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  • UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA-2

    By

    Dr. Kalika Jha

  • Third Edition : 2015

    © Publishers

    Publishers

    UPKAR PRAKASHAN2/11A, Swadeshi Bima Nagar, AGRA–282 002Phone : 4053333, 2530966, 2531101Fax : (0562) 4053330E-mail : [email protected], Website : www.upkar.in

    Branch Offices :4845, Ansari Road, Daryaganj,New Delhi—110 002Phone : 011–23251844/66

    Paras Bhawan(First Floor),Khazanchi Road,Patna—800 004Phone : 0612–2673340

    1-8-1/B, R.R. Complex (Near SundaraiahPark, Adjacent to Manasa Enclave Gate),Bagh Lingampally,Hyderabad—500 044Phone : 040–66753330

    28, Chowdhury Lane, ShyamBazar, Near Metro Station,Gate No. 4Kolkata—700 004 (W.B.)Phone : 033–25551510

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    8-310/1, A. K. House,Heeranagar, Haldwani,Distt.—Nainital—263 139(Uttarakhand)Mob. : 7060421008

    1461, Juni Shukrawari,Sakkardara Road,Opp. Hanuman Mandir,Nagpur—440 009Phone : 0712–6564222

    ● The publishers have taken all possible precautions in publishing this book, yet ifany mistake has crept in, the publishers shall not be responsible for the same.

    ● This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form byPhotographic, Mechanical, or any other method, for any use, without writtenpermission from the Publishers.

    ● Only the courts at Agra shall have the jurisdiction for any legal dispute.

    ISBN : 978-93-5013-303-3

    Price : 350·00(Rs. Three Hundred Fifty Only)

    Code No. 1770

    Printed at : Upkar Prakashan (Printing Unit) Bye-pass, Agra

  • CONTENTS

    ● Solved PapersUnit-1 :

    * Single Detection Theory …...……………..……………….… 2–18— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 12

    Unit-2 :* Learning Theories ……………………..………………….… 19–56— Objective Type Questions …………………………………… 49

    Unit-3 :* Models of Memory .....…………………………………….… 57–86— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 79

    Unit-4 :* Cognitive Strategies …...…………..…………..………….… 87–108— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 101

    Unit-5 :* Historical Antecedents of Motivation …...….………...….… 109–151— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 144

    Unit-6 :* Intelligence and its Theories …...………..……………….… 152–171— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 164

    Unit-7 :* Personality …...………………………….…...…………….… 172–197— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 191

    Unit-8 :* Research Design …...……………..……………………….… 198–241— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 233

    Unit-9 :* Psychological Scaling …...……………..………………….… 242–280— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 273

    Unit-10 :* Methods of Physiological Psychology …...………..……...… 281–304— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 297

  • ( vi )

    Elective-1* Current Trends in Social Psychology …...……….....…...… 305–324— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 317

    Elective-2* Development Processes …...……………...…..…………...… 325–344— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 337

    Elective-3* Human Development and Individual Differences …...…..... 345–390— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 384

    Elective-4— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 391–398

    Elective-5— Objective Type Questions …….……………………………… 399–406

    ● Model Practice Set–1 ……………………………………………………. 407–412

    ● Model Practice Set–2 ……………………………………………………. 413–418

    ● Model Practice Set–3 ……………………………………………………. 419–424

    ● Model Practice Set–4 ……………………………………………………. 425–430

    ● Model Practice Set–5 ……………………………………………………. 431–436

    ● Model Practice Set–6 ……………………………………………………. 437–442

    ● Model Practice Set–7 ……………………………………………………. 443–448

  • Syllabus

    PAPER–III (A)(CORE GROUP)

    Unit-ISignal detection theory, subliminal perception

    and related factors, information processingapproach to perception, culture and perception,perceptual styles. Ecological perspective onperception.

    Unit-IILearning theories : Hull, Tolman, Skinner.Cognitive approaches in learning : Latent

    learning, observational learning.Experimental analysis of behaviour :

    Behaviour modification, Shaping Discriminationlearning.

    Neurophysiology of learning.

    Unit-IIIModels of memory : Atkinson and Shiffrin,

    Craik and Lockhart, Tulving.

    Semantic memory : Episodic, trace modeland network model.

    Long-term memory : Retrieval cues,flashbulb memory, constructive processes inmemory, eyewitness testimony, autobiographicalmemory.

    Biological basis of memory : The search forthe engram, PET scan, and biochemical factors inmemory.

    Improving memory : Strategies.

    Unit-IVCognitive strategies : Algorhythms and

    heuristics.Convergent and divergent thinking.Decision-making; impediments to problem-

    solving.

    Creative thinking and problem-solving.Language and thought.

    Unit-VHistorical antecedents of motivation from

    Mechanism to Cognition.

    Cognitive bases of motivation : Intrinsicmotivation, Attribution, Competence.

    Measurement of motives : Issues andtechniques.

    Gross-cultural perspectives of motivation :Achievement, Aggression.

    Components of emotion : Physiological,expressive and cognitive.

    Neural mechanism of emotion : Central andperipheral.

    Measurement of emotions : Physiological,expressive and cognitive measures. Currenttheories of emotions and facial feedbackhypothesis.

    Stress and coping : Reactions to stress,outcomes of stress.

    Unit-VITheories of intelligence : Cattell, Jensen,

    Sternberg Goleman.Creativity : Views of Torrance, Getzels,

    Guilford.Intelligence and creativity : Relationship.Abilities and achievement : Concept and

    role of emotional intelligence.

    Unit-VIIClinical and growth approaches to personality.Existential and humanistic theories of

    personality : Frankl, Rollo May, Maslow, Rogers.Personality assessment : Projective,

    Psychometric and behavioural measures.

  • ( viii )

    Psychology of self : Western and Easternperspectives, measurement of self.

    Unit-VIIIResearch designs : Correlational, factorial,

    randomized block, matched group, quasiex-perimental, time series design.

    ANOVA : Randomized and repeated.Correlational analysis : Partial, multiple and

    regression analysis.

    Factor analysis : Assumptions, methods,rotation and interpretation.

    Unit-IXPsychological scaling : Purpose and

    methods.Sources of bias in psychological testing.Ethical issues in psychological testing.Application of factor analysis in standardi-

    zation of tests-with important illustrations.

    Unit-XMethods of Physiological Psychology :

    Lesion and Brain Stimulation.

    Sleep and waking : Stages of sleep,Disorders of sleep and Physiological mechanismsof sleep and waking.

    Ingestive Behaviour : Drinking and itsneural mechanism; hunger and its neuralmechanism.

    Endocrine system : Chemical and glandular.

    PAPER–III (B)[ELECTIVE/OPTIONAL]

    Elective-ICurrent trends in Social Psychology.Social cognition.Social influence.Prosocial behaviour.Applied social psychology : Health,

    Environment and Law.

    Elective-IIDevelopment processes : Nature, Principles

    and related.Concepts-maturity, experience factors in

    development : Biogenic, Psychogenic andSociogenic.

    Stages of Development : Theories ofDevelopment : Psychoanalytic, Behaviouristic andCognitive.

    Various aspects of development : Sensory-motor, cognitive, language, emotional, social andmoral.

    Elective-IIIHuman development and individual

    differences.Motivation and learning.Factors in educational achievement.Social psychology of education.Teacher effectiveness.Guidance in schools : Needs, organizational

    set up and techniques.Counselling : Process and areas.

    Elective-IVDevelopment of industrial and organizational

    psychology.Selection processes in organization.Organizational trainingPerformance appraisal.Motivation and work.Leadership.Work environment.Organizational behaviour : Theories,

    socialization, effectiveness.

    Elective-VPsychopathology : Concepts, classification

    and causes : clinical diagnostics.Common clinical disorders.Mental retardation.

    Mental Health : Intervention models andpsychotherapies.

  • UGC–NET Psychology–III (J–16) | 1

    Psychology(Paper–III)

    UGC-NET/JRF Exam.(July 2016)

    Solved Paper

  • UGC–NET Psychology–III (J–16) | 3

    July 2016

    Psychology(Paper–III)

    Note—This paper contains Seventy five (75)objective type questions of two (2) marks each. Allquestions are compulsory.

    1. Amit met with an accident and later turned intoimpulsive, irresponsible and less concernedwith the consequences of his actions. He musthave suffered damage in—

    (A) Parietal lobe (B) Frontal lobe

    (C) Occipital lobe (D) Temporal lobe

    2. Effective teaching may include conceptualscaffolding, which is best described by thefollowing statement—(A) Introducing practice sessions after every

    module

    (B) Gradually fading support as studentproficiency increases

    (C) Punishing student for incorrect answers(D) Encouraging brighter students to help

    weaker students

    3. Read each of the following two statements—Asertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate youranswer using codes given below—Assertion (A) : Individuals high in achieve-ment motivation are more attracted to tasks ofintermediate difficulty.Reason (R) : Individuals high in achievementmotivation are highly motivated to avoidfailure.

    Codes :

    (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is thecorrect explanation of (A)

    (B) Both (A) and(R) are true, but (R) is notthe correct explanation of (A)

    (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false

    (D) (A) is false, but (R) is true

    4. A social worker, appointed to asist the psychia-trist, used to administer and interpret Rorschachtest. This is an—

    (A) Ethically incorrect practice

    (B) Ethically correct practice

    (C) Ethically correct practice provided theresults are used only for diagnostic purpose

    (D) Ethically correct practice provided theresults are kept confidential and are usedonly for diagnostic purpose

    5. Facial feedback hypothesis means—

    1. Your facial expression affects other’semotions.

    2. Other’s facial expression affects youremotions.

    3. Facial expression provides feedback to thebrain about emotions.

    4. All the three.

    Codes :

    (A) 1 only

    (B) 1 and 2

    (C) 3 only

    (D) 4 and 3

    6. The following instrument can not be utilizedin the measurement of emotions—

    (A) Sphygmomanometer

    (B) Galvanic skin response

    (C) Digital thermometer

    (D) Pupillary measurement camera

  • 4 | UGC–NET Psychology–III (J–16)

    7. Match the items of List–I with List–II—List-I(Disorder)(a) PTSD(b) Major depressive disorder(c) Parkinson’s Disease(d) Catatonic Schizophrenia

    List-II(Typical Symptoms)1. Pill rolling movement2. Flashbacks3. Echolalia4. Appetite loss

    Codes :(a) (b) (c) (d)

    (A) 1 2 3 4(B) 4 3 2 1(C) 3 1 4 2(D) 2 4 1 3

    8. Arrange in sequence the stage of personalitydevelopment according to Rollo May—(A) Innocence—ordinary consciousness of

    self—rebellion—creative consciousness ofself

    (B) Innocence—rebellion—ordinary con-sciousness of self—creative conscious-ness of self

    (C) Oridnary consciousness of self—inno-cence—rebellion—creative consciousnessof self

    (D) Rebellion—innocence—ordianry con-sciousness of self—creative conscioiusnessof self

    9. The rapid change in performance as the size ofreinforcement in varied is called—(A) Crespi effect(B) Disequilibrium hypothesis(C) Premack principal(D) Programmed learning

    10. Creativity has been conceptualized in terms offollowing—1. Creativity as a product2. Creativity as a process

    3. Creativity as a potential

    4. Creativity as perseverance

    Codes :

    (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 2 and 3 only

    (C) 1, 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2 and 4 only

    11. In Solomon Asch’s study on conformity, sub-jects conformed to the Group approximatelywhat per cent of time ?

    (A) 25% (B) 35%

    (C) 45% (D) over 50%

    12. Perceived fairness of the amount and rewardsamong indivdiuals refers to ............ whileperceived fairness of the ways used for rewardsand pays refers to .........

    (A) Organizational Justice, distributive justice

    (B) Equity, Organizational justice

    (C) Distributive justice; Procedural justice

    (D) Procedural justice; distributive justice

    13. Match List–I with List–II and select thecorrect answer by choosing from the codesgiven below—

    List-I (Verbal Responses)

    (a) Mand

    (b) Tact

    (c) Echoic behaviour

    (d) Autoclitic behaviour

    List-II (Explanations)

    1. Provides grammatical framework forverbal behaviour

    2. Repeating someone else’s utterances

    3. Verbal behaviour of naming things

    4. Veral command that is reinforced whenthe listener carries out the command

    Codes :

    (a) (b) (c) (d)

    (A) 4 3 2 1

    (B) 3 4 1 2

    (C) 3 4 2 1

    (D) 4 3 1 2

  • UGC–NET Psychology–III (J–16) | 5

    14. Match List–I with List–II and select thecorrect answer by choosing from the codesgiven below—

    List-I (Scale)

    (a) Structural scales

    (b) Lambda

    (c) Abasement

    (d) Impulsive Sensation Seeking

    List-II (Test)

    1. Rorschach Inkblot Test

    2. Zukerman-Kuhlman Personality Question-naire

    3. California Psychological Inventory

    4. Thematic Apperception Test

    Codes :

    (a) (b) (c) (d)

    (A) 1 2 3 4

    (B) 3 1 4 2

    (C) 2 3 1 4

    (D) 4 1 2 3

    15. The concept of .............. is vital in the under-standing of fractional antedating goal repsonse.

    (A) Drive stimulus reduction

    (B) Reactive Inhibition

    (C) Secondary Reinforcement

    (D) Conditioned Inhibition

    16. Match List–I with List–II and select thecorrect answer by choosing from the codesgiven below—

    List-I (Term in factor analysis)

    (a) Factor extraction method

    (b) Cattell’s scree

    (c) Factor rotation method

    (d) Inter-factor correlation matrix

    List-II (Example/Brief explanation)

    1. Correlations among varimax rotated factors

    2. Promax

    3. Principal axes

    4. Correlation among oblique-rotated factor’s

    5. Method to decide number of factors forrotation

    Codes :

    (a) (b) (c) (d)

    (A) 3 5 2 4

    (B) 3 5 2 1

    (C) 5 3 2 4

    (D) 3 2 5 4

    17. Which of the following identity status describesthe individual who has been exploring, but notyet committed to self chosen values and goals ?

    (A) Identity achievement

    (B) Identity foreclosure

    (C) Identity diffusion

    (D) Identity moratorium

    18. Scientific study of Creativity is considered tobe started by—

    (A) Galton (B) Guilford

    (C) Torrance (D) Mednick

    19. Match List–I with List–II and select the correctanswer by choosing from the codes givenbelow—

    List-I (Concepts)

    (a) Metacomponents

    (b) Selective Encoding

    (c) Motivating Oneself

    (d) Practical Intelligence

    List-II (Explanation)

    1. Determining which elements in a set of in-formation are relevant for one’s purposeand which are not.

    2. Marshalling emotions in the service of agoal.

    3. Higher-order mental processes being usedto guide problem solving efforts.

    4. Using mental components to help one toadapt, shape, or select an environment thatis appropriate for oneself.

  • 6 | UGC–NET Psychology–III (J–16)

    Codes :

    (a) (b) (c) (d)(A) 1 2 3 4(B) 3 1 2 4(C) 2 3 4 1(D) 4 3 1 2

    20. Culture exerts strong effect on memory throughthe operation of cultural schema. One’s memoryis influenced by learning in—(A) Own culture effect(B) Culture effect due to enculturation(C) Acculturation effect(D) Socialization effect

    21. Evolutionary Social Psychology Research seeksto investigate—(A) Changes in human behaviour(B) Seeks to investigate the potential role of

    genetic factors on social behaviour(C) Interrelationships between people of two

    groups of different social enviornment(D) Focuses on individual’s behaviour

    22. Which one of the following is the right expla-nation of flash bulb memory ?(A) New, important, helpful social events(B) Unspecific, important, common events(C) Specific, surprising, unimportant events(D) Unspecific, important, common events

    23. Read each of the following two statements—Asertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate youranswer using codes given below—Assertion (A) : Heteronomous children focuson the objective consequences rather thanintentions.Reason (R) : Moral development in aheternomous child is limited.Codes :

    (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is thecorrect explanation of (A)

    (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is notthe correct explanation of (A)

    (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true

    24. Match List–I with List–II and select the correctanswer by choosing from the codes givenbelow—

    List-I (Psychologist)(a) Ebbinghaus (b) Barlett

    (c) Murray (d) Lewin

    List-II (Phenomenon)1. Some tasks to complete

    2. Short Stories Use

    3. Use of Meaningful Words

    4. Use of Non-sense Syllables

    Codes :

    (a) (b) (c) (d)

    (A) 1 2 3 4

    (B) 2 3 4 1

    (C) 3 4 1 2

    (D) 4 3 2 1

    25. Which of the following sequences is correctwith respect to effective teaching ?

    (A) Match student’s level → specify learninggoals → emphasize self comparison → sug-gest improvements and model problem solv-ing

    (B) Specify learning goals → emphasize self-comparsion → suggest improvements andmodel problem solving → match student’slevel

    (C) Suggest improvements and model problemsolving → match student’s level → specifylearning goals → emphasize self-compari-son

    (D) Emphasize self-comparison → matchstudent’s level → specify learning goals→ suggest improvements and model prob-lem solving

    26. Which of the following techniques can be usedto study activities in a living human brain ?

    1. Computerized Tomography

    2. Ablation and Lesioning

    3. Stereotoxic Procedures

    4. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

  • UGC–NET Psychology–III (J–16) | 7

    Codes :

    (A) only 1 and 4

    (B) only 3 and 4

    (C) only 2, 3 and 4

    (D) only 1, 3 and 4

    27. Read each of the following two statements—Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate youranswer using codes given below :

    Assertion (A) : Preoperational child hasirreversible thought.

    Reason (R) : The preoperational child fails toperform conservation tasks.

    Codes :

    (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is thecorrect explanation of (A)

    (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not thecorrect explanation of (A)

    (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false

    (D) (A) is false, but (R) is true

    28. Sleep disorders can be categorized as—

    (A) Paraphilias and Dysfunctions

    (B) Insomnia and Hypersomnia

    (C) Parsomnias and Dyssomnias

    (D) Serotonergic and Dopaminergic

    29. Match List–I with List–II and select thecorrect answer by choosing from the codesgiven below—

    List-I (Goals in educational achievement)(a) Mastery

    (b) Task involvement

    (c) Performance improvement

    (d) Ego involvement

    List-II (Description)

    1. Solving problem at hand gains importance

    2. Students intend to maximize ability,regardless of short term failure

    3. Students focus on how they are judged byothers

    4. Students intend to increase competence

    Codes :(a) (b) (c) (d)

    (A) 2 1 4 3(B) 1 2 3 4(C) 3 4 2 1(D) 4 3 2 1

    30. Which of the following phenomena result fromfailures in attentional capture ?1. Inattentioanl blindness2. Change detection3. Flicker paradigm

    Codes :(A) Only 1 and 3 (B) Only 1 and 2(C) Only 2 and 3 (D) 1, 2 and 3

    31. Read each of the following two statements—Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate youranswer using codes given below :Assertion (A) : Individuals high in self-esteemhave a relatively weak desire for social rewards.Reason (R) : Social anxiety and loneliness areboth associated with unrewarding social inter-actions.Codes :(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the

    correct explanation of (A)(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not

    the correct explanation of (A)(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true

    32. Which of the following statement/s is/are trueabout culture-fair tests ?1. They attempt to minimize the use of

    language.2. Suitable different versions of the test are

    devised for different cultural groups.3. They are composed of materials to which

    all sociocultural groups have been presum-ably exposed.

    4. They attempt to assess the effects ofculture on people’s intellectual and creativeskills.

    Codes :(A) 1 only (B) 1 and 3 only(C) 1, 2 and 3 only (D) 2, 3, 4 only

  • 8 | UGC–NET Psychology–III (J–16)

    33. Which is the correct sequence of the stagesinvolved in creative thinking ?

    (A) Preparation; orientation; illumination;incubation; verification

    (B) Preparation; incubation; illumination;orientation; verification

    (C) Orientation; preparation; incubation;illumination; verification

    (D) Orientation; preparation; illumination; in-cubation; verification

    34. Selective attention in vision and auditionrespectively have been dubbed as—

    (A) ‘optic’ and ‘haptic’

    (B) ‘spotlight’ and ‘gateway’

    (C) ‘spatial’ and ‘acoustic’

    (D) ‘central’ and ‘peripheral’

    35. Match List–I with List–II and select thecorrect answer by choosing from the codesgiven below—

    List-I (Intervention model)(a) Eye Movement Desensitization and

    Retraining

    (b) Client Centred Therapy

    (c) Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy

    (d) Behavioiur Therapy

    List-II (Used primarily for)1. Ventilation

    2. Cognitive Restructuring

    3. Post-traumatic Stress

    4. Desensitization

    Codes :

    (a) (b) (c) (d)

    (A) 2 3 4 1

    (B) 1 2 3 4

    (C) 3 1 2 4

    (D) 4 3 2 1

    36. Which is not the part of “on the job training” ?

    (A) Orientation training

    (B) Job instruction training

    (C) Role playing

    (D) Apprentice training

    37. Match List–I with List–II and select thecorrect answer by choosing from the codesgiven below—

    List-I

    (a) Symbolizing (b) Forethought

    (c) Self-regulatory (d) Self-reflective

    List-II

    1. Employee’s belief that how successfullythey can accomplish the task in future

    2. Employees process visual experiences thatguide for their future actions

    3. Employees plan their actions anticipatingtheir desired performance level

    4. Employees actions by setting internal stan-dards for their performance

    Codes :

    (a) (b) (c) (d)

    (A) 1 2 3 4

    (B) 2 3 4 1

    (C) 3 4 1 2

    (D) 4 1 2 3

    38. “Pygmalion effect” in educational settingsuggests—

    (A) Exceptional progress by student as aresult of high teacher expectations

    (B) Biases creeping into summative assessment

    (C) Authenticity factors in classroom assess-ment

    (D) Influences on curricular structure

    39. Match List–I with List–II and select thecorrect answer by choosing from the codesgiven below—

    List-I (Psychologist)

    (a) Vygotsky (b) Piaget

    (c) Bronfenbrenner (d) Bowlby

    List-II (Concept/approach)

    1. Ethological approach

    2. Ecological approach

    3. Zone of proximal development

    4. epistemological apporach

  • UGC–NET Psychology–III (J–16) | 9

    Codes :(a) (b) (c) (d)

    (A) 3 4 2 1(B) 3 1 2 4(C) 1 4 3 2(D) 4 1 2 3

    40. Which of the following is not a diagnosablesleep disorder—(A) Somnambulism (B) Somniloquy(C) Sleep terror (D) Insomnia

    41. A field experiment at the Bronx Zoo illustratedthe potential importance of ................ indicat-ing that an individual has legitimate authority.Fill in the blank from given below.(A) Gender(B) Uniforms(C) Age(D) An authoritarian personality

    42. Self-actualizers are characterised as—1. They have more efficiency perception of

    reality than non-actualisers.2. They show greater acceptance of them-

    selves, others, and nature than do non-actualizers.

    3. They tend to be more concerned withundertaking tasks that will benefit them-selves.

    4. They also have some weaknesses.

    Codes :(A) 1, 2 and 3 only(B) 1, 2 and 4 only(C) 2, 3 and 4 only(D) 1, 3 and 4 only

    43. Thinking is a complex set of collaborationsbetween ............. and ................ representa-tions and processes.(A) Linguistic; semantic(B) Linguistic; verbal(C) Semantic; non-linguistic(D) Linguistic; non-linguistic

    44. Match List–I with List–II and select thecorrect answer by choosing from the codesgiven below—

    List-I(a) Autistic thinking(b) Creative thinking(c) Deterministic thinking(d) Cognitive thinking

    List-II1. Planning2. Fantasy3. Illusion4. Dreams

    Codes :

    (a) (b) (c) (d)(A) 1 2 3 4(B) 4 3 2 1(C) 4 1 2 3(D) 1 4 3 2

    45. Signal detection depends upon—

    (A) Motivation and expectations

    (B) Signal intensity and noise

    (C) Sensitivity and response criterion

    (D) Absolute and relative thresholds

    46. Which of the following does not present withsymptoms of mental retardation ?

    (A) Cri du chat syndrome

    (B) Down’s syndrome

    (C) Fugue

    (D) Trisomy-21

    47. Read each of the following two statements—Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate youranswer using codes given below :

    Assertion (A) : Neurons cannot fire duringabsolute refractory period.

    Reason (R) : A neuron can release only oneneurotransmitter.Codes :

    (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is thecorrect explanation of (A)

    (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is notthe correct explanation of (A)

    (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true

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