnb `mjm-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS ]n≥_-e-tØmsS ªqw^o¬Upw
A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw cwK-Øp-h-∂-Xv. GXp hmIy-sØbpw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn hnt«-jWw sNbvXv AXns‚
GI-I-ß-fmb kz\n-a-I-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm-sa∂ ªqw^o¬Uns‚ Is≠-ج A°m-eØv hnkvabw
Df-hm-°nb H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. mj-bpsS LS-\ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Cu hni-I-e-\-co-Xn-bn¬ \n∂mWv
LS-\m-hmZw F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏´ Nn¥m-[mc hnImkw {]m]n-®-Xv. mjm-]-T-\-sØ-°p-dn®v hyh-
lm-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ apt∂m- p-h® Bi-b-߃ AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-I-bmWv ªqw^o¬Upw Iq´p-Imcpw
sNbvXv. 1930˛50 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Ata-cn-°≥ _p≤n-a-WvU-esØ apgp-h≥ Iog-S-°p-hm≥ LS-\m-
hm-Z-Øn\p Ign-™p.
a\x-»m-kv{Xw, kmln-Xyw, kaql-im-kv{Xw, `uXn-I-hmZw XpS-ßnb hnhn-[-ß-fmb hn⁄m-\-
ta-J-e-Isf kzm[o-\n-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p-sh-∂Xv Cu Nn¥m-[m-cbv°v e`n® AwKo-Im-c-sØ-bmWv
ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. F¥n-s\bpw hnt«-jn®v AXns‚ LS-I-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm-sa∂ LS-\m-hm-Z-
Øns‚ NphSp ]nSn-®mWv kaq-l-Øns‚ LS-\, a\- ns‚ LS-\ XpS-ßnb At\z-j-W-ß-fn-te-
s°√mw Zm¿i-\n-Iƒ hym]-cn-®-Xv. Xß-fpsS _p≤n-]-c-amb ta¬t°m-bva-sb-°p-dn®v AXn-cp-I-
hn™ Bfl-hn-izm-k-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p LS-\m-hm-Zn-Iƒ. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ `mj-sb-°p-dn®v
X߃ D∂-bn-°p∂ hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ Zp¿_-e-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ah¿°p Ign-™n-√. arK-ß-
fpsS h¿Ø-\-hy-Xn-bm-\-sØ-°p-dn®v \S-Ønb ]T-\ßimWv Xß-fpsS hmZ-ßsf cq]-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bXv F∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah-bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw \yq\-X-bp-≈-Xmbn hyh-lm-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ°pw tXm∂n-
bn-√.
23
hyh-lm-c-kn-≤m¥w tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp∂p
bm{¥n-I-ambn hyh-lm-c-߃ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp Pohn-sb∂ \ne-bn-emWv hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn¬
a\p-jys\ ImWp-∂-Xv. A√msX C—m-i-‡nbpw e£y-t_m-[-hp-ap≈ Pohn F∂ \ne-bn-e-√.
CXv a\p-jys‚ hyh-lm-csØ Aan-X-ambn efn-X-h¬°-cn-°p∂psh∂mWv hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn\p
t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ ISpØ hna¿i-\w. hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn\pw AXns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ ]Sp-Øp-
b¿Ønb LS-\m-hm-Z-Øn\pw Hcp t]mse aß-te-‰Xv ⁄mXr-hm-Zn-I-fpsS cwK-{]-th-i-tØm-Sp-
Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. 1957˛¬ tNmwkvIn (Nom Chomsky) ]pd-Øn-d-°nb syntactic Structures F∂ {KŸw
CXn\p \nan-Ø-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. `mjsb hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\p LS-\m-hm-Zn-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-h®
coXn-bpsS Aim-kv{XobX sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tNmwkvIn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p. AtXm-
sSm∏w Xs∂ `mjm-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn hyh-lm-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ°p hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Im≥
Ign-bmØ Ht´sd hkvXp-X-I-fp-s≠∂v At±lw hmZn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
`mj ]Tn-°p-I-sb∂Xv Ip´n-bpsS P∑-kn-≤-amb Ign-hm-sW∂ ASn-Ø-d-bn-emWv At±lw Xs‚
kn≤m¥w cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvX-Xv. XpS¿∂v 1959˛¬ kvIn∂-dpsS verbal Behaviour F∂ IrXn-sb-
°p-dn-®p≈ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-amb {]_-‘hpw At±lw ]pd-Øn-d-°n. `mj-sb-°p-dn®pw `mjm-]-T-
\-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]n¬°m-eØp \S∂ Ht´sd Kth-j-W-߃°pw kwhm-Z-߃°pw XpS°w
Ipdn-®Xpw tNmwkvIn-bpsS kn≤m-¥-am-sW∂p \n w-ibw ]d-bmw.
hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øns‚ ]cn-anXn
]T\sØ°p-dn-®v, hninjym `mjm-]-T-\-sØ-°p-dn®v hyh-lm-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-h® Bi-b-
߃ a\p-jy-a-\- ns‚ ss\k¿KnI kn≤n-Isf IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-∂n-s√-∂Xn\m¬ Ah-bp-ambn
s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥ ⁄mXr-hm-Zn-Iƒ°p Ign-™ncp-∂n√.
`mj-bp-sSbpw `mjm-]-T-\-Øn-s‚bpw Xmsg sImSpØ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ hyh-
lm-c-hm-Z-Øn\p Ign-bp-∂n-s√∂v Ah¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p.
1. a\p-jy\p am{X-ap≈ Ign-hmWv `mj. a‰p Pohn-Iƒ°p e`y-am-Ip∂ H∂√ `mjm-hy-h-ÿ
(language system)
2. ]pXnb kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬ A\-¥-amb FÆw ]pXnb hmIy-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\pw a\-
n-em-°p∂Xn\pw Ip´n°p Ign-bpw. A\p-I-cWw hgnbpw {]_-e\w hgn-bp-amWv Cu ]pXnb
hmIy-߃ ]Tn-°p-∂-sX∂v Icp-Xm≥ hø. `mj krjvSn-]-c-am-sW-∂Xv AXns‚ X\n-a-
bm¿∂ kz`m-h-am-Wv.
3. c≠p hb p ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ Ip´n mj ]Tn-®p-Xp-S-ßp-∂p. A©p-h-b- m-
b-Ip-tºm-tg°pw `mj-]-T\w Gsd-°psd ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂p. A©p hb- p≈ Ip´n amXr-`m-j-
bpsS hyhÿ kzmwio-I-cn-®n-cn-°pw. Ah-fpsS mjm-k-aq-l-hp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw sNøm≥
Ahƒ°p Ign-bpw. F√m `mj-Ifpw hfsc k¶o¿W-amb hyh-ÿ-I-fm-sW∂p \ap-°-dn-
bmw. h¿j-ß-tfm-f-ap≈ Kth-j-W-߃°p tijhpw Hcp `mj-sb-°p-dn®pw ]gp-Xp-I-fn-
√mØ kn≤m¥w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v [njWm-im-en-I-fmb `mjm-im-kv{X-⁄-¿°p
Ign-™n- n-√. 3+2=5 Ft∂m 3×2=6 Ft∂m D≈ efn-X-amb KWn-X-imkv{X {]iv\-߃t]mepw
\n¿[m-cWw sNøm≥ Ign-bmØ Ip´n-bmWv C{Xbpw sNdnb Ime-b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬ k¶o¿W-
amb `mjm-hy-hÿ kzmb-Ø-am-°p-∂-Xv.
4. Ip´n ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂ `mj ]e-t∏mgpw A]q¿Whpw {Ia-c-ln-X-hp-am-Wv. Ah-fpsS `mjm
kaq-l-Ønse AwK-߃ ]q¿W-amb hmIy-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®√ ]e-t∏mgpw Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
\S-Øm-dp-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ CXp Ip´n-bpsS mjm-ti-jnsb _m[n-°p-∂n-√. Hcp \n›nX Ime-
24
b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬ Ah-fpsS mjm-hy-hÿ kº-∂-am-Ip-∂p. mj-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ \ΩpsS Adnhv
k¶o¿Whpw Aaq¿Ø-hp-am-Wv. \ap°p e`n-°p∂ `mjm-]-c-amb A\p-`hw ]cn-an-X-am-Wv.
CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ipjvI-amb hnh-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ k¶o¿W-amb Hc-dnhpw krjvSn-
°m≥ Ign-bn-√. AXn-\m¬ mj-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv \ap°v sXfnhp e`n-®n- n-√mØ _mly-
amb Hcn-S-Øp-\n∂p hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]q¿h-P-∑-kva-c-W-bn¬ \n∂pw FØp∂p F∂ hni-Zo-I-
c-W-amWv πmt‰m \¬In-b-Xv. a\- ns‚ ss\k¿KnI kzm`m-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-amWv F∂mWv
tNmwkvIn ]d-™-Xv.
˛hn.-Ip°n (V.COOK, 1998)
5. {]h-N-\-hn-t[-b-amb {]mb-Øn¬-˛-A-Xm-bXv 12-˛18 amk-ß-fn¬ BWv temI-Ønse GXp
a\pjy iniphpw `mj ]Tn-®p-Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv. kp\n-›n-X-amb L´-ß-fn-eqsS `mjm-]-T\w
apt∂-dp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. c≠p hb- n\pw A©p hb- n\pw CS-bn-emWv mjm-]-T\w G‰hpw
Xo{h-amb coXn-bn¬ \S-°p-∂-Xv. ]{¥≠p hb- n-\p-tijw `mj ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ignhv
aμo-`-hn®p XpS-ßp-∂p. Ip´n-bpsS akvXnjvIw ]Iz-am-Ip-∂Xv c≠p hb- n\pw ]{¥≠p
hb- n\pw CS-bn-em-sW-∂Xp {it≤-b-am-Wv.
6. `mj-Iƒ°p Nne km¿h-eu-In-I-kz- m-h-ß-fp-≠v. LS-\m-]-c-ambn kmZr-iy-ap-≈-h-bmWv temI-
Ønse mj-I-sf√mw Xs∂. GXm\pw _mly-e-£-W-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-amWv c≠p
`mj-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≈-Xv. Gsd-°psd {]h-Nn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-bmWv Cu hyXym-
k-߃.
apI-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in® hkvXp-X-Iƒ hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂Xv `mj ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\p klm-b-I-amb Hcp-
LSIw a\p-jy-a-kvXn-jvI-Øn¬ Ds≠-∂-Xn-te-°m-Wv. Ip´n-bpsS a\ v iq\y-amb t…‰v (tabularasa)t]mse-bm-sW∂pw kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p∂ Adn-hp-Iƒ CXn¬ \nd-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-∂p-
ap≈ tPm¨ tem°ns‚ (John Lock) hmZw icn-b-√. tNmwkvIn Bhn-jvI-cn® `mjm-im-kv{X-kn-
≤m-¥-Øns‚ Bcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ a\- nse `mjm-L-S-I-Øns\ `mjm kzmwio-I-cW kwhn-[m\w
(Language Acquistion Device) F∂mWp hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.
`mj-˛-Po-h-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Nn´ sNø-s∏´ kwhn-[m\w
tNmwkvIn-b≥ amXr-I-bn-ep≈ cN-\m-¥-cW-{]-P-\-I-hym-I-cWw (Tranformational GenerativeGrammer) DS-se-Sp-ØXp apX¬ apt∂m´ph®n-´p≈ Bi-b-amWv a\p-jy-a-\- n¬ AY-hm, akvXn-
jvI-Øn¬ `mjbv°p th≠n Hcp LS-I-ap-s≠-∂-Xv. C{]-Imcw `mj Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Nn´
sNø-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂ hmZsØ km[q-I-cn-°p∂ a‰p-Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
(Ah-ew_w ˛ Jean Athkinson)
$ P\-\w-sXm´v amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Ip´n-I-fpsS Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p-Ibpw Ahsc ]cn-]m-en-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ Poh-k-‘m-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-tØ≠
Xo{h-amb Bhiyw Ip´n°v sNdp-∏-Øn¬ C√. F∂n´pw Ip´n-bn¬ t\csØ Xs∂ `mjm-
hn-I-k\w \S-°p-∂p. B¥-cn-I-amb `mjm hyhÿ C√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ kz¥w Imcyw
t\m°p-∂-Xn\p Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ {]mb-Ønepw kml-N-cy-Ønepw am{Xsa
`mjm-]-T\w \S-°p-I-bp-≈q.
$ temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ mK-Øp≈ hyXykvX kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ hf-cp-∂-h-cm-sW-¶nepw mjm-
]-T-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ kam-\X ]men-°p-∂p. CXp kam-\-amb Hcp B¥-cn-I-
hy-h-ÿ-bpsS km∂n[yw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
$ \msf apX¬ Rm≥ mj kwkm-cn®p XpS-ßp-I-bmWv F∂v Hcp Ip´nbpw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-
∂n-√. Aß-s\-sbmcp Xocp-am-\-an-√m-sX-Øs∂ `mjm-]-T\w \S-°p-∂p.
25
$ PohnXkml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ {]tXyI am‰-ß-sfm∂pw C√m-Xn-cn-°p-tºmgpw `mjm-]-T\w \S-
°p-∂p-≠v. GsX-¶nepw {]tXyI kw`-h-tam, kml-N-cy-Øn-ep≈ hyXn-bm-\tam A√ inip-
hns\ `mjm-]-T-\-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-∂Xv. B¥-cn-I-amb Hcp t¢m°v inip-hns‚ D≈n¬
{]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv F∂p tXm∂pw-hn[w P\n®v At©m Btdm amkw Ign-
bp-∂Xp apX¬ inip `mj-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb GXm\pw i_vZ-߃ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®p XpS-ßp-
∂p.
$ ]Xn-s\´p amk-߃°p apºv hfsc Ipd®p ]Z-ß-tf -Ip´n D®-cn-°p-∂p-≈q. ]Xn-s\´p amk-
߃°p tij-am-Is´ Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb hnIm-k-amWv Ip´n-bpsS mjm-{]-I-S-\-Øn¬ Zriy-
am-Ip-∂-Xv. akvXn-jvI-Øns‚ hf¿®-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp "kzn®v' {]h¿Øn®p XpS-ßp-∂-
Xn\p th≠n Ahƒ ImØn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv tXm∂p-I.
klm-bI {KŸ-߃
1. {]okvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw (H-∂mw-`m-Kw) ˛ Fw.-sI.-in-h-i-¶-c≥\m-b¿ hnZym¿Yn-an{Xw _p°v
Unt∏m, Pq¨ 1990
2. hnZym-`ymk a\»m-kv{Xhpw inip-hn-Im-khpw (H-∂mw-`m-Kw) ˛ tUm. sI.-Pn. cma-N-{μ-∏-Wn-
°¿, ]n.-sI.-i-¶-c-\m-cm-b-W≥ hnZym¿Yn-an{Xw _p°v Unt∏m, Pq¨ 1994.
3. B[-\nI `mjm-imkv{Xw ˛ sI.-Fw.-{]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, im¥m AK-Ãn≥ tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-
‰yq´v ˛ 1994
4. `mjm-imkv{X hnthIw ˛ tUm.-sI.-Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿ h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw 2013
5. The Language and Mental Development of children - A.F. Watts, George G Harrap & Co. 1944.
26
bqWn‰v 3
`mjWhpw hmb\bpw
`mjm]T\Øns‚ ASnÿm\ss\]pWnIfn¬ `mjWhpw hmb\bpw teJ\hpw Gsd
{]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂p. am\knIhnImkhpambn hfsctbsd _‘s∏´XmWv mjWhnIk\w.
`mjbpsS enJnXcq]ØneqsS kqNn∏n°p∂ A¿Yw {Kln°pI F∂XmWv hmb\bpsS e£yw.
`mjm]T\Øns‚ {]mYanIZibn¬ Xs‚ ap∂nseØp∂ Ip´nbpsS CØcw tijnIƒ
hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\v A[ym]IhnZym¿YnIƒ [mcW t\SWsa∂Xns‚ BhiyIX
ChnsSbmWv. Ah¿°mbn {]tXyI`mjWkμ¿`߃ Hcp°pIbpw A\mbmkambn
`mjWØnte¿-s∏Sm≥ t{]cn∏n°p∂Xn\vNn{Xhmb\ t]mep≈ kt¶X߃
]cnNbs∏SpØpIbpw thWw. FgpØns‚ Nn{Xcq]Ønep≈ a\ n¬ ]XnbemWv hmb\bpsS
BZy ]mT߃. AXn\p≈ {][m\ D]m[nbmb {Km^nIv doUnßns\°pdn®pw AdnbWw.
A£tcm®mcI `mjbmb aebmfØn\v khntijamb FgpØpcoXnIfps≠∂pw
`mjWcoXnIƒ FgpØns\ kzm[o\n°mdps≠∂pw a\ nem°Ww. AXn\mbn ckIcamb
\nch[n {]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS, X{¥ßfneqsS, \nco£WßfneqsS, Is≠ØepIfneqsS
e£yt_m[ØnseØm≥ DXIp∂XmWv Cu bqWn‰v.
`mjm-]-T\w
""`mj B¿Pn-°m\pw Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øm-\p-ap≈ P∑-kn-≤-amb Ignhv a\p-jy-\p≠v.
ssii-h-Øn¬ Fß-s\-bmtWm amXr-`mj B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xv, B coXn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-thWw `mjm-]-T-\m-\p-`-h-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. P∑-kn-≤-amb Nn¥m-
ti-jn-Ifpw `mjm-]-T-\-ti-jn-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Hmtcm Ip´nbpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv.
Bi-b-kzo-I-c-W-Øn\v {ihWw F∂ tijnbpw Bi-b-{]-Im-i-\-Øn\v `mjWw F∂
tijnbpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hmb-\, FgpØv F∂nh kam-\-amb a‰p c≠p tijn-
I-fm-Wv. Cu tijn-Iƒ t\Sp-∂Xpw {]tbm-K-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. H∂mw ¢mkn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°n-
jvS-s∏´ IYm-]m-{X-߃ hcp∂ IY-I-fmWv ]mT-`m-K-ß-fmbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
c≠mw Xc-Øn¬ IY-Iƒ°pw Ihn-X-Iƒ°pw ]pdsa hnh-c-W-]m-T-߃, kw`m-j-W-]m-T-
߃, eLp imkv{X-te-J-\-߃ F∂n-h-bmbn ]mT-ß-fpsS hf¿® km[y-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v''.
Standard 1 H B - 2013
$ H∂v, c≠v ¢m pIfnse A[ym]I klmbnbn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ Cu hcnIƒ Fs¥√mw
BibßfmWv apt∂m´psh°p∂Xv?
`mjbpsS kzm`mhnI cq]w hmsamgnbmWv.^e{]Zamb BibkzoIcWw, Bib {]IS\w
F∂nhbv°v mj IqSntb Xocq. a\pjy≥ mj D]tbmKn®pXpSßnbtijw Bbnc°W°n\p
h¿j߃ Ign-™mWv en]n cq]saSp°p∂Xv. temIØv G‰hpw IqSpXembn BfpIƒ `mj
D]tbmKs∏SpØn Bibhn\nabw \SØp∂Xv hmsamgnbneqsSbmWv. {]mNo\ImeØv
hnZym`ymkw \¬Inbncp∂Xv `mjWcq]Ønembncp∂p.
a\pjyinip `mjmtijn B¿Pn°p∂Xns‚ coXnbpw {Iahpw F¥mWv? Ip´nIƒ `mj
]Tn°p∂Xv a‰pImcy߃ ]Tn°p∂Xn¬\n∂pw hyXykvXambmtWm? mjW kaqlhpambp≈
CS]gIeneqsS apXn¿∂h¿ ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ AtX i–ßfpw hm°pIfpw
hymIcWLS\bpsa√mw Ip´nbpw ]pds∏Sphn°p∂p F∂Xn¬ A¤pXIcamb H∂pans√∂mWv
tXm∂pI. F∂m¬ `mjI\pw t{imXmhn\pw A\¥amb hmIy߃ kr„n°m\pw
a\ nem°m\pw Ignbpat√m? A\pIcW ØneqsStbm ]cnioe\ØneqsStbm CXv
km[yamtWm?
27
`mjm ]T\Øn¬ hy‡amb Nne \mgnI°√pIfp≠v. Ah hf¿®bpambn _‘s∏´XmWv.
GXpIp´nbpw \n›nXamb ]ShpIƒ ]n∂n´psIm≠pam{XamWv mj kzmbØam°p∂Xv. Hmtcm
]Shpw ]n∂nSptºmgpw Ip´nIfpsS `mjm-]-T-\-Øn¬ G‰°pd®nepIƒ It≠°mw. F∂m¬
]ShpIfpsS {IaØn¬ am‰sam∂pw D≠mhn√.
$ `mjm ]T\Ønse Cu \mgnI°√pIƒ bqWn‰v 2se ]´n-I-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
]cntim[n°pI.
$ kz¥w ho´ntem, kao]hoSpIfntem D≈ hnhn[{]mb°mcmb Ip´nIfpsS kw`mjW
coXnIƒ \nco£n®v Cu L´ßfpsS mjm khntijXIƒ Is≠Øm\mIptam? Ic®nepw
IqIepsams° `mjmL´ambn IW°mt°≠Xpt≠m? \nßfpsS A`n{]mbsa¥mWv?
¢m n¬ N¿®sNøpI.
Ic®nens‚ ktμiw km¿heuInIamWv. Cw•ojpImcmb c£nXm°ƒ kz¥w Ip´nbpsS
Ic®nens‚ ktμi߃ Xncn®dn™Xpt]mse A\mbmkambn hntZiinip°fpsS
Ic®nenep≈ ktμißfpw Xncn®dnbp∂ps≠∂v dnkvIv \nco£n®n´p≠v.
IqI¬ kz\]YsØ \nb{¥n°m≥ klmbn°p∂p. ImdpIbpw IpanfIfp≠m°pIbpw
sNøp∂Xv `mjWmhbhßfnep≈ t]io \nb{¥WØn\v klmbIamIp∂p.
hnZym`ymk ]cnh¿Ø\Øns\mcmapJw˛tIcf imkv{X kmlnXy ]cn-jØv
`mjWw F∂ kn≤n
18 amk߃ ]n∂n´ Ip´n Akv]„ i–ßfpsS IqsS hyXykvX CuWßfpw
]pds∏Sphn°p∂p≠v. Hcp hb n\pw H∂c hb n\pw CSbv°mWv Ip´nIƒ H‰∏Z߃
D®cn°p∂Xv. Cu kabw Akv]„i–߃ kr„n°p∂Xv XpScpIbpw sNøpw. {ItaW
AhcpsS Akv]„ i–߃ bYm¿Y `mjbmbn hnImkw {]m]n°p∂p. Cu L´Øn¬
GItZiw 15 H‰s∏´ ]Zßsf¶nepw Ah¿°dnbmw. CXn¬ BfpIfpsSbpw km[\ßfpsSbpw
t]cpIƒ AhcpsS tiJcØnep≠mhpw. (AΩ, A®, ama, taa, ]q® F∂nßs\)
c≠p ]Z߃ tN¿Øph®psIm≠p≈ `mjm{]tbmKßfnte°v {]thin°p∂Xv c≠p
hb mhptºmgmWv. hm°pIƒ Iq´nt®¿Øp ]dbm≥ XpSßp∂L´w apX¬ `mjm]camb
XbmsdSp∏nemWv (Language readiness) Ah¿. XpS¿∂v \mSIobamb coXnbn¬
AXnthKØnemWv Ip´n-Iƒ ]ZkºØv h¿[n∏n°p∂Xv. H∂c hb mhptºmtg°pw
\qdpIW°n\p ]Z߃ Ip´n-I-fpsS \nL≠phn¬ D≠mbncn°pw. Ahsb ]e coXnbn¬
Iq´nt®¿°m\pw Ah¿°p Ignbpw. AΩ ÿncambn tPmen°pt]mIp∂ ho´nse Ip´n
H∂chb mhptºmtg°pw AΩ FhnsS t]mbn F∂ tNmZyØn\v, AΩ tPmen°v t]mbn
F∂ hmIycq]Ønep≈ adp]Sn Xcpat√m? Cu t]mbn F∂ {Inbm]Zw hnhn[\ma]ZßtfmSp
tN¿Øv XpS¿hmIy߃ \n¿Ωn°m≥ Ip´n°p Ignbpw.
AΩ, A®, ama, ]q®, Im° ˛ t]mbn
aq∂chb mhptºmtg°pw AhcpsS `mjWw A\y¿°pt]mepw a\ nem°m≥ Ignbp∂
hn[Ønembncn°pw. hymIcW_≤amb LS\Ifmbncn°pw Ip´n-Iƒ kr„n°p∂Xv. Cßs\
A©phb mb Ip´n amXr`mj kzmbØam°n°gn™ncn°pw. F¶nepw `mjm]T\w AhnsS
Ahkm\n°p∂n√. 11, 12 hb phsc ]T\{] {Inb XpScpw. Iuamc{]mbØnseØp∂tXmsS
Ip´nbpsS `mjm]T\w Gsd°psd ]q¿WamIpw. F∂m¬ ]Zmhen kzmbØam°p∂ {]{Inb
PohnXImew apgph≥ XpScpIbpw sNøpw. (John William Atkinson-1987)
28
Hcp hb papX¬ A©v hb phscbp≈ Ip´nIfpsS kw`mjWw \nco£n®v Xmsg ]dbp∂
]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm°n t\m°q.
{]mbw D®cn°p∂ i–߃/]Z߃/hmIy߃
Hcp hb v
c≠p hb v
aq∂phb v
{]os{s]adn Ip´n
H∂mw ¢m nse Ip´n
\memw ¢m nse Ip´n
$ Cßs\ kzm`mhnIambn Ip´n `mj kzmbØam°pIbpw kzX{¥`mjWw \SØpIbpw
sNøp∂ps≠¶n¬ s{s]adn , A∏¿s{s]adn ¢m pIfn¬ `mjWw
]cnioen∏nt°≠Xpt≠m?
$ \nßfpsS ImgvN∏mSpIƒ ]¶phbv°p ...
$ \nßfpsS {]tZisØ Hcp I¿jIsØmgnemfn, GsX¶nepw {]tXyI Xcw sXmgn-
seSp°p∂h¿, Hcp I®hS°mc≥, Hcp lb¿sk°≠dn hnZym¿Yn, hnhn[{]mb°m¿,
hnhn[kapZmb°m¿ F∂nhtcmSv F√mh¿°pw ]dbm≥ Ignbp∂ Hcp hnjbsØ°pdn®v
]dbm≥ Bhiys∏SpI. AXv i–teJ\w sNøpI. XpS¿∂v Ch ho≠pw tI´v Xmsg
]dbp∂ kqNIßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ hniIe\w sNbvXv `mjWØnse
sshhn[yßfpw `mjWsØ kzm[o\n°p∂ LSIßfpw Is≠Øn AhXcn∏n°pI.
kqNI߃
$ {]mbhyXymkw `mjWsØ kzm[o\n°p∂pt≠m?
$ sXmgn¬taJebpw `mjWhpw XΩn¬ _‘apt≠m?
$ hnZym`ymkw,kmaqlymhÿ,kmwkvImcnI]cnkcw, qanimkv{X]camb Ahÿ F∂nh
`mjWsØ Fßs\bmWv kzm[o\n°p∂Xv? \nKa\߃ {Kq∏pN¿® \SØn
t{ImUoIcn®v AhXcn∏n°pI.
$ Htc ¢m nencn°p∂ Ip´nIfmsW¶nepw AXn¬ Nne Ip´nIƒ°v hmNnIamb Bib
{]IS\߃ (A\p`hw ]¶nS¬, {]kwKw, tNmZy߃, {]`mjWw) ^e{]Zambn
\SØm\pw a‰p Nne¿ CXn¬ th≠{X tim`n°mXncn°m\pw ImcWsa¥mWv?
ho´nse A¥co£w Nne Ip´nIƒ°v kzX{¥`mjWw \SØm\pw, \n¿`bambn a‰p≈htcmSv
CS]gIm\pw Ahkcw \¬Ip-∂p≠v. BibkzoIcWØn\pw, {]IS\Øn\pw th≠{X Ahkcw
e`n°p∂hcnemtWm `mjWtijn IqSpXembn I≠phcp∂Xv? CØcØn¬ sshhn[yap≈
A\p`hkºØn\pSaIfmWv ¢m nse Ip´nIƒ. Ah¿°v s]mXphmb A\p`h߃ \¬Iepw
Ahsc anI® `mjWss\]pWnbp≈hcm°n am‰epamWv `mjW]cnioe\Øns‚ {][m\
e£yw.
`mj-W-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw
$ ss{]adn ¢m p-I-fn¬ `mjm-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn IqSp-X¬ kabw \o°n-h-bv°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?
29
kvIqfn-se-Øp-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ Ip´n°v mj Adn-bmw. {]mY-anI hnZym-e-b-ØnseØptºmƒ
Ip´n mj ]Tn®p XpS-ßp-I-b√ XpScp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. mjm imkv{X-⁄-\mb sIbvkvsU-
∂ns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS mjm-hn-Im-k-Øn¬ hy‡n-
hy-Xymkw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂p. PohnX kml-N-cy-ßfpw IpSpw-_-km-l-N-cy-ßfpw Cu hyXym-k-Øn\p
Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. kmaq-ln-I-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fnse
Ip´n-I-fnepw `mjm-hn-Im-k-Øn¬ hyXymkw ImWmw. 5 ˛ 6 hb- m-Ip-tºmtg°pw kμ¿`-Øn\v
tbmPn® ]Z-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ip´n°v Ign-bp-∂p. CXmWv Ip´n°v e`n-°p∂ BZysØ
`mjm-kn-≤n-bpw. `mjm-Z-£-Xbp≠mbm¬ am{Xw t]mcm `mj icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ {]tbm-Kn-
°m\pw Ign-b-Ww. CXn\v \n¿hlWw F∂p ]d-bmw. Ip´n-Iƒ°v ka-{]m-b-°m-cpsS CS-bn¬
`mjm-\n¿hl-W-Øn\v _p≤n-ap-´n-√. F∂m¬ A]-cn-Nn-X-cmb BfpI-fpsSbSp-Øpw, kμ¿`-ß-
fnepw `mjm-\n¿h-lWw {]bm-k-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. `mjm-Z-£-X-tbm-sS-bmWv Ip´n-Iƒ kvIqfn¬ hcp-
∂-sX-¶nepw Ah-bpsS bYm¿Y \n¿hl-W-ß-fn-eqsS ]e kμ¿`-ß-fnepw Xß-fpsS `mjm-Z-
£X {]I-S-am-°n-bn-´ps≠-¶nepw `mj Fßs\ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-sh∂ t_m[-]q¿h-amb a\-
nem-°¬ Cu {]mb-Øn¬ Ah¿°v AXo-X-am-Wv. AXv t\Sn-sb-Sp-°-emWv kvIqfnse `mjm-
[y-b-\-Øns‚ Dt±-iyw.
`mjWw A`ykn°p∂Xns‚ e£y߃
$ hnhn[ cq]Ønep≈ `mjWm`yk\߃hgn Bib߃°v hy‡X \¬In icn-bmb
`mjbn¬ Ah ka¿Yambn {]ISn∏n°m≥ Ip´nIsf ]cnioen∏n°pI
$ `mjm {]tbmKßfn¬ hcp∂ t]mcmbvaIƒ ]cnlcn°pI.
$ kwhmZcq]Øn¬ BibkzoIcWhpw, Bib{]IS\hpw kpKaam°pI.
$ ASnÿm\tijnIfpsS ]mckv]cyw t_m[ys∏SpØpI.
$ Ip´nIfpsS `mjm{]tbmKßfnse Zp»oeßsf AI‰n DØa ioe߃ Dd∏m°pI.
tIƒhnbpw ]d-®nepw XΩn¬ _‘-ap-≠v. ]d-bp-∂-XmWv hmb-\-bpsS BZy-]-Sn. hmbn®p
]cn-N-b-s∏-´h Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ kzm`m-hn-I-X-tbmsS en]n hyhÿ kzmwio-I-cn-°p-∂p.
{ZpX `mj-Ww, aμ-`m-j-Ww, Bh¿Ø\w Bh-iy-an-√m-sX-bp≈ \o´-ep-Iƒ Ipdp-°-ep-Iƒ
ap°nbpw aqfn-bp-ap≈ kw`m-jWw Ch-sbm∂pw `mj-W-Øn\p tN¿∂-X-√.
IpSp_mwKßtfmSpw Iq´pImtcmSpw, ho´nseØp∂ a‰p≈htcmSpw ]e kμ¿`ßfn¬
CS]gIp∂Xns‚ `mKambn Ahcpambn kwkmcn®v ]e `mjW ss\]pWnIfpw t\Snb
]TnXmhmWv hnZymebØnseØp∂Xv. Cu `mjW ss\]pWnsb hyXykvX
kμ¿`ßfnepw (Hu]NmcnIw, A\u]NmcnIw) {]tXyI e£y߃°pw A\pKpWamb
coXnbn¬ hnIkn∏n°pI F∂XmWv s{s]adnXeØnse mjW t_m[\Øns‚ e£yw.
`mjmt`Zw {]mtZinIhyXymkw F∂nhbpsS kzm[o\Øm¬ D≠mhm≥ CSbp≈
D®mcW{]iv\߃ Bflhnizmkw XI¿°msX XncpØpIbpw thWw. CXn\mbn
]eXcØnep≈ `mjWmhkc߃ ]TnXmhn\v ¢m v apdnbn¬ e`n°Ww.
Ip´n°v e`nt°≠ mjWmhkc߃
$ A\p`h߃ ]¶nS¬ (Ifn, bm{X, BtLmjw, hmb\...)
$ `mjW km[yXbp≈ IfnIfn¬ G¿s∏S¬
30
$ IY]db¬
$ A`n{]mb {]IS\߃
$ tNmZy߃ tNmZn°m\pw DØc߃ ]dbm\pw km[yXbp≈ {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬
G¿s∏S¬
$ Hcp hnjbsØ A[nIcn®v kwkmcn°¬
$ C„ap≈Xpw, C„an√mØXpw AXns‚ ImcWßfpw ]db¬
$ H∂mw bqWn‰n¬ ]cnNbs∏´ \mtSmSn hmMvab߃ ]d™p≈ IfnIƒ, IS¶Ym ]b‰v,
{i≤ samUyqfn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnb IYbn¬ IqSmsa∂ {]h¿Ø\w (DÆnbpw sImXpIpw
F∂IY), F∂nßs\ `mjWØn\v {]m[m\yap≈ {]h¿Ø\ßfpsS Hcp tiJcw
Xbmdm°pI. AØcw {]h¿Ø\߃ kvIqƒ ¢m pIfn¬ s{sSHu v sNbvXv A\p`h߃
]¶phbv°pI.
`mj-Wm- y-k-\-Øn-\p-ff am¿K-߃
Hmtcm A[y-b-\-L-´-Ønepw hyXykvX coXn-I-fmWv `mjWØns‚ A`y-k-\-Øn\v kzoI-cn-
t°-≠-Xv. Ip´n-I-fpsS {]mb-Øn\pw Xm¬]-cy-Øn\pw A\p-k-cn-®p-ff am¿K-ß-fmWv {][m-\-
ambpw kzoI-cn-t°--≠Xv. {]mY-anI hnZym-e-b-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp∂ F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw `mjm-]-c-
amb Ignhv Htc Xc-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. hy‡n-hy-Xym-k-߃°-\p-k-cn®v `mjm-]-c-amb Adn-
hnepw hyXymkap≠m-Ipw. Ip´n-I-fpsS `mjm-]-cnN-bsØ kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bmWv
A[ym-]-I¿ BZyw sNtø-≠-Xv. AXn-\mbn Hmtcm Ip´n-tbmSpw kwkm-cn-°-Ww. XnI®pw A\u-
]-Nm-cnI kw`m-j-W-amWv \S-tØ-≠-Xv. A]-cn-Nn-XXzw ImcWw Nne-t∏mƒ Ip´n kwkm-cn-
°m≥ BZyw aSn ImWn-°mw. kvt\l-]q¿W-amb s]cp-am-‰-Øn-eqsS Ah-cp-ambn ASp-∏-ap-≠m-
°n-b-Xn\ptijw kwkm-cn-∏n-°p-I. Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]cn-N-bhpw CjvS-hp-ap-ff hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m
Fs¥-¶nepw hkvXp-°ƒ ImWn-®p-sImt≠m kwkm-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏-Smw. Ip´n-I-fpsS A\p-`-h-
a-fi-e-Øns‚ hym]vXn, Xm¬∏-cy-߃, Bi-b-{I-ao-I-cW]mS-hw, Km¿ln-Im-¥-co-£w, kz`mhw
Ch-sb√mw Ip´n-I-fpsS kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ \n∂v A[ym-]-I\v a\- n-em-°mw. mjm-]-c-amb sshI-
ey-ß-fpw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬ ]c-ky-ambn Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm hna¿in-°p-Itbm
sNø-cp-Xv. Ah¿ hcp-Øp∂ hymI-c-W-sØ-‰p-Itfm A]q¿W hmIy-ßtfm {i≤n-t°-≠-≠Xn-
√. D®m-cWw, kw`m-j-W-Øns‚ Hgp-°v, hm°p-Iƒ {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xnse NmXpcn Ch-bn-em-bn-
cn-°Ww A[ym-]n-I-bpsS {i≤. Ip´n kvIqfn-se-Øp∂ BZysØ Ipsd Znh-k-߃ Cßs\
kw`m-jW ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. A[ym-]nI Ip´n-Iƒ°v tIƒ°m\pw A\p-
I-cn-°m\pw DX-Ip∂ hn[-Øn¬ thWw kwkm-cn-t°--≠Xv. A[ym-]n-I-bpsS `mj ip≤hpw
hy‡hpw kzm`m-hn-I-hp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ss{]adn ¢m p-I-fnse `mj-Wm-`y-k-\-Øn\v Gsd A\p-
tbm-Py-amb H∂mWv IYm-h-X-c-Ww. IY Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ coXn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-
°mw. Nn{X-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v IY, kw`m-j-Ww, eLp-hn-h-c-Ww, ]m´v F∂nh `mh-\m-]q¿hw
sNøn-°mw. tNmZy-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw kqN-\-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Nn{X-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøm\pff Ignhv
hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bpw. IYm-hm-b-\-bn-te°v \bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Nn{X-hm-b\ \S-Øm≥
km[n-°pw. Ip´n-Iƒ t\Snb Bi-b-߃, tijn-Iƒ, at\m-`m-h-߃ F∂nh hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-
\mbpw Ch D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. h¿W-∏-In-´m¿∂ Nn{X-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-XmWv Gsd DØ-
aw. sIm®p Ip´n-Iƒ°p th≠nbpff IY-Iƒ°v Gsd {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-≠v.
31
\μp aq∂mw ¢m n¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p. HmWm-h-[n-°p-tijw ¢m n-se-Ønb Ip´n-I-tfmSv So®¿
\nß-fpsS HmWw Fßs\bp≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cmbn ]d-bm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p.
\μp-hm-Is´ H∂pw an≠msX Fgp-t∂‰v \n∂-tX-bp-f-fp. So®¿ Ahs‚ HmW-sØ-°p-dn-®p-
ff Imcy-߃ Hmtcm-∂mbn tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ Ah≥ DØcw \¬In. F∂m¬ C‚¿sh¬
ka-bØv Ah≥ Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-c-\mb tKm]p-hn-t\mSv Ahs‚ HmW-°me hnti-j-߃
]¶p-h-bv°p-∂Xv So®¿ tIƒ°m-\n-S-bm-bn. Iq´p-Im-c-\p-ambn A\p-`hw ]¶p-h-bv°p-tºmƒ
Bi-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn\v Hcp _p≤n-ap´pw D≠m-bn√. Ip´n-Iƒ G¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂ ⁄m\-\n¿ΩmW
{]{In-b-bn¬ A[ym-]-I¿ IqSp-X¬ kPo-h-amb ]¶p-h-ln-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, AXv Ip´n-I-
fpsS Adn-hns\ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. ]T-\-Øn¬ hym]r-X-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ Ip´n-
Iƒ kz¥w Adnhv \n¿Ωn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. X߃ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂- hkvXpXIsf
kvIqfn\p ]pdØp \S-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ip´n-Isf A\p-h-Zn-°p-I,
ImWm-∏mTw ]Tn®v Hcp icn-bp-Øcw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\p ]Icw kz¥w A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
kz¥w hm°p-I-fn¬ DØcw ]d-bp-hm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI CsX√mw Xß-fpsS Adnhv
hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ip´n-Isf klm-bn-°p∂ sNdp-sX-¶nepw {][m-\-amb Nph-Sp-I-fm-Wv.
_p≤n-]q¿h-I-amb Duln-°¬ A¿Yh-Ømb Hcp t_m[-t\m-]m-[n-bm-Wv. AXv t{]m’m-
ln-∏n-°-Ww. ]e-t∏mgpw XßfpsS ssZ\wZn\m-\p- -h-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m am[y-a-k-º¿°-Øn¬
\nt∂m Ip´n-I-fpsS a\- n¬ Nne Bi-b-߃ cq]-s∏-´n-´p-≠m-hmw. ]t£, So®¿ {]Xo-
£n-°p∂ hm°p-I-fn¬ Ah {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿°p ]‰n-sb∂p hcn-√. Adn-™-Xn-
s‚bpw IjvSn®v Adn-bp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw CS-bv°p-ff CS-Øn¬ BWv ]pXnb Adnhv krjvSn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kvIqfn\v ]pdØv ho´ntem kaq-l-Øntem hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cp∂ Ic-hn-
cp-Xp-I-fpsS cq]-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw ]e-t∏mgpw Adn-hp-Ifpw _lp-am-\n-°-s∏-SWw. Adnhpw
kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-ap-ff A[ym-]nI CXn-s\-∏‰n t_m[-h-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°pw. Ip´nIfpsS hnIm-
k-km-[y-X-Iƒ km£m-XvI-cn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-hn[w {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬Inbpw tNmZy-
߃ tNmZn®pw Ahsc \bn-°m≥ So®¿°p Ign-bpw.
At\z-j-Ww, ]cy-th-j-Ww, tNmZyw tNmZn-°¬ Unt_-‰p-Iƒ, kn≤m¥ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-
te°pw Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsSbpw krjvSn-bn-te°pw \bn-°p∂ {]tbm-Khpw
Nn¥bpw ˛ Ch-sbms° kPo-hamb CS-s]-S-ens‚ `mK-am-Wv. kvIqfp-Iƒ, tNmZy-߃
tNmZn-°m\pw At\z-jn-°m\pw X¿°n-°m\pw k¶-ev]-\-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm\pw ]pXnb
Bi-b-߃ D≠m-°m\pw Hs° Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww.
(F≥.-kn.-F^v 2005, 41-˛42)
kwkmc`mjbpsS {]tXyIXIƒ
kwkmc`mjbv°v Hcp {]tXyI kμ¿`ap≠v. AXn¬ ]s¶Sp°p∂h¿ XΩnep≈ _‘hpw
`mjsb kzm[o\n°p∂p≠v. F∂m¬ Cu c≠v LSI߃ enJnX `mjsb kzm[o\n°p∂n√.
kwkmc`mjbn¬ hmIyßfpw hm°pIfpw Npcp°pIbpw tIƒhn°mcs‚ Xm¬∏cyw, ap∂dnhv
Ch IW°nseSpØv Nne Imcy߃ {]ISn∏n°msX hnSpIbpw sNøp∂p≠v. Iq´pImtcmSpw
ho´pImtcmSpw kwkmcn°ptºmƒ D]tbmKn°p∂ ]Zßfpw hmIyLS\bpa√ Hu]NmcnI
kw`mjWØn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. Hu]NmcnI `mjWØns‚ coXnIƒ {ItaW B¿Pn°pI
F∂Xv `mjW ]cnioe\Øns‚ Hcp apJye£yamWv. kwkmc`mj hymIcW]camb Nne
{]tXyIXIfpw {]ISn∏n°p∂p≠v. ]e D]hmIy߃ Hcp k¶o¿WhmIyØn\IØv
ASßnbncn°pI, ]ehmIy߃ t{iWnbmbn _‘n∏n®ncn°pI. hmIy߃°nSbv°v
32
_‘]Z߃ D]tbmKn°pI, HcpImcyw ]dbm≥ Bcw`n®v apgpan∏n°msX as‰m∂nte°v
t]mIpI XpSßnbhsb√mw kwkmc mjbn¬ {]ISamWv. mjm t`ZßfmWv enJnX`mjbn¬
\n∂v kwkmc `mjsb hyXykvXam°p∂ as‰mcpLSIw. `mtjXc khntijXIƒ
BwKy߃, apJØv {]ISn∏n°p∂ hnImc߃, CuWw, Du∂¬, Xmfw, XpSßnbhbpw
kwkmc`mjbv°v {]tXyI AkvXnXzw \¬Ip∂p.
Ip´nIsf \√ mjWØnte°p \bn°m≥
$ Ip´ntbmSv [mcmfw kwkmcn°pI.
$ Ip´n°v kwkmcn°m≥ [mcmfw Ahkcw Hcp°pI.
$ Ip´nsb ho´nse apXn¿∂htcmsSm∏w Bibhn\nabØn¬ ]s¶Sp∏n°pI.
$ IYIƒ tIƒ∏n°pI. tI´IYIfpw ]m´pIfpw, ]dbm\pw ]mSm\pw Bhiys∏SpI.
{]h¿Ø\߃
? hnZymebØnse Ip´nIfpsS BImihmWn {]h¿Ø\w `mjWtijnsb
hf¿Øptam? Fßs\?
? Un.F¬ FUv "Ip´nIfpsS BImihmWn'˛\nebØnte°p≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ
Xbmdm°n AhXcn∏n®v i–teJ\w \SØpI.
? ss{]a-dn-X-e-Ønse ]mTy-]-≤Xn A[ym-]-I-k-lm-bn, ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-
\-߃ F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n®v `mjm-t_m-[-\-Øn¬ `mjW ]cnioe\Øn\v F{X-tØmfw
{]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-´p-s≠∂v hni-I-e\w sNøp-I. (kw`m-j-W-ß-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww, Ah-
X-c-Ww, {]tXy-IX Is≠ج)
? H∂p apX¬ Ggp hscbp≈ mjm ]mT]pkvXIßfpw, A[ym]I klmbnbpw ]cntim[n®v
`mjWkm[yXbp≈ {]h¿Ø\߃ ]´nIs∏SpØpI.
? bYm¿Y kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°pI hgn-bmWv kwkm-c-`mj hnI-kn-°p-∂sX-¶n¬
kwkm-c- mjm hnIm-k-Øn\v ¢mkn¬ \S-Øm-hp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf°pdn-®p-ff N¿® kwL-
Sn-∏n-°p-I.
hmb\
$ F¥mWv hmb\?
A£c߃ tN¿Øv ]dbemtWm? hmbn°ptºmƒ bYm¿YØn¬ F¥mWv kw`hnt°≠Xv.
{]XoIßsf (tImUpcq]Ønep≈ tcJs∏Spج) hymJym\n°emWv (Uo-tImUv sNø¬)
hmb\bneqsS \S°p∂Xv. A®Snt®m FgpXntbm D≈ tcJs∏Spج AXv Xncn®dnbm≥
IgnbmØ BfpIsf kw_‘n®StØmfw Nn{Xcq]w am{XamWv. A®Snbntem, FgpØntem
ASßnbncn°p∂ Bibw {Kln°emWv hmb\bpsS e£yw. Ip´n hmbn°p∂Xv AXnse
BibsØbmWv. tIhew A£cßsftbm, ]Zßsftbm A√. hmb\ an°hmdpw
{]hN\amWv.]Zßfntem, hmIyßfntem ASßnb Bibw C∂Xmbncn°psa∂v
Duln®psIm≠mWv Ip´n hmbn°p∂Xv. CXp ^e{]Zambn \S°Wsa¶n¬ BibsØ
th¿Xncns®Sp°p∂ (decoding) {]h¿Ø\Øn¬ Ip´nIƒ°v [mcmfw A\p`h߃ In´Ww.
{ihWw, `mjWw hmb-\, teJ\w F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv `mjm-`y-k-\-Øns‚ A\p-]mX{Iaw.
tI´pa\ nem°pI, ]d™v {]ISn∏n°pI F∂nh kzm`mhnI {]h¿Ø\ßfmWv. Hcpa\pjy\v
33
AXv t\SnsbSp°m≥ t_m[]q¿hamb {]tXyI ]cnioe\߃ thWsa∂n√. F∂m¬ Hcp
`mjm kaqlØn¬ ]cs° AwKoIcn°s∏´Xpw Ir{Xnaambn \n¿Ωn®Xpamb A£csa∂
Nn{XoIcW ]cnioe\hpw (FgpØv), AXns‚ th¿Xncnhv a\ nem°n Bibw Xncn®dnbp∂
hmb\ F∂ {]{Inbbpw ]cnioe\ØneqsS am{Xta Hcmƒ°v kzmbØam°m≥ IgnbpIbp≈q.
Hmtcm A£chpw, Nn”hyhÿbpw Nnc]cnNbØneqsS am{Xta Xncn®dnbm≥ Ignbq. Aßs\
hcptºmƒ AXn\v Hcp {Iaw D≠mhpas√m? apJmapJw ImWptºmƒ Bib߃ ]ckv]cw
ssIamdnbncp∂ a\pjy¿ apJmapJw ImWmØ kμ¿`ßfnepw Bibw ssIamtd≠n
h∂t∏mgmbncn°mw ]pXnb kmt¶XnIhnZy hnIkn∏n®ncn°pI. Bibw ssIamdp∂ Bfpw
kzoIcn°p∂ Bfpw XΩnep≈ Hcps]mXpIcmdmWv bYm¿YØn¬ `mj. FgpØn\pw
CXp_m[IamWv. tcJs∏SpØens‚ A¿Yw Cßs\bmbncn°psa∂v Hcp`mjm kaqlw
D≠m°nb IcmdmWv en]n.
ImWp-∂Xpw ImWm-Ø-Xp-amb A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS kwtbm-P-\-amWv hmb-\. hmb\ Htc kabw
{Inbm-flI ss\]p-Wnbpw kzoI-cW ss\]p-Wn-bp-am-Wv. hmbn-°p-tºmƒ ]pXnb BibßfmWv
\mw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hmb\ F∂Xv Hcp GI ss\]p-Wn-b-√. Hcp]mSv D]-ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ IqSn-
t®-cp-tºm-gmWv hmb\ F∂ ss\]pWn ]q¿Wam-hp-∂-Xv.`mjm-]-c-amb Ign-hp-I-fpsS {]mtbm-
Kn-I-h-i-ß-fn¬ apJy-ÿm-\-amWv hmb-\-bv°p-f-f-Xv.
hmb-\-bpsS a\-»m-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
hmb\ F∂ {]{In-bbv°v \mep-L-´-ß-fp≠v. H∂masØ L´w ]Z-ß-fpsS enJnX cq]w a\- n-
em-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. a\- n-em-°nb enJnX cq]-ßsf i_vZ-am°n am‰p-I-bmWv c≠ma-Xmbn
sNøp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm i_vZhpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Bi-b-߃ {]tXy-I-ambn a\- n¬ IS∂ Bi-b-
ßsf GsX-¶nepw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ GIo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv aq∂m-a-Xmbn sNøp-I. Ah-km\
L´-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn, hmbn® hmIy-Øns‚ hy‡-amb Bi-b-t_m[w D≠m-Ipw. hmb\, am\-knI
{]h¿Ø-\-am-sW-¶nepw Hcp imco-cnI {]h¿Ø\w IqSn-bm-Wv. hmb-\sb klm-bn-°p∂ {][m-
\-L-SIw IÆp-I-fm-Wv. kq£va-amb \nco-£-W-Øn-eq-sStb hmbn°m-\m-Iq. Hcp hm°n¬ \n∂v
as‰mcp hm°n-te°v IÆp-Iƒ AXn-thKw \oßp-∂p. Hcp sk°‚ns‚ ]Øn-sem-∂p-k-abw
am{Xta Hcp hm°v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\p]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≈q. IÆp-Iƒ Hcp XhW XcWw sNøp∂
ssZ¿Ly-Øn\v \b-\-hn-kvXrXn (Eyes pan) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Hcp hm°n¬ \n∂v ASp-Ø-hm-°n-
te°v \oßp∂Xn\n-S-bn¬ IÆp-Iƒ Bhm-°p-Iƒ Xncn-®-dnbm≥ Aev]-t\cw \n¿Øp-∂p. CXn\v
\b-\-tI-{μo-I-cWw (Eye fixation) F∂pw Nne-hm-°p-Iƒ hn´p-t]m-hp-Itbm hmbn-®Xv a\- n-em-
hmsX hcn-Itbm sNøp-tºmƒ apt∂ IS-∂p-t]mb `mK-Øp-IqSn ho≠pw IS∂p t]mIp-∂-Xns\
At[m-K-a\w (Regression) F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. \b-\-hn-kvXrXn Zo¿Ln-∏n°pIbpw \b-\-tI-{μo-I-
c-Whpw At[mKa\hpw Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ hmb-\-bn¬ thKX e`n-°pw.
hmb-\-bpsS e£y-߃
$ Bib-{K-lWw
$ hn⁄m\ kºmZ\w
$ Nn¥-bpsS hnImkw
$ kmwkvIm-cnI ]ptcm-KXn
$ kmln-Xym-kzm-Z\w
$ `mjm-`n-hr≤n
34
Xs‚ Np‰p]mSpIsf ka{Kambpw kq£vaambpw t\m°n°mWp∂Xn\pw kmaqlyt_m[Øns‚
ASnÿm\Øn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂Xn\pw ASnØdsbmcp°p∂ kmwkvImcnI CSs]SemWv
hmb\ F∂pImWmw. hn⁄m\ hnkvt^mS\Øns‚ ImeL´amWnXv. hmb\ Hcp tZiØns‚
{]Xntcm[Øns‚bpw AXnPoh\Øns‚bpw i‡amb Bbp[amWv. A£cPzmebn¬
hmb\bpsS kwkvImcw DuXn°m®nsbSpØm¬ am{Xta kqcytim`bpw,IcpØpapff Hcp Xeapd
hnZymebØn¬ \n∂v cq]s∏SpIbp≈p. hmb\bv°p ]Icw hmb\b√msX a‰v {]h¿Ø\ßfn√.
hmb\bpsS A`yk\w hyXykvX coXn-Ifpw kao-]-\-ßfpw
efnX LS-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ka{K LS-I-ß-fn-te°v (Bottom-to-top approach), ka{K LS-I-ß-
fn¬ \n∂v efnX LS-I-ß-fn-te°v (Top-to-bottom approach). A£-cw-˛-hm-°v-˛-hmIyw F∂ {Ia-
Ønep≈ hmb\m ]cn-io-e\w BZysØ kao-]-\-Øn-\pw, hmIyw-˛-hm-°v-˛-A-£cw F∂ {Iaw
c≠m-asØ coXn°pw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Bi-bm-h-X-cW coXnbpw CtX XØzw Xs∂-bmWv
]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv. `mj-bpsS teJ\ hyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw A£-c-k-¶-e-\-ß-fp-sSbpw coXnbpw
bp‡nbpw hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠v apt∂m´p t]mImw F∂-XmWv BZysØ kao-]-\-
Øns‚ KpWw. AtX kabw A¿Y-Øn¬ \n∂v thdn´p \n¬°p∂ Hcp Xew CXn-\p-s≠-∂p-≈-
Xpw, XnI®pw bm{¥n-I-am-Im-\p≈ km[y-X-bp-amWv Cu kao-]-\-Øns‚ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ. A¿Y-
]q¿Øn-bp≈ LS-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Bcw-`n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂Xpw AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ ]Tn-Xm-
hns‚ Xm¬∏cyw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂Xpw c≠m-asØ kao-]-\-Øns‚ ta∑-I-fmWv.
F∂m¬ Cu coXn-bn¬ hmb\m]cn-io-e\w \¬Im≥ hfsc kq£va-ambn Bkq-{XWw sNbvX
hmb\m kma-{Kn-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ah-bpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ t_m[\w Dt±-in® coXn-bn¬ apt∂m-
´p-t]m-Im≥ Ign-bmsX hcmw. AXn-\m¬, Cu kao-]\w A\p-h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ, th≠{X ]ptcm-
KXn D≠m-ImØ hnZym¿Yn-Isf klm-bn-°m≥ A£-c-X-e-Ønse t_m[\w \¬IpI F∂
kao-]-\-amWv Cu taJ-e-bnse hnZ-Kv[¿ \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.
A£-c-am-em-{I-a-Øn-ep≈ Ah-X-cWw (efnX LS-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ka-{K-L-S-I-ß-fn-te°v
t]mIp∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. A£-c-ame ]Tn-∏n-°m-\p≈ \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-KX coXn, kzc-߃,
hyRvP-\-߃ F∂nh thdn-´pw, hyRvP-\-߃°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ i_vZ-]-c-ambn kam-\-am-bh
Hcp-an®pw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v CXv klm-b-I-am-Wv. ss{]adn Xe-Øn¬ Cu Adnhv {]k-‡-a-
s√-¶n-epw, kz\-]-c-amb KpW-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv A£-c-ame Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv
F∂-Xn-\m¬, D®m-cWw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ffp-∏-ap-≠v. A£-c-ßfpw i_vZ-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w
Dd-®p-In-´p-∂-Xn\pw CXv klm-b-I-am-Wv. AtX ka-bw, Cu coXn AXy-[nIw bm{¥n-Ihpw hnc-
k-hp-am-bn-Øo-cm≥ km[y-X-bp-≈-Xm-Wv). A£-c-am-e-bv°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ efn-X-am-b-Xn¬ \n∂v
k¶o¿W-am-b-Xn-te°v F∂ {Ia-Øn¬ A£-c-ßsf Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI F∂-XmWv as‰mcp coXn.
DZm: d c X \ F∂ {Iaw.
Bi-bm-h-X-cW coXn
a\»mkv{X-]-c-amb coXn-bn¬ hmb\ A`y-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Bi-bm-h-X-c-W-coXn A\p-tbm-Py-
am-Wv. BibmhX-c-W-co-Xn-bn¬ BZyw Ip´n-Iƒ Imcy-߃ apgp-h-\mtbm hn]p-e-amb Xc-Øntem
kzoI-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw kq£va-amb Awi-ß-fn-te°v IS-°p-∂p. ÿqe-
Øn¬ \n∂v kq£va-Øn-te-°mWv ]Tn-Xm-hv \-bn°s∏Sp-∂-Xv. Hcp hkvXp-hns\ ka-{K-ambn
ImWm\pw a\- n-em-°m-\p-ap≈ hy‡n-bpsS Ign-hmWv Cu coXn-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
hmIy-k-aq-lw, hmIyw, ]Zw F∂o {Ia-Øn¬ A]-{K-Yn®v A£-c-ß-fn-te°v FØp-I-bmWv
sNøp-∂-Xv. A]-{K-Y-\-coXn (Analytical Method) bpsS Xe-amWv Bi-bm-h-X-c-W-co-Xn°v ASn-
ÿm-\w. B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymk Nn¥-I¿°pw hnZym-`ymk a\»mkv{X-⁄¿°pw Cu coXn-bmWv
kzoIm-cy-ambn ImWp-∂-Xv.
35
au\-hm-b-\bpw {imhy-hm-b-\bpw:
{imhy-hm-b\: A£-c-kv^p-S-X-tbmsS A¿Yw {Kln®v hmbn-°p-∂-Xn\v {imhy-hm-b\ D]-I-cn-
°pw. hm°p-Ifpw hmIy-ßfpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn D®-cn-°p-I, A\p-tbm-Py-amb CuWhpw Du∂epw
\¬IpI F∂n-h-sbms° ]cn-io-en-∏n-°m≥ {imhy-hm-b\ Gsd klm-bn-°p-∂p. {]kw-K-I-e-bn-
te°v Ip´nsb \bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw `mhm-fl-I-amb {imhy hmb\ klm-bn-°p-∂p. Gsd kabw
Dds° hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂Xv Cu coXn-bpsS {][m\ t]mcm-bva-bm-Wv.
au\-hm-b\: Bi-b-{K-l-W-Øn-\p≈ G‰hpw \√ D]m-[n-bmWv au\-hm-b-\. Bi-bhpw Nn¥bpw
ChnsS H∂p-tN-cp-∂p. hmbn® `mK-ß-fpsS A¿Yw t\cn´v a\- n-se-Øp∂p F∂-XmWv {][m\
ta∑. apXn¿∂ ¢mkp-I-fn-se-Øp-tºmƒ au\ hmb-\-bn¬ Ip´n \n]p-W-\m-I-Ww. AXn-\p-XIpw
hn[w Xmgv∂ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]cn-io-e\w e`n-°-Ww.
ssPhhmb\
]et∏mgpw apXn¿∂h¿ AhcpsS Xm¬∏cyØn\\pkcn®mWv. hmb\ ]cnioen∏n°p∂Xv.
CXv Ip´nbn¬ hmb\tbmSv kzm`mhnIamb B`napJyw D≠m°ns°m≈Wsa∂n√. Ip´n°v
kz¥w Bhiy߃°\pkcn®v hmbn°m\p≈ Ahkcw Hcp°ns°mSp°Ww. At∏mƒ
hmb\tbmSp≈ Ip´nbpsS Xmev]cyw kzm`mhnIambn hf¿∂p hnIkn°p∂XpImWmw.
Xpd∂ hmb\bv°v Ahkcw \¬Ip∂ ssPh]mTßfmWv CXn\mbn Hcpt°≠Xv.
Adnbp∂Xn¬\n∂v AdnbmØXnte°pw kz¥w kwkvImcØn¬\n∂pw
]pXnbkwkvImcØtne°pw bm{XsNøm\p≈ Hcp ]mewt]mse ssPhhmb\
D]tbmKs∏SpØmw.
hmb\m ]cn-io-e\w {]mtbm-KnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃
ASn-ÿm\ Xew
Ip´n°v hmb-\-bn¬ Xm¬∏cyw DW¿Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn hnhn-[-Xcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw
sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. Ip´n-bpsS {]mbw, am\-kn-I-\n-e, Xm¬cy-ap≈ taJ-e-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-
sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Hcp-t°-≠-Xv.
{]oss{]-adn Xew: Bdp-h-b phsc-bp≈ Ip´n-I-fmWv Cu L -Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. t\cn- p≈ A£-
c-hm-b\ Ahsc kw_-‘n®v Bim-ky-a-√. [mcmfw {]mKvhm-b\m {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Cu L´-
Øn¬ A\p-tbm-Py-am-b-Xv.
$ Nn{X-hm-b\
$ {Iao-I-cn® Nn{X-ßsf IYm-cq-]-Øn-em-°p-I.
$ Nn{X-ß-fmbn {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ IY-Iƒ ]d™p tIƒ∏n-°¬.
$ IY-tIƒ°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v IYm-hm-b-\-bn-te°v Ip´nsb \bn-°¬
$ A£-c-Nn-{X-߃
$ A£-c-ß-fpsS I´u-´p-Iƒ
$ hm°p-Ifpw Nn{X-ßfpw tN¿∂p≈ IY-Iƒ
{]mY-anI Xew
tIƒhn-bn¬ \n∂mWv Ip´n°v hmbn-°m-\p≈ Xm¬∏cyw P\n-°p-∂-Xv. Ip´n tIƒ°m-\n-jvS-s∏-
36
Sp∂ IY-Iƒ ˛ ]©-X{¥ IY-Iƒ, hn{I-am-ZnXy IY-Iƒ, lntXm-]-tZi IY-Iƒ, _me-I-Y-Iƒ,
tIƒ°m-\n-jvS-s∏-Sp∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh ˛ A[ym-]-I-cn¬ \n∂pw c£n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂pw
tIƒ°m-\p≈ [mcmfw Ah-k-c-߃ Hcp-°-Ww.
{]mY-anI L´w Xocp-tºmƒ Ip´n°v kzX{¥ hmb-\bv°v Ign-b-Ww. h¿Ø-am\∏{X-߃, _me-
am-kn-I-Iƒ, _me-]w-‡n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh kzX-{¥-ambn hmbn®v Bkz-Zn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. IYm-
a-’-c-߃, bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-߃, Bkzm-Z-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ, eLp-{]-kw-K-߃, Bem-]-\w, Imhy-
c-N\ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn \S-Øm\pw Aßs\ hmb-\-bn-te°v
Ip´nsb \bn-°m\pw Ign-bpw.
IYm-]q-c-Ww, Bi-b-hn-]p-e-\w, hcn-Iƒ Iq´n-t®¿°¬ XpS-ßnb {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]Tn-Xm-°-
fpsS hmb-\m-tijn hf¿Øm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. `mjm-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃
kvIqfn¬ HXp-ßp-∂-h-b-√. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ¢mkvXe {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ho´n-te°pw hym]n-∏n-
t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ip´n-Iƒ°v CW-ßp∂ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS tiJcw ho´n¬ Hcp-t°-≠Xpw Ah
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-kcw D≠m-tI-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
Fensa‚dn ¢m pIfn¬ CØcw Nne hmb\m ]cnioe\ coXnIƒ Dƒs∏SpØmw.
$ kwbp‡hmb\
$ "Atøm sX‰n' hmb\
$ "sO sO' hmb\
$ {Kq∏v hmb\
$ H‰bv°p≈ hmb\
$ ]qcn∏n®p hmb\
$ Hfn®ncn°p∂Xns\ Is≠ج
$ F{Xh´w Bh¿Øn®p F∂v Is≠ج
$ IYm]m{Xßsf am‰n hmbn°¬
$ At\ym\yw ]qcn∏n®p hmbn°¬
{Km^nIv doUnMv
\Sn-®p-hm-bn-°pI F∂Xv sNdnb Ip´n-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. AΩ-bpsS Nn{Xw I≠v
AΩ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xpw, IYm-Nn-{X-ß-fn-eqsS IY ]d-bp-∂Xpw ho´nse ]{Xw amdp-tºmƒ
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xpw {Km^nIv hmb-\-bpsS BZy ]Sn-bm-Wv. Ipsd t]cn¬ \n∂pw kz¥w
t]cp Is≠-Øp-∂-Xpw, Ip´n ]d-bp∂ ]Zw A[ym-]nI Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ {]tXyIw {i≤n-°p-
∂Xpw ]n∂oSv AXv Is≠Øn ImWn-°p-∂Xpw hmb-\-bpsS BZy-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv.
hmIy-ß-fnse i_vZ-bq-Wn‰pw AXns‚ enJnX cq]hpw s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-
\-ßfpw hmb\m ]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ Ip´n°v e`n-°-Ww.
CØcw {]h¿Ø\߃ \SØp∂Xn\papºv ]pkvXIØnse Nn{X߃ D]tbmKs∏SpØnbp≈
Nn{Xhmb\ \SØp∂Xv Ip´nsb hmb\bnte°p \bn°p∂Xn\v klmbIamIpw.
hmb\bn¬ Bib{KlWw Dd∏m°p∂ {]h¿Ø\߃
hmb\sb t{]m’mln∏n°m\pw AXneqsS Bib{KlWw \S°p∂psh∂v Dd∏p hcpØm\pw
37
hmbn® `mKsØ Bkv]Zam°n Bib{]IS\Øn\p≈ \nch[n Ahkc߃ Hcp°Ww
$ \mSImhnjvImcw $ tdmƒtπ
$ ssaanMv $ Nn{Xw hc
$ tNmtZymØc∏b‰v $ Bibw Npcp°n∏db¬
$ Bibw ]cØn∏db¬ $ IYm]m{Xambn k¶¬∏n®v ]db¬
$ IY am‰whcpØn∏db¬ $ IYm]qcWw
$ IhnXm]qcWw $ IYmhn]pe\w (F∂ns´¥p≠mbn?)
{]h¿Ø\߃
? {Km^nIv hmb\bpsS km[yXIƒ H∂mw ¢m n¬ ]co£n®pt\m°pI. Is≠ØepIƒ
¢m n¬ ]¶phbv°pI.
? hnZymebØn¬ hmb\bv°v {]m[m\yw \¬In \SØp∂ {]h¿Ø\߃,
Zn\mNcW߃ XpSßnbhbpsS e£yßfpw {]h¿Ø\ßfpw tNmZn®dn™v Ipdn∏v
Xbmdm°pI.
? hyXykvX hmb\mcoXnIfmb hm¿Ømhmb\, IYmhmb\ F∂nh Dƒs∏SpØn
hmb\°fcnIƒ kwLSn∏n°pI.
? {imhy hmb\bpsS \√ amXrIƒ (HmUntbm) tiJcn°pI.
teJ\w
`mjm-ss\]pWnI-fn¬ G‰hpw Ah-km-\-tØXpw k¶o¿Wamb-Xp-amb ss\]p-Wn-bmWv FgpØv
AYhm teJ-\w. ]Z-ßsf {]tXyI {Ia-Øn¬ ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-SpØn Hcp hmIy-ap-≠m-°p-
∂-Xn-\p-ff Ign-hmWv Fgp-Øv. A`y-k-\-Øn-eqsS am{Xw e`n-°p∂ Hcp `mjmss\]p-Wn-bmWv
Fgp-Øv. `mj Hcp hyh-ÿ-bm-Wv. B hyh-ÿ-bnse Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-fmWv i_vZhpw AXv
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ff en]n k{º-Zm-b-hpw. i_vZsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kam\kz`m-h-ap-f-f-
h-bmWv temI-Ønse F√m `mj-Ifpw. F∂m¬ en]n-bn¬ henb hyXymkw D≠p-Xm-\pw.
teJ\hnZy I≠p-]n-Sn-®-tXm-sS-bmWv hnZym-`ymk]c-ambn a\p-jy≥ ]ptcm-K-an®p XpS-ßn-b-Xv.
CXp-aq-ew, t\Snb Adnhv ]n≥X-e-ap-d-Iƒ°v th≠n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-bv°m≥ km[n-®p.
`wKn, thK-X, hy‡-X, A\p-]m-X-{Iaw Ch-bmWv Fgp-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.
`wKn-bmbn Fgp-Xn-bm¬ t]mcm, thK-Xbpw Bh-iy-ap-≠v. ]cn-io-e\w sIm≠mWv CXp t\tS-
≠Xv. thKw Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn\v ssIbnse t]in-Iƒ hfsc thKw Nen-°-Ww. hy‡-X-bmWv Fgp-
Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ aq∂m-asØ KpWw. \mw Fgp-Xp-∂Xv A\y¿°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-
em-bn-cn-°-Ww. \mem-a-tØXv A\p-]m-X-{I-a-am-Wv. A£-c-ß-sf√mw Htc hep∏-Øn¬ Fgp-X-
Ww. A£-c-ß-fpsS kzm`m-hn-I-amb cq]-߃ hnIr-X-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSn-√. hcn-Iƒ XΩn-ep-ff
AIew ]men-°-Ww.
teJ-\-Øn¬ Ic-N-e-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw
`mj-bnse a‰p aq∂p ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw t\Sn-b-Xn\p tijta Fgp-Øn-te°p IS-°m-hq. hnc-ep-I-
fpsS hyXy-kvX-amb Ne-\-߃ Dd-∏n-°p-I-bmWv BZyw th≠-≠Xv. Fgp-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-
Ip∂ ssIbnse kq£v-a-t]-in-I-sfbpw ÿqe t]in-I-sfbpw Nen-∏n-°m≥ {]m]vX-am-°p∂
hn[-Øn¬ Xe-ß-s\bpw hne-ß-s\bpw Dff hc-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°v CjvS-ap-ff coXn-bn¬
38
hc-bv°m≥ Ah-kcw sImSp-°p-I-bmWv Fgp-Øns‚ BZy L -Øn¬ sNtø-≠-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw
\n›nX BIr-Xn-Ifpw (hrØw, NXp-cw, {XntIm-Ww) Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ffp-∏-Øn¬ hc-bv°m-hp∂
Nn{X-ßfpw hc-∏n-°p-I. eLp-hmb A£-c-߃ thWw BZyw Fgp-Xn-°m≥. Hc-£-csØ
as‰m-c-£-c-ambn am‰m≥ Ign-bp∂ hn[-Øn-ep-≈ A£c-߃ BZyw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Ip´n-Iƒ°v
ck-I-c-hpw, Ffp-∏hpw Bbn-cn-°pw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v "d' t]mep-ff A£-csØ ], h, X, \, c
F∂o A£-c-ß-fm-°n -am-‰mw.
teJ\ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p-ff hnhn[ coXn-Iƒ
A£cßfpsS icnbmb BteJ\ {Iaw teJ\ ]cnioe\Øn¬ {]tXyIw {i≤nt°≠Xp≠v.
aebmf A£c߃ {]Z£nWcq] (Clockwise) ØnemWv IqSpXepw FgpXp∂Xv. sX‰mb
BteJ\ {Iaw ]n∂oSv icnbm°n FSp°m≥ hfsc _p≤nap´mWv. BZyL´ßfn¬
A£cßfpsS hSnhnepw hep∏Ønepw IrXyXXbpw IWniXbpw ImWn°Wsa∂ns√¶nepw
hep∏w, AIew F∂nh icnbm°n FSpt°≠Xp≠v. icnbmb BteJ\ {Iaw
]men°p∂XpsIm≠v FgpØn\v thKXbpw `wKnbpw h¿[n∏n°m≥ Ignbpw.
$ BteJ\ amXrIIƒ Is≠Øn AhbpsS icnbmb {]tbmKßfpsS {]m[m\yw N¿®
sNøpI.
1. aW-en-se-gpØv
]cpØ {]X-e-Øn-emWv BZyw A£-cm-`ymkw XpS-tß-≠-≠Xv. hnc¬ sIm≠v aWen¬ Fgp-
Xp-tºm-gp≠≠mIp∂ kv]¿ikwth-Z\w A£ccq]-sØbpw AXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn® Ic-N-e-\-sØbpw
a\- n¬ Dd-∏n-°p-tºmƒ klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa-∂mWv a\»mkv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw.
2. t_m¿Un-se-gpØv
aW-ense A`y-k-\-tØm-sSm∏w ZrV-amb hkvXp-hnepw FgpXn ]Tn--°-Ww. AXn-\mbn t_m¿Uv
D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. ZrV-amb hkvXp-hn¬ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ hnc-ep-Iƒ°pw ssIIƒ°pw A[nIw i‡n
Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp-∂p. ssI samØ-Øn¬ Nen-∏n®p thWw t_m¿Un¬ Fgp-Xm≥. Aß-s\-bm-
Ip-tºmƒ ssIbnse ÿqe t]in-Iƒs°m∏w kq£va t]in-Ifpw IqSn Nen-∏n-°m≥ t_m¿Un-
se-gpØv klm-bn-°p-∂p.
3. t…‰n-se-gpØv
ZrV-amb {]X-e-Øn¬ \n∂v an\p-k-amb {]X-e-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm-\p-ff XpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂Xv t…‰n-
se-gp-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. A£-c-߃ hep-∏-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm-\m-h-iy-s∏-Smw.
4. IS-em- n-se-gpØv
t…‰n¬ FgpXn ]cn-io-en-®-Xn\v tijw am¿Zh-ap-ff IS-em- n-se-gp-Xn-°mw. thK-Øn¬ `wKn-
bmbn Fgp-Xm-\p-ff Ign-hmWv teJ-\m-`y-k-\-Øns‚ e£yw.
Fgp-Øp-tijn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠Imcy-߃
H∂mw ¢m ns‚ NpacpIƒ at\mlcamb Fgp-Øp-cq]ßfm¬ BI¿jIam°Ww. sshhn-[y-
am¿∂ kμ¿`-߃ Fgp-Øn-\mbn \¬tI≠--Xp≠v. Ch A¿Y-]q¿W-amb A\p-`-h-am-°n-
Øo¿°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.
\¬Imhp∂ {]h¿Ø\߃
$ Nn{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Bibw Is≠Øn ]Z-߃, hmIy-߃ F∂nh FgpXm-\-h-k-cw.
$ a\- n-em-°nb Imcy-߃ \n›nX hm°p-I-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cW klnXw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°¬.
39
$ icn-bmb Bte-J\{Iaw ]men®v A[ym-]nI Fgp-Xp-∂Xv ImWm≥ Ah-kchpw amXrI
t\m°n Fgp-Xm-\p-ff Ah-k-c-hpw.
$ ]mT-`m-KsØ cN\m {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬.
$ Nn{X-߃, kz¥w A\p-`-h-߃ F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n kzX-{¥-ambn Fgp-Øn-\p-
ff Ah-k-cw.
$ kzX-{¥-ambn k¿Km-flI cN-\-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\p-ff Ah-k-cw.
$ XpS-°-Øn¬ Fgp-Øns‚ hSn-hn\pw ]q¿W-Xbv°pw Aan-X-amb Du∂¬ \¬I-cp-Xv. AX-
h-cpsS Bfl-hn-izm-ksØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°pw.
teJ\w˛t_m[\ kao]\߃
¢mkn¬ teJ\m`ymkw \SØp∂-Xv, ]T-\-Øn\pw t_m[-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ Hcp D]-I-c-W-am-bn-´m-
bn-cn°mw As√-¶n¬ teJ-\-tijn sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bm-bn-cn-°mw. F√m
teJ\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw a‰p tijn-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. teJ\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-
°p∂ ]Tn-Xmhv hnhcw tiJ-cn-°p-I, Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I, hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I, Bi-b-
߃ Nn´-s∏-Sp-ØpI XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n tijn-I-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-hp-I-bm-Wv. teJ-\-tijn
sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bp≈ teJ-\-amWv as‰m-∂v. Ch c≠pw A\p-tbm-Py-ambn
GtIm-]n-∏n-°mw.
D≈-S-°hpw Ah-X-cW coXnbpw
Bi-b-]-c-amb D≈-S-°hpw Ah-X-c-W-co-Xnbpw XΩn-ep≈ Xpe\w F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂
{]iv\w F√m teJ-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Db¿Øp-∂p-≠v. teJ-\-Øns‚ e£yw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-
am-W-t√m. AXn-\m¬ Hcp teJ-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw {][m-\-amb hiw AXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p≈
Bi-b-ß-fmWv F∂v ]d-bmw. AtX kabw ^e-{]-Z-amb hn[-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-s√-¶n¬
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v XS- -ap-≠m-Imw. AXn-\m¬ Bi-b-߃ GXp coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p
F∂Xpw {][m-\-am-Wv. teJ\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ CXn¬ GXp LS-I-Øn\v {]m[m\yw \¬I-
W-sa∂v ap≥Iq´n Xocp-am-\n-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. Hmtcm teJ-\-Zu-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw kz`m-h-a-\p-k-
cn®v Xocp-am-\nt°≠ H∂mWv CXv.
{]mcw` L´-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb teJ\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃.
$ Hcp {]tXyI Imcyw sNøm-\p≈ \n¿tZ-i-߃ Fgp-XpI (DZm: ]mN-I-°p-dn-∏v, Hdn-Kman
cq]-߃ D≠m-°p-I).
$ hy‡ym-\p-`-h-߃
$ {]IrXn Zriy-ß-fpsS hnh-cWw
$ hy‡n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ hnh-cWw
$ IØp-Iƒ°v adp-]Sn Xbm-dm-°¬
$ tPmen-°p≈ At]£ Xbm-dm-°¬
$ am‰-߃ \n¿tZ-in-°¬ (DZm: kvIqƒ \S-Øn-∏n¬, {Sm^nIv \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬...)
$ hm¿Ø Xbm-dm-°pI
$
40
{]h¿Ø\w
? {]mKv teJ\ ]cnioe\Ø\v (ÿqet]in, kqjvat]in D]tbmKw) \n¿t±in°mhp∂
Nne {]h¿Ø\߃ (DZm---.. XØsb Iq´nseØn°¬, hgnI≠p ]nSn°¬) Is≠Øn
sNdnb ¢m n¬ s{sSHu´v sNøpI.
? aebmfØnse Nne {]mNo\ enJnX߃ ]cntim[n®v (XmfntbmeIƒ, B[mc߃,
]gbIme ]pkvXI߃, ...) en]n ]cnWmaw ImWn°p∂ Nm¿´v Xbmdm°pI.
? teJ\sØ kzm[o\n°p∂ LSI߃ (D®mcW{]iv\߃, Unkv{Km^nb, tIƒhn°pdhv
t]mep≈h) Is≠Øn Ah eLqIcn°m\p≈ {]h¿Ø\߃ Is≠ØpI.
? {]K¬`cmb hy‡nIƒ, IhnIƒ F∂nhcpsS ssIsbgpØpamXrIIƒ tiJcn®v
XmcXayw sNbvXv AhbpsS khntijXIƒ Is≠Øn FgpØns‚ sshhn[yw
N¿®sNøpI.
? D®mcWØn¬ \n∂v `n∂amb FgpØpcoXnIfpw aebmfØnep≠v hyXykvXamXrIIƒ
]´nIs∏SpØpI.
d -d≥kv
1. hnZym-`ymk ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw ˛ tIcf imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv
2. B[p-\nI `mjm-imkv{Xw ˛ tUm. sI.Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿
3. `mjm-imkv{X {]th-inI ˛ tUm. C.hn.-F≥. \ºq-Xncn
4. hmb-\-bpsS temI-tØ°v kvt\l-]q¿hw ˛ ae-∏pdw Ub‰v {]kn-≤o-I-cWw
5. hnhn[ A[ym-]I klm-bn-Iƒ ˛
41
bqWn‰v 4
Ip´n-I-fpsS kmlnXywFensa‚dn ¢mkp-I-fn¬ amXr- mj ]Tn-°p∂ Bdv apX¬ ]Xn-\mev hbkv hsc-bp-ff hnZym¿Yn-
Iƒ°v G‰hpw {]nb-¶-c-amb kmln-Xy-im-J-bmWv _me-km-ln-Xyw. H∂mw Xcw apX¬ F´mw
Xcw hsc Cu hnjbw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym-]-I¿ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hnhn-[ ta-J-
e-Ifpw imJ-Ifpw Ime-L-´-ßfpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw Hs° Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ip´n-I-
fpsS kmlnXyw F∂ Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ ae-bm-f-Ønse _me-km-ln-Xy-
Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, _me-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw ¢mkvdqw
km[y-X-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v hy‡-am-b -[m-cW t\Sm≥ Hmtcm A[ym-]IhnZym¿Yn°pw
Ign-b-Ww. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ _me-km-ln-Xy-ap-s≠∂pw Ah-bn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v
tbmPn® `mjbpw {]ta-b-hp-amWv ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-sX∂pw CXn-eqsS Ip´n-I-fpsS Pn⁄m-
k, hmb-\, k¿Km-fl-IX F∂nh hf¿Øm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂pw a\- n-em-°-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ°v
th≠n apXn¿∂-h¿ Fgp-Xp-∂-hbpw Ip´n-Iƒ Xs∂ Fgp-Xp-∂-hbpw _me-km-lnXy taJ-esb
kº-∂-am-°p-∂p. CØcw _me-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-sfbpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-sfbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-tºmƒ `mjm-]-T\ ¢mkv Xo¿®-bmbpw Dt±iy e£y-
߃ ssIh-cn-°p-I Xs∂ sNøpw.
F¥mWv _me-km-lnXyw?
_me-a-\- n¬ Nn¥bpw mh-\bpw ]I¿∂v sImSp-°p-∂Xv al-Ømb Hcp I¿Ω-am-Wv. aq¿Øhpw
Ne-\m-fl-I-hp-amb H∂n-te°v am{Xta Ip´n-I-fpsS a\ v k©-cn-°p-I-bp-≈q. F¥v I≠mepw
tI´mepw AXns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn-te°v _me-a-\ v IpXn-°pw. Ip´n-I-fpsS Pn⁄mk hf-c-
Ww. Ah-cpsS a\ v IÆm-Sn-t]m-se-bm-Wv. kz`m-h-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\p t]mepw {]Y-a-ÿm-\-ap-ff
_mey-Im-eØv Ah¿°mbn e`n-°p∂ kmln-Xy-c-N-\-Iƒ CØcw \nc-h[n LS-I-߃
Dƒt®¿∂h Bbn-cn-°-Ww. _me-km-lnXyw Ah-bpsS ka-kvX-L-S-I-ß-fnepw {]Xn-]m-Zy-Ønepw
{]Xn-]m-Z-\-Ønepw˛k-a-{KX ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-bm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂¿Yw. Ip´n-I-fpsS kmln-Xy-Ønse
`mj, ssien, Ah-X-cWw F∂nh am{X-a√ kIe LS-I-ßfpw Ah-cpsS A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ°v
A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. Ip´n-I-fpsS a\»mkv{Xw a\- n-em°n Ah-cpsS hnImchnNm-c-ß-fp-
ambn Aen-™p-tN-cm≥ Ign-bp∂ cN-\-I-fmWv \√ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. apXn¿∂-
h-cpsS temIØv \n∂pw XnI®pw hn`n-∂-amb Hcp temIw-˛-Ip-´n-I-fp-tSXv am{X-amb Hcp ambm-{]-
]©w krjvSn-s®Sp°pI F∂ AXn-a-l-Ømb Hcp IrXy-amWv \√ _me-km-ln-Xy-c-N-bn-Xm-
°ƒ sNøp-∂-Xv.
_me-km-lnXyw ckn-°m≥ am{X-ap-f-f-XmhcpXv. kvt\lw, Zb, kXyw, A\p-k-c-Ww, A®-S-°w,
kmtlm-Z-cyw, kl-I-c-Ww, Kpcp-`-‡n, cmPy-kvt\lw, {]IrXnkvt\lw, amX-]n-Xm-°-tfm-Sp-ff
kvt\lw, kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ hne XpS-ßnb al-\o-bm-i-b-ß-fpsS BZy-In-c-W-߃ sImfpØn
hbv°m≥ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn\v Ign-b-Ww. X߃ Pohn-°p∂ kmaq-ly-]-cnX ÿnXn-I-fmWv
Ip´n-I-fpsS `mhn-Po-hnXw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp Ip´n, Ahs‚ hf¿®-bn¬ hnhn[ L´-߃
XcWw sNtø-≠n-bn-cn°p∂p. Htcm L´-Ønepw Ip´n-bpsS am\-kn-Ihpw ssh⁄m-\n-Ihpw
sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰m≥ Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym- ymkw aXn-bm-ImsX hcpw. kzbw
hmbn-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb ]pkvX-I-߃ th≠n-h-cpw. Chn-sS-bmWv _me-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ {]k-
‡n. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ hmb-\-bv°mbn Ah¿°v e`n-°p∂ IrXn-Iƒ ck-{]-Zm-b-I-Xz-Øn¬
IqSp-X¬ kº-∂-hpw, kzm`m-hn-I-X-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ kXy-k‘hpw, Iem-fl-I-X-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ ca-
Wo-bhpw, ssii-h-Øns‚ kkq-jvahpw \nXy-\q-X-\-hp-amb kwth-Z-\-tØmSv {]Xn-I-cn-°p∂
F√m KpW-ß-fnepw IqSp-X¬ kar-≤-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
42
43
44
_me-km-ln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn®v kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-߃
_me-km-lnXyw ˛ BZy-Np-h-Sp-Iƒ
Hcp {]tXyI kmlnXy{]ÿm-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw- -tØm-sS-bmWv
_me-km-lnXyw IS-∂p-h-∂-Xv. {]mNo-\- m-c-X-Ønepw a[y-Im-e-bq-tdm-∏nepw _me-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚
BZy-ImecN-\-Iƒ CXn\p apt∂ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. hnjvWp-i¿Ω cNn® ]©-X{¥w, _p≤-
a-X-Im-esØ PmX-II-Y-Iƒ F∂nh mc-X-Øn-sebpw Cutkm∏p IY-Iƒ, Imè Fgp-Xnb
acym-Z-bpsS ]pkvXIw, Kfn-h-dpsS k©mcIY-Iƒ, Beokv I≠ A¤pX temIw, {KnΩn-
s‚bpw Bt‚-gvkn-s‚bpw I-Y-Iƒ F∂nh a[y-Ime bqtdm-∏n-sebpw BZy-Ime _me-km-lnXy
IrXn-I-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. _me-km-ln-Xy-cw-KØv ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-®Xv 1657˛¬ sIman-
\o-bkv F∂ hnZym- ymk Nn¥-I≥ cNn® Hm¿_nkv ]nIvNkv F∂ IrXn-bm-Wv. Nn{X-ß-tfmSp
IqSn temI-_m-e-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ BZy-ap-≠mb ]pkvX-Ihpw CXp-X-s∂. ]Xn-s\´pw ]sØm≥]Xpw
\q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn\v {Iam-\p-K-X-amb hf¿®-bp-≠m-
bn. H∏w ae-bm-f-Ønepw AsXmcp kmln-Xy-{]-ÿm-\-ambn hnI-kn-®p.
_me-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-Øn¬
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ _me-km-lnXyw Hcp {]tXyI imJ-bmbn hf-cm≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v Imew A[n-I-am-
bn-´n-√. 1824˛¬ _©-an≥ s_bven tIm´-b-Øp-\n∂v {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ‘sNdp-ss]-X-߃°v D]-I-
cm¿∞w Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂v ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Ønb IY-Iƒ’tUm: Kp≠¿´v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-∂-hn[ßfmb Nne KZy-]m-T-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn 1860˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ‘]mT-ime’F∂n-
h-bm-Wv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ CXn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®-h. Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {]Nm-csØØp-
S¿∂v ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øn-ep-≠mb DW¿hns‚ `mK-ambn thWw Cu cwK-Øp-≠mb BZy-Im-
e-b-Xv\-ßsf IW-°m-°m≥. 1867˛¬ tIc-f-h¿Ω henbtImbn-Ø-ºp-cm≥ A[y-£-\mbn kwL-
Sn-∏n® ]mT-]p-kvXI IΩ‰n ss{]adn Xew apX¬ ]mT-`m-K-߃ Xbm-dm-°n. Ch-bnse cN-\-Iƒ
apX¬ _me-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ kºp-jvS-amb Hcp kmln-Xy-im-J-bmbn amdp-∂Xv ImWmw.
\ap°v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ _me-km-lnXyØnse sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Nne ]ShpIfneqsS IS∂pt]mImw.
_me-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿°v Ah-ew-_n-°m-hp∂
G‰hpw hnin-jvS-ßfmb J\n-I-fmWv CXn-lm-k-߃.
IYm-k-cnXvkm-K-cw, ]©-X-{¥w, Ip´n-I-fpsS cmam-b-
Ww, Ip´n-I-fpsS mK-h-Xw, Ip´n-I-fpsS mcXw Cßs\
\nc-h[n IrXn-Iƒ Cu hn`m-K-Øn-ep-≠v.
Bflm-hn\v B\μw ]I-cp-I-am-{X-a√ kwkm-c-am¿K-
Øn¬ hgn-sX‰n Ae-bp-∂-h¿°v t\¿hgn Nq≠-Im-
Wn-°m-s\ms° Ch klm-bn-°pw.
CXn-lm-k-ßfpw
_me-km-ln-Xyhpw
ae-bm-f -_m-e-km-ln-Xy-cw-KØv hnh¿Ø\w hgn
[mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ FØn-bn-´p-≠v. djy≥ `mj-bn¬\n∂v, ssN\okv `mj-bn¬ \n∂v, Cw•ojv `mj-
bn¬ \n∂v, _wKm-fn, lnμn, Xan-gv, `mj-I-fn¬
\n∂v Aß-s\....
_me-km-lnXyw
]cn- m-j-bn-eqsS
\gvkdn Km\-߃]cn- m-j-bn-eqsS
Ip´n-Isf kt¥m-jn-∏n-°m\pw km¥z-\n-∏n-°m\pw Ign-bp∂at\m-l-c-amb Hcp k¶-ev]-Øns‚ km£m-Xv°m-c-amWv \gvk-dn -Km-\-߃, ]cn-kcKoX-߃, A£cKoX-߃, kwJym-Ko-X-߃, A n-\-b-Ko-X-߃, IS-¶-Ym-Ko-X-߃, \nc¿Y-I-Ko-X-߃Cßs\ \nc-h-[n-bp≠v Cu KW-Øn¬.
45
_me-I-hnX
Bim≥, Pn.i-¶-c-Ip-dp-∏v, CS-
t»-cn , A°nØw, D≈q¿
F∂n-hcpw _me-I-hn-X-Iƒ
cNn-®n- p-≠v. _me-cm-am-b-Ww,
Hme-∏o-∏n, Cfw-Np-≠p-Iƒ,
]qX-∏m -´ v , Imt°-Im-t°,
A°n-Ø-Øns‚ Ip´n-°-hn-X-
Iƒ Cßs\ _me-I-hn-X-I-
fpsS \nc-\o-fp-∂p.
Nn{X-I-Y-Ifpw Ip´n-Ifpw
IY-Iƒ Nn{X-cq-]-Øn¬ hcnIF∂p-]-d-™m¬ Hcp Nn{Xw AYhm
Nn{X-]-c-º-c-Iƒ I≠v B Nn{X-߃°v Bkv]-Z-amb IY-IƒBkz-Zn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂¿Yw.
Nn{X-ß-fn-eqsS IY-I-fn-se-Øm\pwIY-I-fn-eqsS Nn{X-ß-fn-se-Øm\pwIgn-bp∂ cN-\m-hn-ti-jsØ Nn{X-
I-Y-Iƒ F∂p-hn -fn -°mw. 1970Iƒ°p tijw Nn{X-I -Y -Iƒ]qØp-e-™p. F√m taJ-e-bn-
sebpw H´p-an° IY-Ifpw Nn{X-I-Y-I-fmbn _me-a-\- n¬ CSw-]n-Sn-®p.
lmkyw _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬
lmkyw _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°p-
tºmƒ {]tXyIw Hm¿t°-≠Xv en-Xmwiw
Xncn-®-dn™v ckn-°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v km[n-
°Ww F∂-Xm-Wv. Cßs\ Ip´n-Isf IpSp-
IpSm Nncn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp lmky-ta-Je _me-
km-ln-Xy-Øn-ep-≠v.
at\m-hn-⁄m-\o-bhpw _me-km-ln-Xyhpw
imco-cnI hf¿®bv°v Blm-chpw hymbm-
a-hpw Ah-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse am\-
knI hf¿®bv°pw hy‡nXz hnIm-k-
Øn\pw A\p-Kp-W-amb kml-N-cy-߃
thWw. Ah-bn¬ {]ap-J-amb ÿm\w
Ip´n-I-fpsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃°pw Ah¿
hmbn-°p∂ B\p-Im-enI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-
߃°p-ap-≠v. Cu cwK-ØmWv _me-km-
ln-Xy-Øns‚ {]k‡n G‰hpw IqSp-X-
embn A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu taJ-e-bn¬
kmln-Xym-`n-cp-Nnbpw Adnhpw ]I¿∂p-
sIm-Sp-°p∂Xnep]cn _p≤n-hn-Im-k-Øn\v
{]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. H∏w Ip´n-I-fn¬
amXr-Im-]-c-amb hy‡n-hn-Im-k-Øn-\p-IqSn
_me-km-lnXyw If-sam-cp-°-Ww.
Ip´n-Ifpw s]mXp-hn-⁄m-\hpw
s]mXp-hn-⁄m\w F¥mWv? F¥n-
\mWv? Hcp hy‡nsb Xs‚ Np‰p-ap-ff
{]]-©-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂ LS-I-
ß-fpsS Iq´-amWv s]mXp-hn-⁄m-\w.
]uc-t_m-[w, {]Ir-Xnkvt\lw, am\-hn-
I-X, \oXn-\ymb t_m[w F∂nh Ip´n-
I-fn¬ hf¿∂p-h-c-Ww. Adn-hns‚ NnX-
dnb \pdp-ßp-Iƒ XΩn-ep-ff _‘w a\-
n-em-°p-∂-XmWv ⁄m\-Øns‚ DZ-
bw. AØcw Hcp DZ -b -Øn -te°v
Ipcp∂p a\- p-Isf \bn-°p∂ ]pkvX-
I-ßfpw Zriy-˛-{imhy k©n-I-Ifpw
in_n-c-ßfpw AS-ßp-∂-XmWv Cu taJ-
e-bnse _me-km-ln-Xyw.
46
Ip´n-I-fpsS kn\n-abpw \mS-Ihpw
Ip´n-Iƒ°v th≠n \n¿Ωn-°p∂ \mS-I-߃°pw Ne-®n-{X-߃°pw hnZym-
`ym-k-]-c-amb {]m[m\yw IqSn-bp-≠.v Ip´n-Iƒ°v th≠n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-
Sp∂ \mS-I-߃, kn\na F∂nh {]tXyI Icp-X-tem-sS-bmWv Xbm-dm-°p-
∂-Xv. AXn-te°v th≠n kv{In]v‰v Fgp-Xp∂ kmln-Xy-Im-c≥ Ip´n-I-fp-
ambn DcpΩn Pohn®v Ah-cpsS ckm-\p-`q-Xn-Iƒ GtX-sX√mw taJ-e-I-fn-
emWv Xfn-cn-´p-\n¬°p-∂Xv F∂v a\- n-em-°n-bmWv cN\ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-
Xv. F¶nte hnP-bn-°q. Ip´n-I-fpsS Iem-hm-k\ hf¿Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w
Iem-]-c-amb hnhn-[-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ kmt¶-XnI sshKv[yw t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw
CØcw _me kmlnXy CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS km[y-am-Ip-∂p.
$ IY, Ihn-X, Poh-N-cn-{Xw, imkv{Xw XpSßn km[m-cW KW-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ _me-km-ln-Xy-
ß-fp-ap-≠v. _me-km-ln-XysØ kº-∂-am-°nb {]apJ kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb Ip™p-Æn-sbbpw
kvacn-°-Ww. _me-km-ln-XysØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ip™pÆn ssienbpw Ip™p-
Æn-bp-Khpw D≠v. _me-a-\- p-I-fpsS apgp-h≥ Bfl-ssN-X-\yhpw Bhm-ln-s®-SpØ ]hn-
{Xhpw Ne-\m-fl-I-hp-amb a\- n-\p-S-a-bm-W-t±-lw.
_me-km-lnXyw Bt«-jn-°p∂ hyXykvX taJ-e-Iƒ
Xmsg-∏-dbp∂ cq]-tc-J-bn¬ CXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw.
(CXpk-a-{K-a√)
_me-km-lnXyw
k¿K-km-lnXyw hn⁄m\ kmlnXyw
KZyw
(IY
bpw t\
mhe
pw)
Ih
nX
\mS
-Ih
pw X
nc-°
-Yb
pw
`mt
j-X
cw
(Nn{X
w, i
_vZ-te
-J-\
w)
]pk
vX-I
-߃
(H‰°
rXnb
pw ]
c-º
-c-b
pw)
hnj
-b-N
n-{X
o-I-cW
w
Ne
-®n-{X
-{]-tab
w
Poh
-N-cn{X
w
d^
-d≥
kv I
rXn-I
ƒ
\nL
-≠p-°
ƒ, h
n⁄m\
tI
mi-ß
ƒ
hnh
-c-ß
-f-S-ß
n-bX
pw A
√m-Ø
-hb
p
amb
N
n{X
-߃
47
_me-km-ln-Xy-Ønse `mj
hyXykvX {]mb-Øn-ep-ff Ip´n-Iƒ°v, As√-¶n¬ hnhn[ ¢mkn¬ FØnb Ip´n-Iƒ°v `mjm-
]-c-ambn GXv \ne-hm-c-ap-≠mIpw F∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb [mcW D≠m-I-Ww. `mj-
bnse F√m Xe-ß-sfbpw Bg-Ønepw ]c-∏nepw kv]¿in-®p-sIm-≠m-hWw Cu \ne-hm-csØ
Is≠-Øm≥. A£-c-߃, en]n, kwbp‡ hyRvP-\-߃, ]Z-kw-ln-X, hmIy-L-S-\, ssien-
Iƒ F∂nh `mj-bpsS hnhn[ X´p-I-fn¬ GsXms° {Kln-®p-I-gn™p F∂pw C\n GsXms°
{Kln-°m-\p≠v F∂pw a\- n-em-°-Ww.
_me-km-ln-Xy-Ønse `mj ‘kwkm-c-`m-j-’tbmSv ASp-Øn-cn-°-Ww. AXv Ffp∏w XmZmflyw
{]m]n-°m≥ D]-I-cn-°pw. Ip´n-I-fpsS `mj-bn¬ thWw Ip´n-I-tfmSv kwkm-cn-°m≥. _me-km-
ln-Xy-Øn¬ AXXv \ne-hm-c-Ønse mj-I-fn-te°v Cd-ßn-s®-√-Ww. Ip´n-I-fpsS mj ‘t\tchm
t\tct]m’ coXn-bn-ep-f-f-X-√; _nw_-k-ar-≤hpw NSp-ehpw Bbn-cn°pw B `mj. sNdnb Ip´n-I-
fpsS IY-bn¬ ]Z-߃ Bh¿Øn-°pw. “ ]≠v ]≠v I¿Wm-SIw I¿Wm-SIw Fs∂mcp cmPyØv
PocIw PocIw Fs∂mcp hnØv \´p.'' F∂n-ßs\. _me-km-lnXyØnse `mjbv°v s]mXpth
IrXyX thW-sa-∂n-√. IY-]-d-bp-tºmƒ Ip´n-sb IY-bpsS `mK-am-°n-∏-d-bp-∂Xv Ah¿°v
Xm¬∏cyw h¿[n-∏n-°pw. AXp-t]mse kw`m-j-W-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw \¬Imw.
efn-X-amb BJym-\-coXn Bbn-cn-°Ww Ip´n-I-fpsS kmln-Xy-Øn¬ D]tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv. A[nIw
{]bm-k-an-√m-ØXpw \s√mcp iX-am\w hsc eLp-hmb hnh-c-W-߃ DffXpw ITn-\-a-√mØ
]Z-߃ \nd-™-Xp-amb ssien-bmWv Ah¿ CjvS-s∏-Sp-I. ‘_¿¿’, ‘Tnw’, ªpw F∂n-ß-s\-bp-
ff i_vZ-_nw-_-ßfpw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ \ma-hn-ti-j-W-tØmSp IqSn-
b-Xm-bn-cn°pw (DZm:Ip™n-°q-\≥, amWn-Iy-°-√v, aμm-c-°p-cp-hn......) apXn¿∂-h-cpsS `mj-bn¬
D]-tbm-Kn°pw t]mse k¿h\m-a-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ “DÆo-S-®≥ DÆn-
s°¥m sIm≠p-h∂Xv”, “IÆ≥ IÆ‚-Ω-tbmSv ]nW-°am”, Cß-s\-bp-ff {]tbm-K-ß-fmWv
Ah¿°n-jvSw.
s]mSn∏pw sXmßepw h® `mj-bmWv Ip´n-I-fpsS kmln-Xy-Øn¬ th≠-Xv. cmP-`m-j, cm£-k-
`m-j, a{¥-hm-Zn-`m-j, Im´m-f-`mj F∂n-ßs\ hyXy-kvX-Ir-{Xna mj-Iƒ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬
Bh-iy-am-Wv. ‘lmbv!’, ‘tM’ ?, ‘AºSm!’, ‘‚tΩm.......’ Cßs\ Nn”-ß-tfm-sSbpff `mjbpw
‘]f-]f an∂p∂ ]´p-Ip-∏m-bw’, ‘sXfp-sXsf sXfn™ ]pg-sh≈w’ F∂n-ßs\ Bh¿Øn-
°p∂ mjbpw ‘ae-tbmfw Db-c-ap-ff cm£-k≥’, ‘Dcp-fn-t]m-ep-ff IpS-h-bdv’ F∂n-ßs\ AXn-
i-tbm‡n`mjbpw _me-km-ln-XysØ Ip´n-I-fpsS CjvS-ta-J-e-bm°nØo¿°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-
b-an-√.
_me-km-ln-Xy-Ønse IYm-{]-{X-߃
sNdnb Ip´n-Iƒ°v arK-ßfpw ]cn-NnX hkvXp-°fpw Pohn-Ifpw IYm]m{Xß-fm-Ip-∂-XmWv
CjvSw. Ch-sc√mw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-hbpw BI-Ww. arK-߃°p-Xs∂ Akm-[m-c-W-Xz-ap-≠m-
bm¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Gsd CjvS-am-Ipw. IÆn¬ \n∂v Xo ]mdp∂ IpXn-c, ]d-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ B\,
hmep \ofp∂ Ipc-ß≥ XpS-ßnb hntijkz`m-h-ap-ff IYm-{]-{X-߃ _me-km-lnXy IrXn-I-
fn¬ km[m-c-W-am-Ip-∂p. ]£n-Iƒ, arK-߃, Ip´n-Iƒ, Aeu-In-I-cmb tZh-∑m¿, cmPm-°-∑m¿,
Acq-]n-Iƒ, AZr-iy¿, Hcw-Kpew am{X-ap-ff a\p-jy¿ Cßs\ \ofp∂q _me-km-lnXyIYm-]m-
{X-߃. AXp-t]mse ]mh-°p-´n°pw πmhn-e-°m-fbv°pw sXm´n-ense sIm®-\p-P\pw Hmtc ]cn-
K-W-\-bmWv Ip´n-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-ambn amdntbm IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚ IqsS
k©-cnt®m BWv Ah¿ cN\ Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.
]g-b-Im-e-sØbpw AXns‚ {]uVn-sbbpw IY-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xv Ip´n-Iƒ°v CjvSam-Wv. cmPm-
hv, {]`p, sIm´m-cw, cYw, aWn-am-fn-I Ch-sbms° CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. sIm®p a\p-jy¿
_me-km-ln-Xy-Ønse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-ß-fm-Wv. \tc-{μ-\m-Yns‚ CØn-cn-°p-™\v F{X Bcm-
[-I-cm-Wv. kpPm-Xbpw Im´m-\-bpw, DÆn-°p-´\pw IY-I-fn-bpw, \ºq-cy-®\pw a{¥hpw XpSßn
48
F{X- Ir-Xn-I-sfbpw IYm-]m-{X-ß-sf-bp-amWv sIm®p-Ip- n-Iƒ s\t©‰n emfn-°p-∂-Xv. CXp-t]mse
\nc-h[n IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmWv _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn-ep-f-f-Xv. AØcw IYm-]m-{X-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS
{kjvSm-°-sfbpw cN-\-I-sfbpw Is≠Øp-∂Xv ck-I-c-amb Hcp {]hrØn Bbn-cn-°pw.
tIc-f-kw-ÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
_me-km-ln-Xy-ta-J-ebv°v DW¿hpw IcpØpw ]I-cm≥ 1981˛¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ ÿm]-
\-amWv tIc-f-kw-ÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v. ChnsS \n∂mWv ae-bm-f-Ønse
{]kn≤ _me-km-ln-Xy-am-kn-I-bmb Xfncv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn \nc-
h[n ]pkvX-I-ßfpw B\p-Im-en-I-ßfpw tIcfk¿°m-cns‚ kmwkvIm-cnIhIp-∏n\v
Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Cu ÿm]\w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. F´v hmey-ambn {]kn-
≤oI-cn® _me-ssI-cfn hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-amWv C≥Ãn-‰yq-´ns‚ apJykw-cw-`w. ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-߃°v A\p-_-‘-ambn D]-cn-hm-b-\-bv°p-ff cN-\-Ifpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p-
≠v. A£-c-ssI-c-fn, Z¿i-\-ssI-c-fn, Ncn-{X-ssI-c-fn, imkv{X-ssI-c-fn, hn⁄m-\-ssI-
cfn F∂n-ßs\ `n∂-]-c-º-c-I-fn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw IrXn-Iƒ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-
‰yq v {]kn-≤o-I-cn®v Ign™p. temI-¢m-kn-°p-I-fpsS ]p\-cm-Jym-\-ß-fmb hniz-ssIcfn
]c-ºc Gsd {]kn-≤-am-Wv.
ae-bm-f-Ønse _me-km-lnXy cN-\sb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n _me-km-
lnXy ]pc-kv°m-c-ßfpw Ip´n-I-fn¬ hmb\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Xfncv
hmb\ a’-chpw _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. kwÿm\ kmwkv°m
cnI hIp∏v a{¥nbmWv CXns‚ sNb¿am-≥.
{]h¿Ø-\-߃
Xncs™-SpØ _me-km-lnXy IrXn-Iƒ hmbn®v hmb-\-°p-dn-∏v, Bkzm-Z\-°p-dn∏v
F∂nh kzm`n-{]m-b-tØmsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج.
H∂p apX¬ F´v hsc ¢mkp-I-fnse ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnse _me-km-ln-Xy-
Øn¬ hcp∂]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS hmb-\, Ah-X-c-Ww, hne-bn-cp-ج.
hmbn® _me-km-lnXy IrXn-Iƒ, _mekm-ln-Xy-Øn¬ hcp∂ ]mT-`m-K-߃,d^
- d≥kv IrXn-Iƒ F∂nh hmbn®v Ah-bn¬ `mj, {]tabw F∂nh _me-km-ln-
Xy-Øn\v F{X-tØmfw A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW-∂-Xns\ Bkv]-Z-am°n N¿®.
kwL-Sn-∏n-°p∂ s]mXp-N¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ N¿®-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°Ww.
_me-km-lnXy IrXn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v Ah Ip´n-I-fn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv Pn⁄m-
k,hmb-\, k¿Km-fl-IX F∂nh hf¿Øp-∂-sX∂v Is≠-Ø-Ww (-]-©-X{¥w IY-
Iƒ apX-em-bh DZm-l-c-W-ambn FSp-°mw.)
_me-km-ln-Xy-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v e`n-°p∂ Nn{X-I-Y, kn\n-a, \mS-Iw, Ip´nIƒ°p
th≠n \n¿Ωn-°p∂ hoUn-tbm-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS tiJcWw- ˛ICT km[y-X-Iƒ D]-
tbm-Kn®v {]Z¿i-\w-˛-hn-e-bn-cp-ج.
\gvk-dn-Km-\w, _me-I-hn-X, KpW-]m-T-I-Y-Iƒ, _me-im-kv{X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, Ip™pÆn
amjns‚ cN-\-Iƒ, CXn-lm-k-ßfpw _me-km-ln-Xyhpw, _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ {]i-
kvX-cmb _me- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw cN-\-Ifpw F∂n-h-bpsS tiJ-cWw ({Kq∏v
{]h¿Ø-\--ambn Gs‰-SpØv Hmtcm {Kq∏pw Hmtcm taJe tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw {Kq∏p-Iƒ
]c-kv]cw ]¶p-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv Cu {]h¿Ø\w Ab-Xv\-e-fn-X-ambn sNøm≥
klm-bn-°pw)
CXv skan-\m-dmbn kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw.
49
_me-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw ¢mkv dqw km[y-X-Iƒ
Ip´n-Iƒ°m-bp-ff B\p-Im-enI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-
߃
]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ hc-Zm-\-amWv
ae-b-f-Ønse B\p-Im-en-I-߃. B[p-
\nI hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ {]Nm-cWw e£y-
am°n \nc-h[n hnZym-`ymk amkn-I-Ifpw
ChnsS DZbw sNbvXp. Ip´n-Isf kw_-
‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ah-cpsS hy‡n-Xz-hn-Im-
k-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-]m-Ip∂ Ime-amWv
_mey-Iu-am-c-߃. Ahsc kzm[o-\n-
°p∂ {][m-\-s∏´ LS-I-߃ kplr-Øp-
°fpw Ah¿ hmbn-°p∂ IrXn-I-fp-am-Wv.
hf-cp∂ Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Ah¿°v
Hmtcm {]mb-Øn\pw A\p-k-cn-®p-ff cN-
\-I-fmWv hmb-\bv°v e`n-t°-≠-Xv. AXv
Xnc-s™-SpØv Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`y-am-°p-∂-
h¿ Ah-cpsS {]mbsØ Gsd ]cn-K-Wn-
t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Cßs\ hnhn[ {]mb-°m¿°p-ff B\p-Im-en-I-߃ C∂v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ [mcm-f-
ap-≠v.
Bkq-{Xn-X-amb imkv{X-hn-⁄m-\-hn-X-cWw e£y-am°n {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {]ÿm-\-amb imkv{X-
km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv Ip´n-Iƒ°v th≠n {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ amkn-I-I-fmWv bqdo-°, imkv{X-tI-
c-fw, imkv{X-KXn F∂n-h. Ip´n-I-fn¬ imkv{X-Xm-¬∏cyhpw hn⁄m-\hpw hf¿Øm\pw hnt\mZw
]I-cm\pw {]kvXpX amkn-I-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
Ifn-°p-Sp-°, an∂m-an-∂n, Xfn-cv, hnZym-cw-Kw, Ip´n-I-fpsS Zo]n-I, XØ-Ω, _me-bpKw, Nßm-Xn,
_me-ca ssUPÃv F∂p XpSßn H´-\-h[n B\p-Im-en-I-߃ Ip´n-Isf e£y-am°n {]kn-≤o-
I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ip‰m-t\z-jW IY-Ifpw a{¥-hm-Z-I-Y-I-fpw, P¥p-I-Y-Ifpw Hs° an°-hmdpw F√m
_me-am-kn-I-I-fnepw ssZzhm-cn-I-I-fnepw ImWmw. kvIqƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw B\p-Im-
enI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw \nc-h[n PohnX aqey-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°-W-sa-
¶n¬ Ah-bn¬ cN\ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-hcpw Ah¿°v AXv Xnc-s™-SpØv \¬Ip-∂-hcpw Gsd
{i≤-]-Xn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
_me-km-ln-XysØ Ip´n-I-fpsS hf¿®m-L- -ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬ inip-km-ln-Xyw, _me-km-ln-Xyw, Intim-c-km-ln-Xyw, Iuam-
c-km-lnXyw F∂n-ßs\ hn`-Pn-°mw. H∂p apX¬ Bdv hb- p-
hsc {]mb-ap-f-f-h¿°v th≠n-bp-≈-XmWv inip-km-ln-Xyw. \gvk-
dn-Km-\-߃, A¿∞-Øn\v {]m[m-\y-an-√mØ {]mk-\njvT IhnX
(t\m¨sk≥kv ssdwkv) XpS-ßn-bh Cu {]mb-Øn-ep-ff Ip´n-
Iƒ°v CjvS-s∏-Spw. Bdp hb- p-ap-X¬ ]Øv hb v hsc
{]mb-ap-ff Ip´n-Iƒ°v th≠n-bp-ff _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ eLp
Ihn-X-Iƒ, b£n-°-Y-Iƒ, {]Ir-Xn-I-Y-Iƒ, Ncn-{X-I-Y-Iƒ,
hnt\mZ IY-Iƒ, ]pcmW IY-Iƒ XpS--ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. ]Øv
apX¬ ]{¥≠p hb-kp-h-sc-bp-ffh¿°v th≠n-bp-ff Intimc
kmln-Xy-Øn¬ eLp-Po-h-N-cn-{X-߃, hocm-]-Zm-\-I-Y-Iƒ, _me-
I-Y-Iƒ, _me-I-hn-X-Iƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. ]-{¥-≠n\pw ]Xn-
\m-dn\pw CS-bn-ep-f-f-h¿°p≈ Iuam-c-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ kml-kn-
I-I-Y-Iƒ, hn⁄m-\-{]-Zm-\-amb sNdnb teJ-\-߃, Poh-N-cn-
{Xw, t\mh¬, IY, IhnX F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Cu hn`-P\w
Ds≠-¶nepw Ch-sb√mw _me-km-lnXyw F∂v s]mXpth Adn-
b-s∏-Sp∂p
ae-bmf kmln-Xyw Fcp-taen
Ime-L- -ß-fn-eqsS ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n-ff
B\p-Im-en-I-ßsf Ah-bpsS Hcp e°w {]kn-≤o-I-cn®v ASp-Ø-e°w {]kn-
≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-ep-ff Ime-ssZ¿Lyw ap≥\n¿Øn hmcn-I, ssZzhm-cn-I,
amkn-I, ssZzam-kn-I, ss{Xam-kn-I, A¿[-hm¿jnIw, hm¿jnIw F∂n-ßs\
h¿Ko-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
50
ae-bm-f-Ønse {]apJ Zn\-∏-{X-߃ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn-\mbn {]tXyIw t]Pp-Iƒ Xs∂ am‰n
h®n-´p-≠v. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf klm-bn-°p-∂-h-bpw, Zn\m-N-c-W-߃°mbn Ip´n-Isf Xbm-dm-
°p-∂-hbpw A[n-I-hm-b-\-bv°m-bp-f-f-hbpw XpSßn _me-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn-
eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-h-bmWv B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fn-sebpw Zn\-∏-{X-ß-fn-sebpw _me-]w-‡n-Iƒ.
Ah-bpsS GXm\pw amXr-I-Iƒ
(]q¿W-a-√. CXp-t]mse At\Iw Zn\-∏-{X-ß-fn¬
[mcmfw _me-]w-‡n-Iƒ D≠v. Ah Is≠-Øp-I)
51
{]h¿Ø-\-߃
hnZym- ymk {]m[m-\y-ap-f-f, Fen-sa‚dn ¢mkp-I-fn¬ mjm-t_m-[-\-Øn\v klm-
bn-°p∂B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fnse _me-]w-‡n-I-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww.
tiJ-cn-®h Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬.
apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-f-f-Xp-t]mse hnhn[ {]mb-°m¿°mbn Ah¿°v A\p-tbm-Py-
ambh Dƒs∏-SpØn ]Xn∏p Xbm-dm-°¬.
Ch Fßs\ ¢mkv dqan¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØmw F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v N¿®.
N¿®-°p-dn∏v tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج.
]cn-N-b-s∏´ _me-km-lnXy IrXn-I-sfbpw Ah-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-sfbpw a\-
n-em°n k¿Kmfl-I-amb _me-km-lnXy cN-\-bn-te¿s∏´v \√ krjvSn-Iƒ
\n¿Ωn-°Ww.
Hcp A[ym-]I hnZym¿Yn Xs∂ \nc-h[n cN-\-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬
Ah Hcp ]Xn∏v B°mw.
¢mkn\v samØ-ambn _me-km-lnXy cN-\-I-fpsS ]Xn∏v \n¿Ωm-Ww.
Fen-sa‚dn ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw
\S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\pw _me-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Cßs\
Bkq-{XWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v apºv temh¿ ss{]adn Xe-Ønepw A∏¿ ss{]adn
Xe-Ønepw Dff Ip´n-Iƒ°v F{]-Im-c-ap-ff cN-\-I-fmWv kzoIm-cy-am-hpI F∂
kmam-\y-[m-cW t\tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
temh¿ ss{]adn
$ {]oss{]-adn Xew Ign™v FØp∂ Bdv apX¬ ]Øv hb- p-hsc {]mb-ap-≈-h¿.
$ Gsd I≠-dn-bm\pw tI´-dn-bm\pw Ah-kcw e`n-®-h-cm-Wn-h¿ (]≠-sØ-t∏mse A√)
$ Ip´n-°me Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-ßfpw \n¿Wm-bI kμ¿ -ßfpw IYm-h-kvXp-hmbn hcp-∂h kzoI-
cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
$ CØcw IY-I-fn¬ IY apt∂m´p \oßp-∂-Xn-\p-X-Ip∂ kw`m-j-Whpw BImw.
$ hf-®p-sI-´n-√m-ØXpw hy‡-Xbpw emfnXyhpw Df-f- cN-\-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-h-cmWv
ss{]adn Xew.
$ ]T\w ck-I-c-am-hp-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb kμ¿`-߃ kzoI-cn-°mw.
A∏¿ ss{]adn
]Øv apX¬ ]Xn-aq∂v hb- p-hsc {]mb-ap-≈-h¿
kz¥-amb Hcp am¿K-Øn¬ Nn¥n-°p-hm\pw {]h¿Øn-°p-hm\pw XpS-ßp-∂p.
52
k¶-ev]n-°m-\p-ff Ign-hp -ssI-h-cp-∂XvsIm≠v km¶-ev]nIIY-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ignbpw.
kml-knI IY-I-fnepw ]pcmW IY-I-fnepw Poh-N-cn-{X-I-Y-I-fnepw BIr-jvS¿
Npdp-Npdp-°p-ff hm°p-I-fn¬ hf-®p-sI- n-√msX sIm®p-sIm-®p-hm-Iy-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp-∂-XmWv
Cu {]mb-°m¿°v CjvSw.
{]h¿Ø-\-߃
H∂p-ap-X¬ F´phsc-bp-ff ¢mkp-I-fnse A[ym-]I klm-bn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v AXn¬
_mekm-ln-Xy-c-N-\-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ kmwKXyw Is≠-Øp-I.
]cn-N-b-s∏-´Xpw kzbw Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xp-amb cN-\-Iƒ GsXms° ]mT-`m-K-ß-fn¬ ]T-
\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fmbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v N¿®-sNbvXv Is≠-Ømw.
_me-km-ln-Xy-c-N-\-Isf {]th-iI {]h¿Ø-\-amtbm A√m-sXtbm Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp
ssZ\wZn-\m-kq-{XWw Xbm-dm-°mw.
d^-d≥kv
1. F¥mWv Ip´n-I-fpsS kmlnXyw? FUn-‰¿-˛-F-{_lmw tPmk^v
kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v \hw-_¿ ˛1983.
2. _me-km-lnXyw XXzhpw Ncn-{Xhpw FUn-‰¿-˛tUm:Ipcymkv Ipº-f-°p-gn
kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 1995
3. _me-hn-⁄m\ kmln-Xy-c-N\ ˛ ]me.-sI.-Fw.-amXyp
kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 2004
4. Ip´n-I-fpsS a\ pw _me-km-ln-Xyhpw ˛tUm:{]`m-I-c≥ ]g»n
kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 2018
5. F\n°v G‰hpw CjvS-s∏´ _me-km-lnXy IrXn ˛No^v FUn-‰¿-˛-kn.-Pn.-im-¥-Ip-am¿
kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
6. ae-bmf kmlnXyw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eq-sS-˛-s{]m-^.-F-cp-taen ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n-ff
Id‚ v _pIvkv 2006
7. kºq¿W ae-bmf kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw-˛-F-Un-‰¿ s{]m^.-]-∑\ cma-N-{μ≥\m-b¿
Id‚ v _pIvkv 2008
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