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Updates to Chapter 3 of the Modelling and Mapping Manual and other activities Harry Harmens and Gina Mills (ICP Vegetation, CEH Bangor, UK) * Supported by Defra (UK), NERC (UK) & UNECE 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

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27 th ICP Vegetation TFM, Paris 28 30 January 2014, Paris. Hosted by the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), in collaboration with AgroParisTech, INRA, Musum national dHistoire naturelle (MNHN) and Universit Paris-Est Creteil (UPEC) 84 experts from 22 countries attended the meeting 28 January: one-day ozone critical levels workshop to review current status and make recommendations for amendments to Chapter 3 of the Modelling and Mapping Manual: Mapping critical levels for vegetation. Discussion continued during TFM. 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

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Revisions main text Chapter 3 (1) No changes to the existing critical levels New references included where ozone response functions and supporting evidence for ozone critical levels have been published Text related to integrated assessment modelling (Section 3.5.2.6) updated: o New terminology for the simplified generic ozone flux POD Y IAM will replace POD Y gen (POD Y = Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a flux threshold of Y nmol m -2 s -1 ) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

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For use in scenario analysis and optimisation runs within GAINS to provide indication of potential effects on wheat yield under non-limiting water availability Two parameterisations flux model: 1) Northern & Central Europe, 2) Mediterrannean areas (as defined in the M&M Manual) New POD 3 IAM effect relationship for use in integrated assessment modelling at European scale only (for effects of ozone on wheat, 90 d exposure period) Critical level: 8 mmol m -2 (representing 5% yield decline) Revisions main text Chapter 3 (2)

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Revisions Annexes Chapter 3 Crops: Parameterisations flux model for grapevine, maize, soybean and sunflower Revised Mediterranean flux parameterisation for wheat (bread and durum wheat) References to additional published flux models for local-scale application in the Mediterranean region for bean, barley and tomato Trees: Parameterisation ozone flux model for poplar (Semi-)natural vegetation: Reference to additional published flux model for local-scale application for Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

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Ozone & food security GP2005 GP CLE 2020GP CLE2030 Revised Gothenburg Protocol: Mean yield loss* (%) for 27+NO+CH: 12.4% for GP2005, 10.3% for GP CLE2020 * Generic crop flux model (IAM), assumes no water limitation Data included in Guidance Document for Environmental Improvements (ECE/EB.AIR/2013/8) In 2000, ozone reduced wheat yield by 14%, loss of 3.2 billion in EU27+CH+NO (Mills and Harmens, 2011; full wheat flux model) Ozone and food security 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

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Faroe Islands Iceland Shetland Lewis Auchencorth Harwell CLAIRE Mills, UK

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Literature review ozone in ECLAIRE database 216 papers in the database Seven categories of vegetation Reduced to three broader categories for the purpose of analysis Crops Bog/fen/wetland Grassland Coniferous trees Deciduous trees Mixed trees Other Crops Trees Other veg 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

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Crops relative biomass: preliminary results Meta analysis indicates a 25% to 45% decrease in plant biomass at a ozone daylight level of 100 ppb (relative to carbon-filtered air) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

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Other veg. relative biomass: preliminary results 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

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Photosynthesis preliminary results CROPS Net photosynthetic rate: - Significant decline with increase in daylight ozone (cereals) A sat (light-saturated rate of net photosynthesis): - Significant decline with increase in daylight ozone - Non-cereals more affected than cereals V cmax (maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylase activity): - Significant decline with increase in daylight ozone OTHER VEGETATION No significant effects of ozone on photosynthesis (wide confidence intervals due to lack of data; only 3 papers) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

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Smart phone App. Recording incidences of leaf ozone injury Smart-phone App. linked to ICP Vegetation web site Location on interactive map 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

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Smart phone App. set up Registration Level of experience Permission to use data Date and location Broad vegetation type & species (crops, trees, grassland, heathland, wetland & coastal) Upload photos Symptoms of ozone injury Evidence of other injury Weather Ozone pollution (if known) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

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Ozone injury brochure

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With contributions from: CCE (critical loads data & maps) EMEP/MSC-West (ozone flux and concentration) EMEP/MSC-East (HM and POPs data and maps) SEI-York (South-East Asia) EECCA/SEE and South-East Asia report

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EMEP monitoring stations Lack of stations in SEE and EECCA region Also true for effects monitoring

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Nitrogen CLoad exceedance 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome N Cload exceedance generally higher in Western & Central Europe Improvements generally lower in EECCA countries

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Risk of ozone damage to forests Concentration-basedFlux-based South-East Europe at highest risk * Flux-based: assumes no water limitation 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

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CdPbHg Modelled deposition and CLoad exceedance

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Coordination European Moss Survey transferred to the Russian Federation: Marina Frontasyeva, JINR, Dubna: Extending participation EECCA countries Next European moss survey in 2015/16 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome European moss survey

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Annual activities: Report on supporting evidence for ozone impacts on vegetation Report on progress with the moss survey 2015/2016 Contributions to common workplan items of the WGE 2015: Report on implications of rising background ozone for vegetation in Europe Report on the interacting effects ozone and N and climatic stresses on vegetation Tentatively for 2016: Report on field-based evidence of ozone impacts on vegetation Report on ozone impacts on biodiversity Ozone critical levels workshop Medium-term workplan (1) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

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Tentatively for 2017: Report on revised ozone risk assessments methods Revision of Chapter 3 of the Modelling and Mapping Manual Final report of the European moss survey 2015/2016 28 th ICP Vegetation Task Force meeting, first week of February 2015, Rome Thank you for your attention! Medium-term workplan (2) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome