uo lab 1 gummi bears

8/13/2019 UO Lab 1 Gummi Bears

1/6

CHBE 4200 Unit Operations

Dr. Yonathan Thio Ms. Jacqueline ne!e"erLab 1: Gummi Bears

#roup $0% elina Chan& 'atherine Ohne(us& )#a*rielle +iola

Date ,er-or(e!% Januar $/& 20$4 Date u*(itte!% Januar 2& 20$4

1*stract

Os(osis& the (oe(ent o- 3ater

across a se(iper(ea*le (e(*rane -ro( a

reion o- hih 3ater concentration to a

reion o- lo3 3ater concentration& isa--ecte! * the concentration ra!ient across

the t3o si!es o- the se(iper(ea*le

(e(*rane as 3ell as the co(position o- the

(e(*rane itsel-. 5n this e6peri(ent&os(osis 3as (o!ele! * usin !i--erent

*ran!s an! colors o- u((i *ears torepresent !i--erent (e(*ranes an! to

represent !i--erent lo3 3ater concentration

reions 7the inner *ul" o- the *ear8. Theo*9ectie 3as to !eter(ine i- a sini-icant

statistical !i--erence *et3een s3ellin

*ehaior o- u((i *ears o- !i--erent colors

an! *ran!s e6ist. This 3as acco(plishe! *(easurin the s3ellin *ehaior o- re! an!

reen Hari*o an! Blac" :orest u((i *earsplace! in 3ater oer ti(e. The !ata 3ere(o!ele! ia an e(pirical equation& an! then

the results -ro( the !i--erent *ears 3ere

statisticall co(pare! ia the t;test. The t;test *et3een colors o- the sa(e *ran! sho3s

that the Blac" :orest reen an! re! *ears are

= !i--erent& *oth o-3hich are not statisticall sini-icant. The t;

test *et3een *ran!s rear!less o- color

sho3s a >>.4= !i--erence *et3een Blac":orest an! Hari*o *ears. This sini-icant

statistical !i--erence sho3s that the !i--erent

*ran!s o- the u((i *ears *etter represents!i--erent se(iper(ea*le (e(*ranes -or

os(osis than !i--erent colors o- u((i

*ears. These -in!ins coul! *e -urther

su*stantiate! 3ith (ore trials an! u((i

*ear sa(ples.

5ntro!uction

Os(osis is the (ass transport o-3ater (olecules throuh a se(iper(ea*le

(e(*rane -ro( a reion o- hih 3ater

concentration to a reion o- lo3 3ater

concentration.

$

Os(osis is essential in(aintainin equili*riu( in all *ioloical

sste(s2an! can *e (o!ele! * o*serinthe s3ellin *ehaior o- u((i *ears.

Co(position o- (e(*ranes can in-luence

the selectiit o- *ioloical sste(& 3hicha--ects the (ass transport o- 3ater

(olecules. Thus& 3e -oun! it *ene-icial to

use !i--erent *ran!s an! colors to (o!el

!i--erent (e(*rane co(positions. Ho3eer&onl a s(all nu(*er o- u((i *ran!s an!

colors 3ere sa(ple! resultin in ani(per-ect e(pirical (o!el.

The o*9ectie 3as to (o!el the

s3ellin *ehaiors o- !i--erent u((i *earcolors an! *ran!s an! to !eter(ine an

statistical !i--erence *et3een those (o!els.

To (eet the o*9ectie& the (ass o- the

u((i *ears 3as (easure! oer a perio! o-20? hours& an! the !ata 3ere statisticall

anal@e! 3ith a linear (o!el& non;linear

(o!el& an! a A*est -it (o!el -ro(M1T1B.

Theor

Di--usion o- 3ater into a u((i *ear

is(o!ele! * Equation $&


2/6

M7t8 M ; 7M;M08e;' t 7$8

3here M7t8 is the (ass o- the u((i *ear

collecte! at ti(e t& M is the (ass atequili*riu(&M0 is the initial (ass& an!' is a

para(eter that quanti-iesthe s3ellin rate.F

ineari@in Equation $ iel!s

Equation2F

ln7M ; M7t88ln7M; M08 't 728

3hich ies a linear -it o- the (ass !ata.

Both Equation $ an! Equation 2 are

use! to !eter(ine the ';para(eter -or the

s3ellin *ehaior o- the u((i *ears. 1 t;

test is then per-or(e! on the ';para(etersto !eter(ine an sini-icant statistical

!i--erences *et3een s3ellin rates.5ntro!uction

Os(osis is the (oe(ent o- solent(olecules throuh a partiall per(ea*le

(e(*rane into a reion o- hiher solute

concentration. Os(osis an i(portant

concept to un!erstan! *ecause 3ithout it our*ioloical processes 3oul!nGt -unction an!

cells 3oul!nGt sta at equili*riu(& there-ore

e6plo!in. To un!erstan! this process& onecan run a test o- puttin u((i *ears in

3ater an! anal@in the u((i *ear

s3ellin. 5n per-or(in e6peri(ents& !ataanalsis an! -ittin are "e -actors *ecause

there are a ariet o- 3as to anal@e !ata

an! i- !ata are anal@e! in the 3ron 3a

then the analsis coul! lea! to inaccurateresults.

5t is i(portant to test !i--erent colors an!*ran!s o- u((i *ears to see i- or ho3 the

s(allest !i--erences in u((i *ears can

a--ect the os(osis process. The o*9ectie o-this e6peri(ent is to test i- there is a

statistical !i--erence o- s3ellin *et3een

u((i *ear colors an! *ran!s an!

accuratel anal@e the !ata. e collecte!

the 3eiht o- the u((i *ears oer a perio!

o- 20? hours an! statisticall anal@e! the

!ata 3ith a linear (o!el& non;linear (o!el&an! a A-it (o!el -ro( Matla*.

Theor

The os(osis o- 3ater !i--usin throuh the

u((i *ear *ehaes can *e stu!ie! *co(parin the (ass o- the u((i *ear to

ti(e. Di--usion o- 3ater into a u((i *ear

is sai! to *ehae in an e(pirical (o!el o-%

M7t8 M ; 7M ;M0 8e;'t

M7t8 is the (ass o- the u((i *ear collecte!

at ti(e t. M is the (a6i(u( (ass o-u((i *ear% once the os(osis pressure

lessens to create an equili*riu(. M0 is theinitial 3eiht. ' is a para(eter to !escri*e

the s3ellin rate. M re-ers to the 20? hou r

!ata point.

This equation 3as use! to -it the !ata

collecte! on a raph o- (ass s. ti(e o- the

u((i *ear ro3th an! !eter(ine a 'alue. The ' alue represents ho3 -ast the

u((i *ear ro3th slo3s !o3n. 5- the '

alue is hih& then the u((i *ear ro3th3as e6ponentiall !ecreasin -aster than a

lo3er ' alue.

The lineari@ation o- this e6ponential

-unction results in the equation%

ln7M ; M7t88ln7M; M08 ; ' t.

This equation can also *e use! to linearl -it

the !ata an! !eter(ine ' alues. ' aluescan then *e use! to per-or( a T;test *et3een

the !i--erent colors o- the u((i *ears an!

the !i--erent *ran!s o- the u((i *ears.

Experimental Apparatus and Procedure


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The equip(ent use! inclu!e! t3ele

cups 7$ (8& a *alance 7I0.00$

precision8& a $00 ( ra!uate! clin!er7I0./ ( precision8& an! a scoop. Each cup

3as -ille! 3ith $00 ( o- !eioni@e! 3ater

an! one u((i *ear.

The e6peri(ental proce!ure 3as

ta"en -ro( the UO a* ManualF an!-ollo3e! 3ithout an !eiations. e chose

to test t3o u((i *ear *ran!s 7Blac" :orest

an! Hari*o8 an! t3o colors -ro( each o-

those *ran!s 7re! an! reen8. Three o- each*ran!;color co(*ination 3ere use! to allo3

-or a reater statistical (ean. The u((i

*ears re(aine! in the 3ater an! 3ere then

re(oe!& !rie!& an! 3eihe! eer $/(inutes -or $0/ (inutes an! then aain at

$/> (inutes.

tan!ar! sa-et proce!ures inclu!inproper !ress& protectie sa-et oles&

loes& an! care 3hen han!lin equip(ent

3ere -ollo3e!. Because no che(icals 3ereuse!& this e6peri(ent pose! no sini-icant

sa-et ris"s.

Results and Discussion

To !eter(ine the s3ellin *ehaior

o- the u((i *ears& an e(pirical (o!el 3as

ien. The a(ount o- 3ater a*sorption o-u((i *ears 3as (easure! * the chane in

(ass o- the u((i *ear oer ti(e. :irst& a

linear trena!line 3as -oun! usin Equation2. The calculate! alues -or M7t8 accor!in

to Equation $ 3ere co(pare! to the

(easure! !ata. The a(ount o- para(eters

nee!e! to per-or( a A*est -it 3as anal@e!.1 three;para(eter -it proe! to hae the

hihest con-i!ence leel 71ppen!i6 18 3ith

an 2alue o- 0.>>K$. ,ara(eters 7'& M0&an! M8 3ere opti(i@e! an! an e(pirical

(o!el 3as !eelope! -or each !esire! !ata

set. :iure $ !isplas a three;para(eter

e(pirical (o!el -or the Blac" :orest #reen

#u((i.

:iure $. Three;para(eter (o!el -or the (ass o- the

Blac" :orest #reen u((i *ear oer a perio! o-

ti(e.

1s :iure $ in!icates& the s3ellin

*ehaior o- the u((i *ear e6periences a

loarith(ic ro3th occurs e6ponentiall.This !ecrease in ro3th oer ti(e suests a

!ecrease in (ass trans-er o- the u((i *ear

to3ar!s the solute oer ti(e. This pattern ise6pecte! as the u((i *ear& 3hich acts as a

solute in the sste(& has a hiher

concentration at the start o- the e6peri(ent.Oer ti(e& the the concentru((i *ear

concentration !ecreases or starts to *eco(einas the sste( (oes to3ar!sequili*riu(.To hae a *etter -it e(pirical (o!el& (ore

!ata sets shoul! *e anal@e!& ta"in into

consi!eration *oth *ran! an! color.

3ith the sste( an! causes a !ecrease ins3ellin& or (ass trans-er.

To !eter(ine i- there 3as a

!i--erence *et3een the s3ellin*ehaior*ehaiors o- u((i *ears o-

!i--erent colors& a statistical t;test 3as !one.

:iure 2 *elo3 illustrates the s3ellin o- re!an! reen Blac" :orest u((i *ears oer a

perio! o- ti(e.


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:iure 2$. Mass ersus ti(e plot o- re! an! reen

Blac" :orest u((i *ears. The re! line representsre! Blac" :orest u((i *ears. The reen line

represents reen Blac" :orest u((i *ears.

1s :iure 2$sho3s& the t3o colors

o- Blac" :orest u((i *ears share si(ilar

ro3th rates. 1 t;test in!icates a (inutes.

Equation (o!els the Blac" :orest u((i

*ears s3ellin *ehaior%

M7t8 $./0/ ; 2.K/ e;0.000t 78

Equation 4 (o!els the Hari*o

u((i *ears s3ellin *ehaior%

M7t8 ./< ; 2.


5/6

1 t;test 3as use! to !eter(ine the

statistical !i--erence *et3een the *ehaior o-Blac" :orest an! Hari*o u((i *ears. The

*ran!s sho3e! a 0.>.4= !i--erence ins3ellin *ehaiors. These results 3ere

e6pecte! as the !i--erent *ran!s o- u((i

*ears 3ere (anu-acture! usin !i--erentprocesses& !i--erent inre!ients& an!

!i--erent a(ounts o- each inre!ients. B

os(osis& there 3as (oe(ent o- solent

(olecules throuh the u((i *earsGse(iper(ea*le (e(*rane into a reion o-

hiher solute concentrationL thus& resultin

in a s3ellin *ehaior o- the u((i *ear.

e attri*ute! !i--erent s3ellin *ehaiors to!i--erent se(iper(ea*le (e(*ranes

7u((i *ear (a"e;up8.

More !ata points shoul! *e ta"en

*et3een the $0/ (inute point to the $/>(inute point in or!er to (ore accuratel

!eter(ine the !i--erence in s3ellin

*ehaiors o- the !i--erent colors an!

!i--erent *ran!s.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The statistical analsis in!icate!

there 3as (ini(al !i--erence in the

a*sorption o- 3ater in u((i *ears o-!i--erent colors. Ho3eer& there 3as

su*stantial !i--erence in u((i *ears o-

!i--erent *ran!s. Di--erent s3ellin

*ehaiors 3ere attri*ute! to !i--erentse(iper(ea*le (e(*ranes.

The e6peri(ental !ata is su*9ect tooperator errors 7e.. (ishan!lin o- u((i

*ears 3hen !rin& o*tainin (easure(ents&

etc.8. eco((en!ations -or achiein ahiher con-i!ence interal inclu!e sa(plin

(ore u((i *ears an! ta"in !ata points

(ore o-ten 3ithin the elapse! ti(e.

References$. Os(osis. ,las(a Me(*rane an!

E6tracellular Matri6.

http%NNar*l.c(*s.colostate.e!uNh*oo"sNc

(*NcellsNp(e(*Nos(osis.ht(l7accesse!

Januar& $& 20$48.

2. Di--usion. Hper ,hsics.

http%NNhperphsics.ph;

astr.su.e!uNh*aseN"ineticN!i--us.ht(l

7accesse! Januar $& 20$48.

. a* $. 5n Unit Operations Lab ManualL

#eoria Tech% 1tlanta& #1& 0$L p.$.

4. Di--usion Throuh a Cell Me(*rane.

The 5nstitute -or Eniron(ental

Mo!elin.

http%NN333.tie(.ut".e!uNrossN*ioe!N3e

*(o!ulesN!i--usion.ht( 7accesse!Januar $& 20$48.


6/6

1ppen!i6

$;para(eter% M7t8$2.44;>.K/2$e

;

0.002$K2t

2 para(eter% M7t8 $.22$0.$$$.$$e;0.00$44t

Blac" :orest 5nre!ients

Ingredients: Corn Syrup, Sucralose,Gelatin, Citric Acid, Apple JuiceConcentrate, Sodium Citrate, Naturaland Artificial Flavor, Coconut Oil,Carnauba Wax, Ascorbic Acid (VitaminC), Red 40, Yellow 5 and Blue 1

Haribo ingredientsCorn Syrup, Sugar, Gelatin, Dextrose,Citric Acid, Corn Starch, Artificial andNatural Flavors, Fractionated CoconutOil, Carnauba Wax, Beeswax Coating,Artificial Colors Yellow 5, Red 40, Blue 1

uo lab 1 gummi bears

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