up : urban planning
DESCRIPTION
As we know, Our currently city landscape is horizontal. City planners are keep extending the city horizontally. In some countries with large amount of population, for example, China, India, Japan, etc, the land space is keeping reducing year by year. How can we expand our city vertical to share more sky space instand of land space?TRANSCRIPT
Ne
w
Ha
rmo
ny,
a
uto
pia
n
att
em
pt;
d
ep
icte
d
as
p
rop
ose
d
b
y
Ro
be
rt
Ow
en
T
he
se
uto
pia
s
are
b
ase
d
on
r
eli
gio
us
id
ea
ls,
a
nd
a
re
to
da
te
th
ose
mo
stco
mm
on
ly
fo
un
d
in
h
um
an
s
oci
ety
.
Th
eir
m
em
be
rs
are
u
sua
lly
re
qu
ire
d
to
fo
llo
w
an
d
be
lie
ve
in
t
he
p
art
icu
lar
re
lig
iou
s
tra
dit
ion
tha
test
ab
lish
ed
t
he
u
top
ia.
S
om
e
pe
rmit
n
on
-be
lie
vers
o
r
no
n-a
dh
ere
nts
t
ota
ke
up
r
esi
de
nce
w
ith
in
th
em
;
oth
ers
d
o
no
t.
Th
e
Isl
am
ic,
Je
wis
h,
a
nd
Ch
rist
ian
i
de
as
o
f
the
G
ard
en
o
f
E
de
n
an
d
He
ave
n
ma
y
be
i
nte
rpre
ted
a
s
form
s
of
u
top
ian
ism
,
esp
eci
all
y
i
n
th
eir
f
olk
-re
lig
iou
s
form
s.
Su
ch
re
lig
iou
s
uto
pia
s
are
o
fte
nd
esc
rib
ed
a
s
“g
ard
en
s o
f d
eli
gh
t”,
im
ply
ing
a
n
exi
ste
nce
f
ree
f
rom
wo
rry
in
a
s
tate
o
f
bli
ss
or
e
nli
gh
ten
me
nt.
T
he
y
po
stu
late
f
ree
do
m
fro
msi
n,
p
ain
,
po
vert
y,
an
d
de
ath
,
an
d
oft
en
a
ssu
me
c
om
mu
nio
n
wit
h
be
ing
s
s
uch
a
s
an
ge
ls
or
th
e
ho
uri
.
In
a
sim
ila
r
sen
se
th
e
Hin
du
c
on
cep
t
of
Mo
ksh
a
an
d
th
e
Bu
dd
his
t
con
cep
t
of
N
irva
na
m
ay
b
e
th
ou
gh
t
of
a
s
a
kin
d
of
uto
pia
.
In
Hin
du
ism
o
r
Bu
dd
his
m,
h
ow
eve
r,
uto
pia
i
s
no
t
a
pla
ce b
ut
a
sta
te
of
m
ind
.
A
be
lie
f
tha
t
if
we
a
re
ab
le
to
p
ract
ice
me
dit
ati
on
w
ith
ou
t
con
tin
uo
us
st
rea
m
of
th
ou
gh
ts,
w
e
are
a
ble
t
o r
ea
che
nli
gh
ten
me
nt.
Ne
w
Ha
rmo
ny,
a
uto
pia
n
att
em
pt;
d
ep
icte
d
as
p
rop
ose
d
b
y
Ro
be
rt
Ow
en
T
he
se
uto
pia
s
are
b
ase
d
on
r
eli
gio
us
id
ea
ls,
a
nd
a
re
to
d
ate
t
ho
se m
ost
com
mo
nly
f
ou
nd
i
n
hu
ma
n
so
cie
ty.
T
he
ir
me
mb
ers
are
u
sua
lly
re
qu
ire
d
to
fo
llo
w
an
d
be
lie
ve
in
t
he
p
art
icu
lar
re
lig
iou
s
tra
dit
ion
t
ha
test
ab
lish
ed
t
he
u
top
ia.
S
om
e
pe
rmit
n
on
-be
lie
vers
o
r
no
n-
ad
he
ren
ts
to
take
u
p
re
sid
en
ce
wit
hin
t
he
m;
o
the
rs
do
n
ot.
T
he
I
sla
mic
,
Jew
ish
,
an
d
Ch
rist
ian
i
de
as
o
f
the
G
ard
en
o
f
E
de
n
an
d
He
ave
n
ma
y
be
i
nte
rpre
ted
a
s
form
s
of
u
top
ian
ism
,
esp
eci
all
y
i
n
th
eir
f
olk
-re
lig
iou
s
form
s.
Su
ch
re
lig
iou
s
uto
pia
s
are
o
fte
nd
esc
rib
ed
a
s
“g
ard
en
s
of
de
lig
ht”
,
imp
lyin
g
an
e
xist
en
ce
fre
e
fro
mw
orr
y
in
a
sta
te
of
b
liss
o
r
en
lig
hte
nm
en
t.
Th
ey
p
ost
ula
te
fre
ed
om
f
rom
sin
,
pa
in,
p
ove
rty,
a
nd
de
ath
,
an
d
oft
en
a
ssu
me
c
om
mu
nio
n
wit
h
be
ing
s
s
uch
a
s
an
ge
ls
or
th
e
ho
uri
.
In
a
sim
ila
r
sen
se
th
e
Hin
du
c
on
cep
t
of
Mo
ksh
a
an
d
th
e
Bu
dd
his
t
con
cep
t
of
N
irva
na
m
ay
b
e
th
ou
gh
t
of
a
s
a
kin
d
of
u
top
ia.
In
H
ind
uis
m
or
B
ud
dh
ism
,
ho
we
ver,
u
top
ia
is
no
t
a
pla
ce b
ut
a
sta
te
of
m
ind
.
A
be
lie
f
tha
t
if
we
a
re
ab
le
to
p
ract
ice
m
ed
ita
tio
n
wit
ho
ut
co
nti
nu
ou
s
stre
am
o
f
tho
ug
hts
,
we
a
re
ab
le
to
re
ach
en
lig
hte
nm
en
t. N
ew
H
arm
on
y,
a u
top
ian
a
tte
mp
t;
de
pic
ted
a
s
pro
po
sed
by
R
ob
ert
O
we
n
Th
ese
u
top
ias
a
re
ba
sed
o
n
reli
gio
us
id
ea
ls,
a
nd
a
re
to
d
ate
t
ho
se m
ost
com
mo
nly
f
ou
nd
i
n
hu
ma
n
so
cie
ty.
T
he
ir
me
mb
ers
a
re
usu
all
y
req
uir
ed
t
o
foll
ow
a
nd
b
eli
eve
in
th
e
pa
rtic
ula
r
reli
gio
us
tr
ad
itio
n
th
ate
sta
bli
she
d
th
e
uto
pia
.
So
me
p
erm
it
no
n-b
eli
eve
rs
or
n
on
-ad
he
ren
ts
to
take
u
p
re
sid
en
ce
wit
hin
t
he
m;
o
the
rs
do
n
ot.
T
he
I
sla
mic
,
Jew
ish
,
an
d
Ch
rist
ian
i
de
as
o
f
the
G
ard
en
o
f
E
de
n
an
d
He
ave
n
ma
y
be
i
nte
rpre
ted
a
s
forV
po
vert
y,
an
d
de
ath
,
A N
EW
PE
RSP
EC
TIV
E O
F O
UR
CIT
YUR
BAN
PLAN
NING
Ne
w
Ha
rmo
ny,
a
uto
pia
n
att
em
pt;
d
ep
icte
d
as
p
rop
ose
d
b
y
Ro
be
rt
Ow
en
T
he
se
uto
pia
s
are
b
ase
d
on
r
eli
gio
us
id
ea
ls,
a
nd
a
re
to
da
te
th
ose
mo
stco
mm
on
ly
fo
un
d
in
h
um
an
s
oci
ety
.
Th
eir
m
em
be
rs
are
u
sua
lly
re
qu
ire
d
to
fo
llo
w
an
d
be
lie
ve
in
t
he
p
art
icu
lar
re
lig
iou
s
tra
dit
ion
tha
test
ab
lish
ed
t
he
u
top
ia.
S
om
e
pe
rmit
n
on
-be
lie
vers
o
r
no
n-a
dh
ere
nts
t
ota
ke
up
r
esi
de
nce
w
ith
in
th
em
;
oth
ers
d
o
no
t.
Th
e
Isl
am
ic,
Je
wis
h,
a
nd
Ch
rist
ian
i
de
as
o
f
the
G
ard
en
o
f
E
de
n
an
d
He
ave
n
ma
y
be
i
nte
rpre
ted
a
s
form
s
of
u
top
ian
ism
,
esp
eci
all
y
i
n
th
eir
f
olk
-re
lig
iou
s
form
s.
Su
ch
re
lig
iou
s
uto
pia
s
are
o
fte
nd
esc
rib
ed
a
s
“g
ard
en
s o
f d
eli
gh
t”,
im
ply
ing
a
n
exi
ste
nce
f
ree
f
rom
wo
rry
in
a
s
tate
o
f
bli
ss
or
e
nli
gh
ten
me
nt.
T
he
y
po
stu
late
f
ree
do
m
fro
msi
n,
p
ain
,
po
vert
y,
an
d
de
ath
,
an
d
oft
en
a
ssu
me
c
om
mu
nio
n
wit
h
be
ing
s
s
uch
a
s
an
ge
ls
or
th
e
ho
uri
.
In
a
sim
ila
r
sen
se
th
e
Hin
du
c
on
cep
t
of
Mo
ksh
a
an
d
th
e
Bu
dd
his
t
con
cep
t
of
N
irva
na
m
ay
b
e
th
ou
gh
t
of
a
s
a
kin
d
of
uto
pia
.
In
Hin
du
ism
o
r
Bu
dd
his
m,
h
ow
eve
r,
uto
pia
i
s
no
t
a
pla
ce b
ut
a
sta
te
of
m
ind
.
A
be
lie
f
tha
t
if
we
a
re
ab
le
to
p
ract
ice
me
dit
ati
on
w
ith
ou
t
con
tin
uo
us
st
rea
m
of
th
ou
gh
ts,
w
e
are
a
ble
t
o r
ea
che
nli
gh
ten
me
nt.
Ne
w
Ha
rmo
ny,
a
uto
pia
n
att
em
pt;
d
ep
icte
d
as
p
rop
ose
d
b
y
Ro
be
rt
Ow
en
T
he
se
uto
pia
s
are
b
ase
d
on
r
eli
gio
us
id
ea
ls,
a
nd
a
re
to
d
ate
t
ho
se m
ost
com
mo
nly
f
ou
nd
i
n
hu
ma
n
so
cie
ty.
T
he
ir
me
mb
ers
are
u
sua
lly
re
qu
ire
d
to
fo
llo
w
an
d
be
lie
ve
in
t
he
p
art
icu
lar
re
lig
iou
s
tra
dit
ion
t
ha
test
ab
lish
ed
t
he
u
top
ia.
S
om
e
pe
rmit
n
on
-be
lie
vers
o
r
no
n-
ad
he
ren
ts
to
take
u
p
re
sid
en
ce
wit
hin
t
he
m;
o
the
rs
do
n
ot.
T
he
I
sla
mic
,
Jew
ish
,
an
d
Ch
rist
ian
i
de
as
o
f
the
G
ard
en
o
f
E
de
n
an
d
He
ave
n
ma
y
be
i
nte
rpre
ted
a
s
form
s
of
u
top
ian
ism
,
esp
eci
all
y
i
n
th
eir
f
olk
-re
lig
iou
s
form
s.
Su
ch
re
lig
iou
s
uto
pia
s
are
o
fte
nd
esc
rib
ed
a
s
“g
ard
en
s
of
de
lig
ht”
,
imp
lyin
g
an
e
xist
en
ce
fre
e
fro
mw
orr
y
in
a
sta
te
of
b
liss
o
r
en
lig
hte
nm
en
t.
Th
ey
p
ost
ula
te
fre
ed
om
f
rom
sin
,
pa
in,
p
ove
rty,
a
nd
de
ath
,
an
d
oft
en
a
ssu
me
c
om
mu
nio
n
wit
h
be
ing
s
s
uch
a
s
an
ge
ls
or
th
e
ho
uri
.
In
a
sim
ila
r
sen
se
th
e
Hin
du
c
on
cep
t
of
Mo
ksh
a
an
d
th
e
Bu
dd
his
t
con
cep
t
of
N
irva
na
m
ay
b
e
th
ou
gh
t
of
a
s
a
kin
d
of
u
top
ia.
In
H
ind
uis
m
or
B
ud
dh
ism
,
ho
we
ver,
u
top
ia
is
no
t
a
pla
ce b
ut
a
sta
te
of
m
ind
.
A
be
lie
f
tha
t
if
we
a
re
ab
le
to
p
ract
ice
m
ed
ita
tio
n
wit
ho
ut
co
nti
nu
ou
s
stre
am
o
f
tho
ug
hts
,
we
a
re
ab
le
to
re
ach
en
lig
hte
nm
en
t. N
ew
H
arm
on
y,
a u
top
ian
a
tte
mp
t;
de
pic
ted
a
s
pro
po
sed
by
R
ob
ert
O
we
n
Th
ese
u
top
ias
a
re
ba
sed
o
n
reli
gio
us
id
ea
ls,
a
nd
a
re
to
d
ate
t
ho
se m
ost
com
mo
nly
f
ou
nd
i
n
hu
ma
n
so
cie
ty.
T
he
ir
me
mb
ers
a
re
usu
all
y
req
uir
ed
t
o
foll
ow
a
nd
b
eli
eve
in
th
e
pa
rtic
ula
r
reli
gio
us
tr
ad
itio
n
th
ate
sta
bli
she
d
th
e
uto
pia
.
So
me
p
erm
it
no
n-b
eli
eve
rs
or
n
on
-ad
he
ren
ts
to
take
u
p
re
sid
en
ce
wit
hin
t
he
m;
o
the
rs
do
n
ot.
T
he
I
sla
mic
,
Jew
ish
,
an
d
Ch
rist
ian
i
de
as
o
f
the
G
ard
en
o
f
E
de
n
an
d
He
ave
n
ma
y
be
i
nte
rpre
ted
a
s
forV
po
vert
y,
an
d
de
ath
,
A N
EW
PE
RSP
EC
TIV
E O
F O
UR
CIT
YUR
BAN
PLAN
NING
u p : u r b a n p l a n n i n g , Copyright © 2010 by Lehu Zhang. Manufactured in the United
State. All rights reserved.No other part of this book may be reproduced in any form
or by any eectronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval
systems without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who
may quote brief passages in a review.
Zhang, Lehu.
u p : u r b a n p l a n n i n g / Lehu Zhang. –– 1st ed.
ISBN 978 - 1 - 60016 - 321 - 0
201006040
Distributed in the USA by Academy of Art University
79 New Montgomery Street
San Francisco, CA 94105 - 3410
Tel : (415) 274-2208, Fax : (415) 618 - 6278
For more excellent books and resources for designers, vist www.moko.cc/zhanglehu
Zhang, Lehu.
u p : u r b a n p l a n n i n g / Lehu Zhang. –– 1st ed.
ISBN 978 - 1 - 60016 - 321 - 0
201006040
T o C h e n W a n g , m y e x - g i r l ,
f o r h e l p i n g m e u n d e r s t a n d
w h a t t h e l o v e i s .
T o m y g r a n d f a t h e r ,
S h e n l i e W a n g ,
f o r h e l p i n g m e u n d e r s t a n d
w h a t t h e m o r a l i t y i s .
M a y y o u r e s t i n p e a c e .
TABLE ofCONTENTSINTRODUCTION 01
DAY 1 : OUR CURRENT CITY 05
DAY 3 : FUTURE SKY CITY 39
DAY 2 : NEW CITY PERSPECTIVE 19
COLOPHON 45
INTRODUCTIONBUILDING
CITY CONSTURCTURE
SKY? SKY? FOR WHAT?
SKY CITY?
ARCHITECTES
THIS BOOK WILL INTRODUCE A NEW PERSPECTIVE OF OUR CURRENT URBAN PLANNING.
P A G E 0 1
CAN WE LIVE IN SKY?
CURRENTLY, S OME COUNTRIES ARE STRUGGLING WITH THE LARGE AMOUNT POPULATION AND THE LACK OF THE LAND SPACE. CITY PLANNERS ARE KEEP EXPANDING THE CITY “HORIZONTAL”. B ASED ON THIS SITUATION, S OME ARCHI-ETECTES ARGUE THAT WHY WE CAN’T BUILD OUR CITY VERI-TICAL. BY THAT WAY WE CAN SHARE MORE SKY SPACE, NOT LAND SPACE. THAT’S THE MAIN CONCEPT OF THIS BOOK, THIS CONCERT, AND OUR FUTURE LIFE.
D AY 1U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 0 2
P A G E 0 3
LET’S GOTO
SKY
LET’S GOTO
SKY
I N T R OU P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 0 4
DAY 1OUR CURRENT CITYBUILDING
CITY CONSTURCTURE
SAN FRANCISCO, USA
BEIJING, CHINA
ARCHITECTES
Our currently city landscape is horizon-tal. City planners are keep extending the city horizontally.
OUR CITY LANDSCAPEThis take on the decaying quality of life in major U.S. cities makes it all so simple - overpopulation is the root cause, because the carrying capacity is being exceeded. Please look at a table of the world’s countries listing population density ver-sus quality of life defined by UN criteria: No correlation. For example, the Netherlands has more than ten times as many people per square kilometer than the U.S. yet the Netherlands has a higher quality of life, less pollution and far less poverty. Our carrying capacity is determined by an unsustainable mode of production and consumption, consumerism run amok, under the protective watch of the greatest machinery of mass murder the world has ever known, itself a colossal waste of energy and resources. Unless this American way of living is changed radically, we and the rest of the world will all face global warming ecocatastrophe by 2050 if not sooner. Blaming our unsustainable way of life on too many people is an expla-nation so user friendly to the ruling elites of global corporate capitalism especially our own military industrial complex. This born-again Mathusianism is simply a service to anti- immigrant racism and to a revival of fascist eugenics, offering no solutions to creating more livable U.S. cities.
P A G E 0 7
D AY 1U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 0 8
Our currently city landscape is horizontal. City planners are keep extending the city horizontally.
CHINACU
RREN
T SI
TUAT
ION
BEIJING, CHINA
OVER POPULATION
As late as 25 years ago, China was concerned it had too many children to support. Today, however, China faces the opposite problem: as a result of the success of its “one-child” policy, the country faces the prospect of having too few children to support a rapidly aging populationAgnit aut quid moluptatur, consequam China has made vast improvements in health over the past five decades, with life expectancy at birth increasing by two-thirds from 40.8 to 71.5 between 1955 and 2005.2 The country already has about 102 million elderly, or over one-fifth of the world’s elderly population.3 And the percentage of elderly in China is projected to triple from 8 percent to 24 percent between 2006 and 2050, to a total number of 322 million.
BEIJING
The dramatic fertility decline and improved longevity over the past two decades are causing China’s population to age at one of the fastest rates ever recorded, accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of chronic disease and disability in the popu-lation.
Meeting the health and long-term care needs of this growing elderly population will result in soaring health care costs—and with a shrinking working-age population to help pay the bill. Indeed, the challenge of paying for health care in China is immense, especially since the Chinese health care system has already experienced large increases in overall costs and greater private expenditure since shifting to a market-oriented system in the early 1980s.
But while China is not prepared to meet the health needs of its growing elderly population, its government has recognized these challenges and is starting to develop a comprehensive response. As a first step, Chinese health officials have imple-mented various chronic-disease prevention programs at the national level. They are also starting to set up long-term care delivery systems for the elderly. But while China’s economy continues to grow rapidly, whether it will be able to allocate enough income to meet these rising health care costs remains as a major concern.
P A G E 0 9
BEIJING
OVER POPULATION
D AY 1U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 1 0
CHINABEIJING
The rate of increase in health care costs has already exceeded the growth of the national economy and individual earnings. Long-term care for the elderly, traditionally provided at home in China by adult children (especially by daughters-in-law), will become increasingly less feasible in coming decades when parents of the first generation of the one-child policy start reaching old age and retiring. These singletons will face the need to care for two parents and often four grandparents with-out siblings with whom to share the responsibility, a problem sometimes referred to in China as the “4-2-1 problem.”
And the macro-level outlook for health care spending is no better. While the number of elderly in the population who require care is growing, the size of the working-age population (who pay much of the health care costs) is shrinking. The elderly-support ratio—the working-age adult (ages 15 to 64) per number of elderly (age 65 and above)—is projected to decline drastically, from 9 persons to 2.5 persons by 2050.
This demographic shift is troublesome for a health care sys-tem that already faces a number of challenges—most impor-tant of which is the rapid increase in overall costs and in private health care spending. The health care system in China—once regarded as exemplary for low-income agrarian societies—has degenerated considerably in access since the early 1980s at the same time as its costs have soared. A system that relied heavily on public subsidies and provided egalitar-ian access to basic health care has shifted to a market-oriented system that relies heavily on private funding and is character-ized by excessive usage fees.
Now, rising out-of-pocket costs prevent many Chinese from seeking early care and have resulted in wide disparities in health care access, particularly between urban and rural areas. These trends are of particular concern to the elderly, who likely have higher health care needs yet less means to afford that care, and who also make up larger proportion of the rural population than the younger population.
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P A G E 1 1
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1975 20101985
D AY 1U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 1 2
The Chinese government has only recently acknowledged the consequences of rapid population aging and has started to address them in various policies and programs:
Strategies for long-term care. Though public funding for the long-term care of the elderly in China is still limited, the Chi-nese government has started to allocate more funding in this area. At the same time, new opportunities for entrepreneur-ship in the health service industry have opened — a result of China’s social-welfare reform in the 1990s, which decentral-ized government-funded welfare institutions and significantly reduced their government financing.
Today, an increasing number of private elder homes as well as the country ’s former government-sponsored elder homes (which used to be reserved exclusively for elderly with no chil-dren and no other means of support) are providing an alterna-tive to familial elder care. However, these facilities are still small in number, of varying standards, and are often too expensive for many elderly and their families.
Community-based long-term care services for the elderly in China—both informal and local government-supported—have also begun to emerge, especially in urban areas. These efforts are serving various needs of the elderly and their family care-givers, including daily care, home maintenance, and informa-tion and referral services.
The lack of a trained workforce in caregiving to elderly is an important issue facing China’s long-term care delivery system. Some local government agencies (such as the labor union and the department of health) are training laid-off workers to work in long-term care—but these training programs are short and cover only limited basic caregiving skills.
Some observers are calling for more knowledge-based training programs that offer a broader range of caregiving skills. Besides long-term care, the government has plans to develop geriatric medical training at an undergraduate level and to establish more geriatric units to increase the country ’s capac-ity to address the specific health care needs of the elderly.
Strategies for primary and secondary prevention. China’s min-istry of health has also been addressing chronic disease pre-vention and control. In 2002, for instance, it established the National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention to oversee efforts at the national level; the same year, it unveiled the Disease Surveillance Points Sys-tem, a national resource for chronic disease surveillance.
publ
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ealt
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nse
s to
pop
ulat
ion
agi
ng
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P A G E 1 3
D AY 1U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 1 4
CITY CONSTURCTURE
ARCHITECTES
Our currently city landscape is horizontal. City planners are keep extending the city horizontally.>>>>>>>>
The ministry is also working to develop the first long-term (from 2005 to 2015) comprehensive national plan for chronic disease control and prevention in cooperation with relevant sectors and supported by the World Health Organization ( WHO). Reducing adult male smoking, hypertension, over-weight and obesity, and building capacity for chronic disease control are among the plan’s highest priorities.
Programs targeted toward specific diseases have also increased. These efforts include a community-based interven-tion on management of hypertension and diabetes conducted in three cities (Beijing, Shanghai, and Changsha) between 1991 and 2000; a national cancer control plan, the Program of Can-cer Prevention and Control in China; and ratification of the WHO Framework Convention of Tobacco Control. Further-more, to prevent chronic disease at early ages, projects to improve nutrition and health status have been undertaken. These projects are focused mainly on primary schools and have achieved encouraging reductions ( by as much as 30 per-cent in one year in one example) in the prevalence of child-hood obesity.
4-2-1 PROBLEM
CITY CONSTURCTURE
ARCHITECTES
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The challenges of population aging are daunting for any coun-try, but especially so for China. Unlike developed countries where economic development preceded population aging, China faces the massive demands of population aging at one of the fastest rates ever and while its economy is still not fully developed—hence, without the funds necessary to address the demands. China’s dilemma is how to allocate resources among competing needs of various sectors while still continuing its economic growth.
In addition to the 4-2-1 problem, trends in both the female labor-force participation and the sex ratio of young Chinese may well create additional issues for a society which tradition-ally has left elder care to its women, especially daughters-in-law. The labor-force participation among young Chinese women is very high and could affect the informal provision of long-term care in the coming decades. The sex ratio at birth for the young cohorts born after China’s one-child policy is highly skewed toward boys, potentially creating a future defi-cit of daughters-in-law as elder caregivers.
P A G E 1 5
Ota
e es
t fac
es
exer
ion
pa
dest
em.
Nam
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du
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OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE
>>
>>
While the trend of population aging is inevitable and can even be accelerated by further declines in mortality and fer-tility, stemming the epidemic of chronic disease is one promising way to reduce the overall impact of aging on China’s social and economic development. Investing in a formal long-term care system to complement the informal care currently provided primarily by family members could also encourage their continued participation in the provision of care. Addressing these elder care challenges will be crucial to China’s continued social and economic development and stability.
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D AY 1U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 1 6
P A G E 1 7
OU
R C
UR
RE
NT
CIT
Y B
LUE
PR
INT
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Our currently city landscape is horizontal. City planners are keep extending the city horizontally.
As late as 25 years ago, China was concerned it had too many children to support. Today, however, China faces the opposite problem: as a result of the success of its “one-child” policy, the country faces the prospect of having too few children to support a rapidly aging populationAgnit aut quid moluptatur, consequam China has made vast improvements in health over the past five decades, with life expectancy at birth increasing by two-thirds from 40.8 to 71.5 between 1955 and 2005.2 The country already has about 102 million elderly, or over one-fifth of the world’s elderly population.3 And the percentage of elderly in China is projected to triple from 8 percent to 24 percent between 2006 and 2050, to a total number of 322 million.
D AY 1U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 1 8
As late as 25
years ago, China
was concerned it
had too many
children to support. Today, how
ever, China
faces the opposite problem
: as a result of the success of its “one-child” policy, the country faces the prospect of having too few
children to support a rapidly aging populationA
gnit aut quid m
oluptatur, consequam
China
has made vast
improvem
ents in health over the past five decades, w
ith life expectancy at birth increasing by tw
o-thirds from
40.8 to 71.5 betw
een 1955 and 2005.2 T
he country already has about 102 m
illion elderly, or over one-fifth of the w
orld’s elderly population.3 A
nd the percentage of elderly in C
hina is projected to triple from
8 percent to 24 percent betw
een 2006 and 2050, to a total num
ber of 322 m
illion.s projected to triple from
8 percent to 24 percent betw
een 2006 and 2050, to a total num
ber of 322 m
illion.
DAY 2NEW CITY PERSPECTIVE
BUILDING CITY CONSTURCTURE
HORIZONTAL?
VE
RT
ICA
L ?
ARCHITECTES
HOW CAN WE EXPAND OUR CITY VERTICAL? SHARE MORE SKY SPACE?
P A G E 2 1
NEW CITY PERSPECTIVEWhile the trend of population aging is inevitable and can even be accel-erated by further declines in mortality and fertility, stemming the epi-demic of chronic disease is one promising way to reduce the overall impact of aging on China’s social and economic development. Investing in a formal long-term care system to complement the informal care currently provided primarily by family members could also encourage their continued participation in the provision of care. Addressing these elder care challenges will be crucial to China’s continued social and economic development and stability.
CITY
I N T R OU P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 2 2
While the trend of population aging is inevitable and can even be accelerated by further declines in m
ortality and fertility, stemm
ing the epidemic of chronic dis-
ease is one promising w
ay to reduce the overall impact of aging on C
hina’s social and economic developm
ent. Investing in a formal long-term
care system to com
ple-m
ent the informal care currently provided prim
arily by family m
embers could also encourage their continued participation in the provision of care. A
ddressing these elder care challenges w
ill be crucial to China’s continued social and econom
ic development and stability.
As late as 25 years ago, China was
concerned it had too many
children to support.
Today, however,
China faces the opposite
problem: as a result of the
success of its “one-child”
policy, the country faces
the prospect of having too few children to support a
rapidly aging population
Agnit aut quid
moluptatur, consequam
China has made vast
improve-ments in
health over the past five
decades, with life
expectancy at birth
increasing by two-thirds
from 40.8 to 71.5 between
1955 and 2005.2 The
country already has
about 102 million
elderly, or over one-fifth of the world’s
elderly population.3
And the percentage of
elderly in China is
projected to triple from 8
percent to 24 percent
between 2006 and
2050, to a total number
of 322 million.
P A G E 2 3
THE SKY CITYThe architects Xavier Pios and Maria Rosa Servera, a husband and a wife, had been looking for a suitable country to implement their project called “Virtual Bion-ic Tower City” - an urban devel-opment project to house 100,000 people. Finally, China expressed its interest in the unusual un-dertaking. The designers believe that a 300-storey building can be completed in some 15 years. The skyscraper will be erected in the center of an artificial island de-signed to absorb the underground vibrations. The tower will con-tain 12 vertical blocks; each block is supposed to have a lake sur-rounded by a garden. Aside from being an apartment complex, it also has a number of stores, kin-dergartens, beauty parlors, enter-tainment facilities, parks, ponds, and other facilities for the daily use of the city residents.Similar futuristic skyscrapers have been designed by a Japanese company Takenaka Corporation. Sky City 1000 is a thousand meters high, Holonic Tower is six hundred me-ters in height.
D AY 2U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 24
The Chinese and Japanese tend to pass over the major-ity of psychological aspects of living in tower cities be-cause the issues relating to overpopulation are sensitive to the both countries. Mean-while, the human being is an earthling which is more used to horizontal movements. Some residents of the mod-ern skyscrapers already feel a particular discomfort due to day-by-day life “high above the ground.” Engineers, art-ists and architects from vari-ous parts of the globe joined forces for the development of a city of the future. They set up a foundation called Dy-namic City.
Dynamic City is based in Beijing. Its goal is to try and come up with designs to al-leviate the problems relating to his heavily populated city. Specialists build the mock-ups of a future Beijing com-prising seven huge towers connected with bridges at the different levels.
The model implies stratifica-tion of all residents into the usual three social groups. The poor will belong to the bottom levels, the middle class will oc-cupy the middle part, and the rich will live up in the clouds.
However, residents of the cheap bottom levels will defi-nitely feel the lack of plain sunshine while the rich might feel ill at ease due to their life in midair. Living in a super tall skyscraper can be pleasant. But there are some inconveniences as well. We should not forget that a psychological impact of a high-altitude life on the human being remains to be seen.
The point is that the archi-tects themselves are not so happy about their own con-cept of the future city. The mock-up of the city would perfectly meet the market re-quirements, the city would be a great place for the producers and consumers. However, it would hardly satisfy the har-monious and free.
REM
AKES
OF
MET
ROPO
LIS
P A G E 2 5
While the trend of population aging is inevitable and can even be accelerated by further declines in mortality and fertility, stemming the epidemic of chronic disease is one promising way to reduce the overall impact of aging on China’s social and economic development. Investing in a formal long-term care system to complement the informal care currently provided primarily by family members could also encourage their continued participation in the provision of care. Addressing these elder care challenges will be crucial to China’s contin-ued social and economic development and stability.
D AY 2U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 2 6
As
late
as
25
year
s ag
o, C
hina
w
as c
once
rned
it
had
too
man
y ch
ildr
en to
su
ppor
t. T
oday
, ho
wev
er, C
hina
fa
ces
the
oppo
site
pr
oble
m: a
s a
resu
lt o
f the
su
cces
s of
its
“one
-chi
ld”
poli
cy, t
he
coun
try
face
s th
e pr
ospe
ct o
f ha
ving
too
few
ch
ildr
en to
su
ppor
t a r
apid
ly
agin
g po
pula
tion
Agn
it a
ut q
uid
mol
upta
tur,
cons
equa
m C
hina
ha
s m
ade
vast
im
prov
emen
ts in
he
alth
ove
r th
e pa
st fi
ve d
ecad
es,
wit
h li
fe
expe
ctan
cy a
t bi
rth
incr
easi
ng
by tw
o-th
irds
fr
om 4
0.8
to 7
1.5
betw
een
1955
and
20
05.2
The
co
untr
y al
read
y ha
s ab
out 1
02
mil
lion
eld
erly
, or
over
one
-fif
th o
f th
e w
orld
’s el
derl
y po
pula
tion
.3 A
nd
the
perc
enta
ge o
f el
derl
y in
Chi
na
is p
roje
cted
to
trip
le fr
om 8
pe
rcen
t to
24
perc
ent b
etw
een
2006
and
205
0,
to a
tota
l num
ber
of 3
22 m
illi
on.
P A G E 2 7
“As a former psychiatric nurse, now with two years’ experience inside city gov-ernment, I am uniquely able to contribute to resolving some of the systemic dys-functions that lead to tragic outcomes in our community, particularly for people of color and people experienc-ing mental illnesses.”
She seems to be touting the Office of Equity as her reason to continue as commissioner. The rationale of such an office is suspect, but com-missioners ought to be represent-ing Portland - not one segment. When she starts campaigning - maybe we will see some substance - some reason that those who pay taxes can vote for her.
One wonders about those who get to the point where they run for political office. She has already sac-rificed her principles on seeking campaign funds. What will she give up in exchange for the financing?
D AY 2U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 2 8
Ota
e es
t fac
es
exer
ion
pa
dest
em.
Nam
usam
di
ctat
e es
du
cipi
tatu
r aut
qu
ia n
ossit
eum
fu
gia
pere
mol
um
dolo
r sol
upta
sp
edita
mus
am
lab
iscil
eaqu
ame
niae
cum
quam
es
rem
pore
ror
offici
met
as
peru
p ie
nit,
sim a
dign
imi,
cupt
ione
t, sit
ut
face
a de
l ipi
etur
sin
vellu
ptas
ac
cum
fugi
tatu
r ve
liqua
m la
ad
ma
dole
ssum
au
dit v
id
quat
empo
s ar
chit,
is
illiq
uas m
odia
er
umqu
iae
cabo
rent
io.
fugi
tiore
m c
us
sum
face
at
omni
s nis
ipid
ign
impo
re
volu
ptae
etu
m
qui s
equi
ad
quae
om
nis u
ta
dus,
occu
lpar
um n
i bl
ab ip
sa v
eni
num
illa
bore
Bis
dolo
rept
atet
pl
igni
s di c
um
intis
aci
psun
tin
cto
omni
sque
cus
da
nosa
m e
xerit
iis
e ni
s abo
riti i
s al
ibus
ari
volu
ptat
ur?
Liqu
is et
liqu
ias
a co
n re
perr
upta
ac
cus p
erum
vo
llabo
. Et r
im
us e
xero
m
odis
sint,
com
mol
ore
con
cons
ero
ipsu
s ve
riat.
Ehen
is ul
paru
mqu
is m
olor
rore
m q
ui
se o
dign
at
ions
ero
ent,
quia
e vo
lo
verio
. Rit
eosa
pit
iisci
mus
.O
ccup
tatu
r au
t eiu
nt
URBAN PLANNINGBUILDING
CITY CONSTURCTURE
ARCHITECTES
The architects Xavier Pios and Maria Rosa Servera, a husband and a wife, had been looking for a suitable coun-try to implement their project called “ Virtual Bionic Tower City ”.
P A G E 2 9
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Ota
e es
t fac
es
exer
ion
pa
dest
em.
Nam
usam
di
ctat
e es
du
cipi
tatu
r aut
qu
ia n
ossit
eum
fu
gia
pere
mol
um
dolo
r sol
upta
sp
edita
mus
am
lab
iscil
eaqu
ame
niae
cum
quam
es
rem
pore
ror
offici
met
as
peru
p ie
nit,
sim a
dign
imi,
cupt
ione
t, sit
ut
face
a de
l ipi
etur
sin
vellu
ptas
ac
cum
fugi
tatu
r ve
liqua
m la
ad
ma
dole
ssum
au
dit v
id
quat
empo
s ar
chit,
is
illiq
uas m
odia
er
umqu
iae
cabo
rent
io.
fugi
tiore
m c
us
sum
face
at
omni
s nis
ipid
ign
impo
re
volu
ptae
etu
m
qui s
equi
ad
quae
om
nis u
ta
dus,
occu
lpar
um n
i bl
ab ip
sa v
eni
num
illa
bore
Bis
dolo
rept
atet
pl
igni
s di c
um
intis
aci
psun
tin
cto
omni
sque
cus
da
nosa
m e
xerit
iis
e ni
s abo
riti i
s al
ibus
ari
volu
ptat
ur?
Liqu
is et
liqu
ias
a co
n re
perr
upta
ac
cus p
erum
vo
llabo
. Et r
im
us e
xero
m
odis
sint,
com
mol
ore
con
cons
ero
ipsu
s ve
riat.
Ehen
is ul
paru
mqu
is m
olor
rore
m q
ui
se o
dign
at
ions
ero
ent,
quia
e vo
lo
verio
. Rit
eosa
pit
iisci
mus
.O
ccup
tatu
r au
t eiu
nt
Urban, city, and town planning integrates land use planning and transportation planning to improve the built, economic and social environments of communi-ties. Regional planning deals with a still larger environment, at a less detailed level. Urban planning can include urban renewal, by adapt-ing urban planning methods to existing cities suffering from decay and lack of investment. Transport within urbanized areas presents unique problems. The density of an urban environment increases traffic, which can harm businesses and increase pollution unless properly managed. Parking space for private vehicles requires the construction of large parking garages in high density areas. This space could often be more valu-able for other development. Good planning uses transit oriented development, which attempts to place higher densities of jobs or residents near high-volume trans-portation. dwellings and parks farther away.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
BUILDING
CITY CONSTURCTURE
XAVIER PLOS
MARIA ROSA SERVERA ARCHITECTES
D AY 2U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 3 0
Ota
e es
t fac
es
exer
ion
pa
dest
em.
Nam
usam
di
ctat
e es
du
cipi
tatu
r aut
qu
ia n
ossi
t eu
m fu
gia
pere
mol
um
dolo
r sol
upta
sp
edit
amus
am
lab
isci
l ea
quam
e ni
aecu
mqu
am
es re
mpo
rero
r of
fici
met
as
peru
p ie
nit,
sim
adi
gnim
i, cu
ptio
net,
sit
ut fa
cea
del
ipie
tur
sinv
ellu
ptas
ac
cum
fu
gita
tur
veliq
uam
la a
d m
a do
less
um
audi
t vid
qu
atem
pos
arch
it, i
s ill
iqua
s m
odia
er
umqu
iae
cabo
rent
io.
fugi
tior
em c
us
sum
face
at
omni
s nis
ip
idig
n im
pore
vo
lupt
ae e
tum
qu
i seq
ui a
d qu
ae o
mni
s uta
du
s,
occu
lpar
um n
i bl
ab ip
sa v
eni
num
ill
abor
eBis
do
lore
ptat
et
plig
nis d
i cum
in
tis a
cips
un
tinc
to
omni
sque
cu
sda
nosa
m
exer
itiis
e
nis a
bori
ti is
al
ibus
ari
vo
lupt
atur
? Li
quis
et
liqui
as a
con
ARCHITECTSBUILDING
CITY CONSTURCTURE
XAVIER PLOS
TADAO ANDO
MARIA ROSA SERVERA
ARCHITECTES
The architects Xavier Pios and Maria Rosa Servera,
a husband and a wife, had been looking for a suitable
country to implement their project called “ Virtual
Bionic Tower City ” -
ARCHITECTES
ARCHITECTES
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
P A G E 3 1
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Ota
e es
t fac
es
exer
ion
pa
dest
em.
Nam
usam
di
ctat
e es
du
cipi
tatu
r aut
qu
ia n
ossi
t eu
m fu
gia
pere
mol
um
dolo
r sol
upta
sp
edit
amus
am
lab
isci
l ea
quam
e ni
aecu
mqu
am
es re
mpo
rero
r of
fici
met
as
peru
p ie
nit,
sim
adi
gnim
i, cu
ptio
net,
sit
ut fa
cea
del
ipie
tur
sinv
ellu
ptas
ac
cum
fu
gita
tur
veliq
uam
la a
d m
a do
less
um
audi
t vid
qu
atem
pos
arch
it, i
s ill
iqua
s m
odia
er
umqu
iae
cabo
rent
io.
fugi
tior
em c
us
sum
face
at
omni
s nis
ip
idig
n im
pore
vo
lupt
ae e
tum
qu
i seq
ui a
d qu
ae o
mni
s uta
du
s,
occu
lpar
um n
i bl
ab ip
sa v
eni
num
ill
abor
eBis
do
lore
ptat
et
plig
nis d
i cum
in
tis a
cips
un
tinc
to
omni
sque
cu
sda
nosa
m
exer
itiis
e
nis a
bori
ti is
al
ibus
ari
vo
lupt
atur
? Li
quis
et
liqui
as a
con
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Tadao Ando’s body of work is known for the creative use of natural light and for architectures that follow the natural forms of the landscape (rather than disturbing the landscape by making it con-form to the constructed space of a building). The architect’s build-ings are often characterized by complex three-dimensional circulation paths. These paths interweave between interior and exterior spaces formed both inside large-scale geometric shapes and in the spaces between them.
Ando’s housing complex at Rokko, just outside Kobe, is a complex warren of terraces and balconies and atriums and shafts. The designs for Rokko Housing One (1983) and for Rokko Housing Two (1993) illustrate a range of issues in the traditional architectural vocabu-lary—the interplay of solid and void, the alternatives of open and closed, the contrasts of light and darkness. More significantly, Ando’s noteworthy achievement in these clustered buildings is site specific—the structures survived undamaged after the Great Hanshin Earth-quake of 1995. New York Times architectural critic Paul Goldberger argues convincingly that “Ando is right in the Japanese tradition: spareness has always been a part of Japanese architecture, at least since the 16th century; [and] it is not without reason that Frank Lloyd Wright more freely admitted to the influences of Japanese architec-ture than of anything American.” Like, Wright’s Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, which did survive the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, site specific decision-making, anticipates seismic activity in Ando’s sev-eral Hyōgo-Awaji buildings.
D AY 2U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 3 2
LET’S GO TO SKY
Ne
w
Ha
rmo
ny,
a
uto
pia
n
att
em
pt;
d
ep
icte
d
as
p
rop
ose
d
b
y
Ro
be
rt
Ow
en
T
he
se
uto
pia
s
are
b
ase
d
on
reli
gio
us
id
ea
ls,
a
nd
a
re
to
d
ate
t
ho
se m
ost
com
mo
nly
f
ou
nd
i
n
hu
ma
n
so
cie
ty.
T
he
ir
me
mb
ers
a
re
usu
all
y
req
uir
ed
t
o
foll
ow
a
nd
b
eli
eve
i
n
th
e
pa
rtic
ula
r
reli
gio
us
tr
ad
itio
n
th
ate
sta
bli
she
d
th
e
uto
pia
.
So
me
p
erm
it
no
n-
be
lie
vers
o
r
no
n-a
dh
ere
nts
t
ota
ke
up
r
esi
de
nce
w
ith
in
th
em
;
oth
ers
d
o
no
t.
Th
e
Isl
am
ic,
Je
wis
h,
a
nd
C
hri
stia
n
ide
as
o
f
the
G
ard
en
o
f
E
de
n
an
d
He
ave
n
ma
y
be
i
nte
rpre
ted
a
s
form
s
of
u
top
ian
ism
,
esp
eci
all
y
i
n
the
ir
fo
lk-r
eli
gio
us
fo
rms.
S
uch
r
eli
gio
us
u
top
ias
a
re
oft
en
de
scri
be
d
as
“
ga
rde
ns
of
de
lig
ht”
,
imp
lyin
g
an
e
xist
en
ce
fre
e
fro
mw
orr
y
in
a
sta
te
of
b
liss
o
r
en
lig
hte
nm
en
t.
Th
ey
p
ost
ula
te
fre
ed
om
f
rom
sin
,
pa
in,
p
ove
rty,
a
nd
d
ea
th,
Sky City was a discount store chain based in Asheville, North Carolina. In the early 1990s, Sky City took a huge plummet when Wal-Mart started moving into the areas of North Carolina where there had previously been no com-petition except for Rose’s Depart-ment Store. In 1991 Interco, Inc. sold Sky City Stores, Inc. to a group of investors, headed by Har-vey Yellen, Sky City Stores’ chief executive officer, for an undis-closed figure. The investment group formed a new company, Sky City Holding Corp.
1990S
SKY CITY
P A G E 3 3
Ne
w
Ha
rmo
ny,
a
uto
pia
n
att
em
pt;
d
ep
icte
d
as
p
rop
ose
d
b
y
Ro
be
rt
Ow
en
T
he
se
uto
pia
s
are
b
ase
d
on
reli
gio
us
id
ea
ls,
a
nd
a
re
to
d
ate
t
ho
se m
ost
com
mo
nly
f
ou
nd
i
n
hu
ma
n
so
cie
ty.
T
he
ir
me
mb
ers
a
re
usu
all
y
req
uir
ed
t
o
foll
ow
a
nd
b
eli
eve
i
n
th
e
pa
rtic
ula
r
reli
gio
us
tr
ad
itio
n
th
ate
sta
bli
she
d
th
e
uto
pia
.
So
me
p
erm
it
no
n-
be
lie
vers
o
r
no
n-a
dh
ere
nts
t
ota
ke
up
r
esi
de
nce
w
ith
in
th
em
;
oth
ers
d
o
no
t.
Th
e
Isl
am
ic,
Je
wis
h,
a
nd
C
hri
stia
n
ide
as
o
f
the
G
ard
en
o
f
E
de
n
an
d
He
ave
n
ma
y
be
i
nte
rpre
ted
a
s
form
s
of
u
top
ian
ism
,
esp
eci
all
y
i
n
the
ir
fo
lk-r
eli
gio
us
fo
rms.
S
uch
r
eli
gio
us
u
top
ias
a
re
oft
en
de
scri
be
d
as
“
ga
rde
ns
of
de
lig
ht”
,
imp
lyin
g
an
e
xist
en
ce
fre
e
fro
mw
orr
y
in
a
sta
te
of
b
liss
o
r
en
lig
hte
nm
en
t.
Th
ey
p
ost
ula
te
fre
ed
om
f
rom
sin
,
pa
in,
p
ove
rty,
a
nd
d
ea
th,
D AY 2U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 3 6
Tadao Ando’s body of work is known for the creative use of natural light and for architectures that follow the natural forms of the land-scape (rather than disturbing the landscape by making it conform to the constructed space of a building). The architect’s buildings are often characterized by complex three-dimensional circulation paths. These paths interweave between interior and exterior spaces formed both inside large-scale geometric shapes and in the spaces between them.
His “Row House in Sumiyoshi” a small two-story, cast-in-place con-crete house completed in 1976, is an early Ando work which began to show elements of his characteristic style. It consists of three equally sized rectangular volumes: two enclosed volumes of interior spaces separated by an open courtyard. By nature of the courtyard’s position between the two interior volumes, it becomes an integral part of the house’s circulation system.
Ando’s housing complex at Rokko, just outside Kobe, is a complex warren of terraces and balconies and atriums and shafts. The designs for Rokko Housing One (1983) and for Rokko Housing Two (1993) illustrate a range of issues in the traditional architectural vocabu-lary—the interplay of solid and void, the alternatives of open and closed, the contrasts of light and darkness. More significantly, Ando’s noteworthy achievement in these clustered buildings is site specific—the structures survived undamaged after the Great Hanshin Earth-quake of 1995. New York Times architectural critic Paul Goldberger argues convincingly that “Ando is right in the Japanese tradition: spareness has always been a part of Japanese architecture, at least since the 16th century; [and] it is not without reason that Frank Lloyd Wright more freely admitted to the influences of Japanese architec-ture than of anything American.” Like, Wright’s Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, which did survive the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, site specific decision-making, anticipates seismic activity in Ando’s sev-
ARCHITECTES
P A G E 3 5
Ne
w H
arm
on
y, a u
top
ian
atte
mp
t; de
picte
d a
s pro
po
sed
by R
ob
ert O
we
n T
he
se u
top
ias a
re b
ase
d o
n re
ligio
us id
ea
ls, an
d a
re to
da
te th
ose
mo
stcom
mo
nly fo
un
d
in h
um
an
socie
ty. Th
eir m
em
be
rs are
usu
ally re
qu
ired
to fo
llow
an
d b
elie
ve in
the
pa
rticula
r relig
iou
s trad
ition
tha
testa
blish
ed
the
uto
pia
. So
me
pe
rmit n
on
-be
lieve
rs or
no
n-a
dh
ere
nts to
take
up
resid
en
ce w
ithin
the
m; o
the
rs do
no
t. Th
e Isla
mic, Je
wish
, an
d C
hristia
n id
ea
s of th
e G
ard
en
of E
de
n a
nd
He
ave
n m
ay b
e in
terp
rete
d
as fo
rms o
f uto
pia
nism
, esp
ecia
lly in th
eir fo
lk-relig
iou
s form
s. Su
ch re
ligio
us u
top
ias a
re o
ften
de
scribe
d a
s “g
ard
en
s of d
elig
ht”
, imp
lying
an
existe
nce
free
from
wo
rry in a
state
of b
liss or e
nlig
hte
nm
en
t. Th
ey p
ostu
late
free
do
m fro
msin
, pa
in, p
ove
rty, an
d d
ea
th, a
nd
ofte
n a
ssum
e co
mm
un
ion
with
be
ing
s such
as a
ng
els o
r the
ho
uri.
In a
simila
r sen
se th
e H
ind
u co
nce
pt o
f Mo
ksha
an
d th
e B
ud
dh
ist con
cep
t of N
irvan
a m
ay b
e th
ou
gh
t of a
s a kin
d o
f uto
pia
. In H
ind
uism
or
Bu
dd
hism
, ho
we
ver, u
top
ia is n
ot a
pla
ce b
ut a
state
of m
ind
. A b
elie
f tha
t if we
are
ab
le to
pra
ctice m
ed
itatio
n w
itho
ut co
ntin
uo
us stre
am
of th
ou
gh
ts,
we
are
ab
le to
rea
che
nlig
hte
nm
en
t. Ne
w H
arm
on
y, a u
top
ian
atte
mp
t; de
picte
d a
s pro
po
sed
by R
ob
ert O
we
n T
he
se u
top
ias a
re b
ase
d o
n re
ligio
us id
ea
ls, an
d a
re
to d
ate
tho
se m
ostco
mm
on
ly fou
nd
in h
um
an
socie
ty. Th
eir m
em
be
rs are
usu
ally re
qu
ired
to fo
llow
an
d b
elie
ve in
the
pa
rticula
r relig
iou
s trad
ition
tha
testa
blish
ed
the
uto
pia
. So
me
pe
rmit n
on
-be
lieve
rs or n
on
-ad
he
ren
ts tota
ke u
p re
side
nce
with
in th
em
; oth
ers d
o n
ot. T
he
Islam
ic, Jew
ish, a
nd
Ch
ristian
ide
as o
f the
Ga
rde
n o
f
Ed
en
an
d H
ea
ven
ma
y be
inte
rpre
ted
as fo
rms o
f uto
pia
nism
, esp
ecia
lly in th
eir fo
lk-relig
iou
s form
s. Su
ch re
ligio
us u
top
ias a
re o
ften
de
scribe
d a
s “g
ard
en
s of d
elig
ht”
, imp
lying
an
existe
nce
free
from
wo
rry in a
state
of b
liss or e
nlig
hte
nm
en
t. Th
ey p
ostu
late
free
do
m fro
msin
, pa
in, p
ove
rty, an
d d
ea
th, a
nd
ofte
n a
ssum
e co
mm
un
ion
with
be
ing
s such
as a
ng
els o
r the
ho
uri. In
a sim
ilar se
nse
the
Hin
du
con
cep
t of M
oksh
a a
nd
the
Bu
dd
hist co
nce
pt o
f Nirva
na
ma
y be
tho
ug
ht o
f as
a kin
d o
f uto
pia
. In H
ind
uism
or B
ud
dh
ism, h
ow
eve
r, uto
pia
is no
t a p
lace
bu
t a sta
te o
f min
d. A
be
lief th
at if w
e a
re a
ble
to p
ractice
me
dita
tion
with
ou
t con
tinu
ou
s strea
m o
f tho
ug
hts, w
e a
re a
ble
to re
ach
en
ligh
ten
me
nt. N
ew
Ha
rmo
ny, a
uto
pia
n a
ttem
pt; d
ep
icted
as p
rop
ose
d b
y Ro
be
rt Ow
en
Th
ese
uto
pia
s
are
ba
sed
on
relig
iou
s ide
als, a
nd
are
to d
ate
tho
se m
ostco
mm
on
ly fou
nd
in h
um
an
socie
ty. Th
eir m
em
be
rs are
usu
ally re
qu
ired
to fo
llow
an
d b
elie
ve in
the
pa
rticula
r relig
iou
s trad
ition
tha
testa
blish
ed
the
uto
pia
. So
me
pe
rmit n
on
-be
lieve
rs or n
on
-ad
he
ren
ts tota
ke u
p re
side
nce
with
in th
em
; oth
ers d
o n
ot. T
he
Islam
ic, Jew
ish, a
nd
Ch
ristian
ide
as o
f the
Ga
rde
n o
f Ed
en
an
d H
ea
ven
ma
y be
inte
rpre
ted
as fo
rVp
ove
rty, an
d d
ea
th, a
nd
ofte
n a
ssum
e co
mm
un
ion
with
be
ing
s such
as a
ng
els
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Ne
w H
arm
on
y, a u
top
ian
atte
mp
t; de
picte
d a
s pro
po
sed
by R
ob
ert O
we
n T
he
se u
top
ias a
re b
ase
d o
n re
ligio
us id
ea
ls, an
d a
re to
da
te th
ose
mo
stcom
mo
nly fo
un
d
in h
um
an
socie
ty. Th
eir m
em
be
rs are
usu
ally re
qu
ired
to fo
llow
an
d b
elie
ve in
the
pa
rticula
r relig
iou
s trad
ition
tha
testa
blish
ed
the
uto
pia
. So
me
pe
rmit n
on
-be
lieve
rs or
no
n-a
dh
ere
nts to
take
up
resid
en
ce w
ithin
the
m; o
the
rs do
no
t. Th
e Isla
mic, Je
wish
, an
d C
hristia
n id
ea
s of th
e G
ard
en
of E
de
n a
nd
He
ave
n m
ay b
e in
terp
rete
d
as fo
rms o
f uto
pia
nism
, esp
ecia
lly in th
eir fo
lk-relig
iou
s form
s. Su
ch re
ligio
us u
top
ias a
re o
ften
de
scribe
d a
s “g
ard
en
s of d
elig
ht”
, imp
lying
an
existe
nce
free
from
wo
rry in a
state
of b
liss or e
nlig
hte
nm
en
t. Th
ey p
ostu
late
free
do
m fro
msin
, pa
in, p
ove
rty, an
d d
ea
th, a
nd
ofte
n a
ssum
e co
mm
un
ion
with
be
ing
s such
as a
ng
els o
r the
ho
uri.
In a
simila
r sen
se th
e H
ind
u co
nce
pt o
f Mo
ksha
an
d th
e B
ud
dh
ist con
cep
t of N
irvan
a m
ay b
e th
ou
gh
t of a
s a kin
d o
f uto
pia
. In H
ind
uism
or
Bu
dd
hism
, ho
we
ver, u
top
ia is n
ot a
pla
ce b
ut a
state
of m
ind
. A b
elie
f tha
t if we
are
ab
le to
pra
ctice m
ed
itatio
n w
itho
ut co
ntin
uo
us stre
am
of th
ou
gh
ts,
we
are
ab
le to
rea
che
nlig
hte
nm
en
t. Ne
w H
arm
on
y, a u
top
ian
atte
mp
t; de
picte
d a
s pro
po
sed
by R
ob
ert O
we
n T
he
se u
top
ias a
re b
ase
d o
n re
ligio
us id
ea
ls, an
d a
re
to d
ate
tho
se m
ostco
mm
on
ly fou
nd
in h
um
an
socie
ty. Th
eir m
em
be
rs are
usu
ally re
qu
ired
to fo
llow
an
d b
elie
ve in
the
pa
rticula
r relig
iou
s trad
ition
tha
testa
blish
ed
the
uto
pia
. So
me
pe
rmit n
on
-be
lieve
rs or n
on
-ad
he
ren
ts tota
ke u
p re
side
nce
with
in th
em
; oth
ers d
o n
ot. T
he
Islam
ic, Jew
ish, a
nd
Ch
ristian
ide
as o
f the
Ga
rde
n o
f
Ed
en
an
d H
ea
ven
ma
y be
inte
rpre
ted
as fo
rms o
f uto
pia
nism
, esp
ecia
lly in th
eir fo
lk-relig
iou
s form
s. Su
ch re
ligio
us u
top
ias a
re o
ften
de
scribe
d a
s “g
ard
en
s of d
elig
ht”
, imp
lying
an
existe
nce
free
from
wo
rry in a
state
of b
liss or e
nlig
hte
nm
en
t. Th
ey p
ostu
late
free
do
m fro
msin
, pa
in, p
ove
rty, an
d d
ea
th, a
nd
ofte
n a
ssum
e co
mm
un
ion
with
be
ing
s such
as a
ng
els o
r the
ho
uri. In
a sim
ilar se
nse
the
Hin
du
con
cep
t of M
oksh
a a
nd
the
Bu
dd
hist co
nce
pt o
f Nirva
na
ma
y be
tho
ug
ht o
f as
a kin
d o
f uto
pia
. In H
ind
uism
or B
ud
dh
ism, h
ow
eve
r, uto
pia
is no
t a p
lace
bu
t a sta
te o
f min
d. A
be
lief th
at if w
e a
re a
ble
to p
ractice
me
dita
tion
with
ou
t con
tinu
ou
s strea
m o
f tho
ug
hts, w
e a
re a
ble
to re
ach
en
ligh
ten
me
nt. N
ew
Ha
rmo
ny, a
uto
pia
n a
ttem
pt; d
ep
icted
as p
rop
ose
d b
y Ro
be
rt Ow
en
Th
ese
uto
pia
s
are
ba
sed
on
relig
iou
s ide
als, a
nd
are
to d
ate
tho
se m
ostco
mm
on
ly fou
nd
in h
um
an
socie
ty. Th
eir m
em
be
rs are
usu
ally re
qu
ired
to fo
llow
an
d b
elie
ve in
the
pa
rticula
r relig
iou
s trad
ition
tha
testa
blish
ed
the
uto
pia
. So
me
pe
rmit n
on
-be
lieve
rs or n
on
-ad
he
ren
ts tota
ke u
p re
side
nce
with
in th
em
; oth
ers d
o n
ot. T
he
Islam
ic, Jew
ish, a
nd
Ch
ristian
ide
as o
f the
Ga
rde
n o
f Ed
en
an
d H
ea
ven
ma
y be
inte
rpre
ted
as fo
rVp
ove
rty, an
d d
ea
th, a
nd
ofte
n a
ssum
e co
mm
un
ion
with
be
ing
s such
as a
ng
els
SHARE MORE
SKY SPACE
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
DAY 3FUTURE SKY CITYBUILDING
CITY CONSTURCTURE
DREAMMY CITY
VE
RT
ICA
L !
ARCHITECTES
WHAT DOES OUR FUTURE CITY LOOK LIKE? IN THE CLOUD?
Pes, quam
hortu verum
alis, ciam in ab
emuni hilicien tem
e caessup p
lisse o et, no
. Vivit, nihil utA
lem ut co
nes? Ad
adhum
voctab
e facessolutem
istem tum
sed inte
ditus antrum
orivirm
issenit. Atilib
us pulvilib
us, deffrentem
preb
enti, desisso
ltus.Vala rem vis? q
ue essendit; C
. Oc, no
ndacid
e in tum in vis o
ri involus tentem
simp
otante
aperitrum
int, cupicero
r in videm
quo
d co
ndete, o
r ant? ineque p
rortes auro
ximm
o te p
es! To co
n intem
SKY
SKY
D AY 2U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 4 2
Ne
w H
arm
on
y, a u
top
ian
atte
mp
t; de
picte
d a
s pro
po
sed
by R
ob
ert O
we
n T
he
se u
top
ias a
re b
ase
d o
n re
ligio
us id
ea
ls, an
d a
re to
da
te th
ose
mo
stcom
mo
nly fo
un
d in
hu
ma
n
socie
ty. Th
eir m
em
be
rs are
usu
ally re
qu
ired
to fo
llow
an
d b
elie
ve in
the
pa
rticula
r relig
iou
s trad
ition
tha
testa
blish
ed
the
uto
pia
. So
me
pe
rmit n
on
-be
lieve
rs or n
on
-ad
he
ren
ts tota
ke u
p
resid
en
ce w
ithin
the
m; o
the
rs do
no
t. Th
e Isla
mic, Je
wish
, an
d C
hristia
n id
ea
s of th
e G
ard
en
of E
de
n a
nd
He
ave
n m
ay b
e in
terp
rete
d a
s form
s of u
top
ian
ism, e
spe
cially
in th
eir fo
lk-relig
iou
s form
s. Su
ch re
ligio
us u
top
ias a
re o
ften
de
scribe
d a
s “g
ard
en
s of d
elig
ht”
, imp
lying
an
existe
nce
free
from
wo
rry in a
state
of b
liss or e
nlig
hte
nm
en
t. Th
ey p
ostu
late
free
do
m fro
msin
, pa
in, p
ove
rty, an
d d
ea
th, a
nd
ofte
n a
ssum
e co
mm
un
ion
with
be
ing
s such
as a
ng
els o
r the
ho
uri. In
a sim
ilar se
nse
the
Hin
du
con
cep
t of M
oksh
a
an
d th
e B
ud
dh
ist con
cep
t of N
irvan
a m
ay b
e th
ou
gh
t of a
s a kin
d o
f uto
pia
. In H
ind
uism
or B
ud
dh
ism, h
ow
eve
r, uto
pia
is no
t a p
lace
bu
t a sta
te o
f min
d.
A b
elie
f tha
t if we
are
ab
le to
pra
ctice m
ed
itatio
n w
itho
ut co
ntin
uo
us stre
am
of th
ou
gh
ts, we
are
ab
le to
rea
che
nlig
hte
nm
en
t. Ne
w H
arm
on
y, a u
top
ian
atte
mp
t; de
picte
d a
s
pro
po
sed
by R
ob
ert O
we
n T
he
se u
top
ias a
re b
ase
d o
n re
ligio
us id
ea
ls, an
d a
re to
da
te th
ose
mo
stcom
mo
nly fo
un
d in
hu
ma
n so
ciety. T
he
ir me
mb
ers a
re u
sua
lly req
uire
d to
follo
w a
nd
be
lieve
in th
e p
articu
lar re
ligio
us tra
ditio
n th
ate
stab
lishe
d th
e u
top
ia. S
om
e p
erm
it no
n-b
elie
vers o
r no
n-a
dh
ere
nts to
take
up
resid
en
ce w
ithin
the
m; o
the
rs do
no
t. Th
e
Islam
ic, Jew
ish, a
nd
Ch
ristian
ide
as o
f the
Ga
rde
n o
f Ed
en
an
d H
ea
ven
ma
y be
inte
rpre
ted
as fo
rms o
f uto
pia
nism
, esp
ecia
lly in th
eir fo
lk-relig
iou
s form
s. Su
ch re
ligio
us
uto
pia
s are
ofte
nd
escrib
ed
as “
ga
rde
ns o
f de
ligh
t”, im
plyin
g a
n e
xisten
ce fre
e fro
mw
orry in
a sta
te o
f bliss o
r en
ligh
ten
me
nt. T
he
y po
stula
te fre
ed
om
from
sin, p
ain
, po
verty, a
nd
de
ath
,
an
d o
ften
assu
me
com
mu
nio
n w
ith b
ein
gs su
ch a
s an
ge
ls or th
e h
ou
ri. In a
simila
r sen
se th
e H
ind
u co
nce
pt o
f Mo
ksha
an
d th
e B
ud
dh
ist con
cep
t of N
irvan
a m
ay
be
tho
ug
ht o
f as a
kind
of u
top
ia. In
Hin
du
ism o
r Bu
dd
hism
, ho
we
ver, u
top
ia is n
ot a
pla
ce b
ut a
state
of m
ind
. A b
elie
f tha
t if we
are
ab
le to
pra
ctice m
ed
itatio
n w
itho
ut co
ntin
uo
us stre
am
of th
ou
gh
ts, we
are
ab
le to
rea
che
nlig
hte
nm
en
t. Ne
w H
arm
on
y, a u
top
ian
atte
mp
t; de
picte
d a
s pro
po
sed
by R
ob
ert O
we
n T
he
se u
top
ias a
re
ba
sed
on
relig
iou
s ide
als, a
nd
are
to d
ate
tho
se m
ostco
mm
on
ly fou
nd
in h
um
an
socie
ty. Th
eir m
em
be
rs are
usu
ally re
qu
ired
to fo
llow
an
d b
elie
ve in
the
pa
rticula
r relig
iou
s
trad
ition
tha
testa
blish
ed
the
uto
pia
. So
me
pe
rmit n
on
-be
lieve
rs or n
on
-ad
he
ren
ts tota
ke u
p re
side
nce
with
in th
em
; oth
ers d
o n
ot. T
he
Islam
ic, Jew
ish, a
nd
Ch
ristian
ide
as o
f the
Ga
rde
n o
f Ed
en
an
d H
ea
ven
ma
y be
inte
rpre
ted
as fo
rVp
ove
rty, an
d d
ea
th, a
nd
ofte
n a
ssum
e co
mm
un
ion
with
be
ing
s such
as a
ng
els
P A G E 4 3
Ne
w H
arm
on
y, a u
top
ian
atte
mp
t; de
picte
d a
s pro
po
sed
by R
ob
ert O
we
n T
he
se u
top
ias a
re b
ase
d o
n re
ligio
us id
ea
ls, an
d a
re to
da
te th
ose
mo
stcom
mo
nly fo
un
d in
hu
ma
n
socie
ty. Th
eir m
em
be
rs are
usu
ally re
qu
ired
to fo
llow
an
d b
elie
ve in
the
pa
rticula
r relig
iou
s trad
ition
tha
testa
blish
ed
the
uto
pia
. So
me
pe
rmit n
on
-be
lieve
rs or n
on
-ad
he
ren
ts tota
ke u
p
resid
en
ce w
ithin
the
m; o
the
rs do
no
t. Th
e Isla
mic, Je
wish
, an
d C
hristia
n id
ea
s of th
e G
ard
en
of E
de
n a
nd
He
ave
n m
ay b
e in
terp
rete
d a
s form
s of u
top
ian
ism, e
spe
cially
in th
eir fo
lk-relig
iou
s form
s. Su
ch re
ligio
us u
top
ias a
re o
ften
de
scribe
d a
s “g
ard
en
s of d
elig
ht”
, imp
lying
an
existe
nce
free
from
wo
rry in a
state
of b
liss or e
nlig
hte
nm
en
t. Th
ey p
ostu
late
free
do
m fro
msin
, pa
in, p
ove
rty, an
d d
ea
th, a
nd
ofte
n a
ssum
e co
mm
un
ion
with
be
ing
s such
as a
ng
els o
r the
ho
uri. In
a sim
ilar se
nse
the
Hin
du
con
cep
t of M
oksh
a
an
d th
e B
ud
dh
ist con
cep
t of N
irvan
a m
ay b
e th
ou
gh
t of a
s a kin
d o
f uto
pia
. In H
ind
uism
or B
ud
dh
ism, h
ow
eve
r, uto
pia
is no
t a p
lace
bu
t a sta
te o
f min
d.
A b
elie
f tha
t if we
are
ab
le to
pra
ctice m
ed
itatio
n w
itho
ut co
ntin
uo
us stre
am
of th
ou
gh
ts, we
are
ab
le to
rea
che
nlig
hte
nm
en
t. Ne
w H
arm
on
y, a u
top
ian
atte
mp
t; de
picte
d a
s
pro
po
sed
by R
ob
ert O
we
n T
he
se u
top
ias a
re b
ase
d o
n re
ligio
us id
ea
ls, an
d a
re to
da
te th
ose
mo
stcom
mo
nly fo
un
d in
hu
ma
n so
ciety. T
he
ir me
mb
ers a
re u
sua
lly req
uire
d to
follo
w a
nd
be
lieve
in th
e p
articu
lar re
ligio
us tra
ditio
n th
ate
stab
lishe
d th
e u
top
ia. S
om
e p
erm
it no
n-b
elie
vers o
r no
n-a
dh
ere
nts to
take
up
resid
en
ce w
ithin
the
m; o
the
rs do
no
t. Th
e
Islam
ic, Jew
ish, a
nd
Ch
ristian
ide
as o
f the
Ga
rde
n o
f Ed
en
an
d H
ea
ven
ma
y be
inte
rpre
ted
as fo
rms o
f uto
pia
nism
, esp
ecia
lly in th
eir fo
lk-relig
iou
s form
s. Su
ch re
ligio
us
uto
pia
s are
ofte
nd
escrib
ed
as “
ga
rde
ns o
f de
ligh
t”, im
plyin
g a
n e
xisten
ce fre
e fro
mw
orry in
a sta
te o
f bliss o
r en
ligh
ten
me
nt. T
he
y po
stula
te fre
ed
om
from
sin, p
ain
, po
verty, a
nd
de
ath
,
an
d o
ften
assu
me
com
mu
nio
n w
ith b
ein
gs su
ch a
s an
ge
ls or th
e h
ou
ri. In a
simila
r sen
se th
e H
ind
u co
nce
pt o
f Mo
ksha
an
d th
e B
ud
dh
ist con
cep
t of N
irvan
a m
ay
be
tho
ug
ht o
f as a
kind
of u
top
ia. In
Hin
du
ism o
r Bu
dd
hism
, ho
we
ver, u
top
ia is n
ot a
pla
ce b
ut a
state
of m
ind
. A b
elie
f tha
t if we
are
ab
le to
pra
ctice m
ed
itatio
n w
itho
ut co
ntin
uo
us stre
am
of th
ou
gh
ts, we
are
ab
le to
rea
che
nlig
hte
nm
en
t. Ne
w H
arm
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The challenges of population aging are daunting for any country, but especially so for China. Unlike developed coun-tries where economic develop-ment preceded population aging, China faces the massive demands of population aging at one of the fastest rates ever and while its economy is still not fully developed—hence, without the funds necessary to address the demands. China’s dilemma is how to allocate resources among competing needs of vari-ous sectors while still continu-ing its economic growth.
In addition to the 4-2-1 prob-lem, trends in both the female labor-force participation and the sex ratio of young Chinese may well create additional issues for a society which tradi-tionally has left elder care to its women, especially daughters-in-law. The labor-force partici-pation among young Chinese women is very high and could affect the informal provision of long-term care in the coming decades. The sex ratio at birth for the young cohorts born after China’s one-child policy is highly skewed toward boys, potentially creating a future deficit of daughters-in-law as elder caregivers.
D AY 2U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 4 4
COLOPHONL e h u Z h a n g
A r i a l G r e y , A c a d e m y o f A r t U n i v e r s i t y , G r a p h i c D e s i g n D e p a r t m e n t
T y p o g r a p h y 4 , S p r i n g 2 0 1 1
C o n f e r e n c e
P A P E R
F O N T S
P R I N T E R
I N K
B I N D I N G
D E S I G N E R
I N S T R U C T O R
C L A S S
P R O J E C T
E P S O N P r e s e n t a t i o n P a p e r ; M A T T EC a n s o n V E L L U M 5 5 L B
T u n g s t e n S e m i B o l dC h r o n i c a l T e x t G 1 R o m a n
E p s o n S t y l u s P H O T O 1 4 0 0
T 0 7 9 1 , T 0 7 9 2 , T 0 7 9 3 , T 0 7 9 4 , T 0 7 9 5 , T 0 7 9 6
C h u n m s D e s i g n ; P e r f e c t B i n d i n g
D AY 2U P : U R B A N P L A N N I N G P A G E 4 6