upper paleolithic and mesolithic europe

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ARGY30561 Upper Palaeolithic andMesolithic Europe

Academic Year: 2010-11

Semester: 1

Time and location: Lectures Tuesday 10-124.14 Mansfield Cooper

Seminars Thursday 2-34.14 Mansfield Cooper

First meeting: Tuesday 27th September 2011

Module coordinator: Dr Chantal Conneller

e-mail: Chantal [email protected]

Office: 4.14 Mansfield Cooper Building

Office hours: Tuesdays 12-1, Wednesday 11-12


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ARGY30561UPPER PALAEOLITHICAND MESOLITHIC EUROPE

This course explores hunter-gatherer ways of life from the first appearance ofHomo sapiens in Europe to the end of the Mesolithic (c40,000-5000BP). Thisencompasses vast periods of time and dramatic transformations in climateand landscape; students will therefore gain an understanding oftransformations in human ways of life at a variety of different scales. Theseinclude large-scale population movement in response to climatic fluctuation,as well as human awareness of these changes; typological change as well associally embedded chines opratoires; patterns of animal exploitation andextinction in addition to social understandings of animals and their use as asymbolic resource.

The course will examine a number of the key debates and themes for thisperiod, such as the extinction of the Neanderthals, Upper Palaeolithic art andMesolithic cemeteries. Lectures will also examine a number of regions ofEurope in greater detail, drawing out variability in the record and the differinghistorical trajectories of each region. Much of the evidence for this period isvery ephemeral, consisting of small-scale scatters of stone tools,manufacturing waste and animal bones. The course will explore howarchaeologists have dealt with this evidence to produce rich and variedaccounts of Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic life.

Aims:

To introduce students to key issues and debates in an archaeologicalunderstanding of the European Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic.

To familiarise students with the material remains of Upper Palaeolithic andMesolithic life and the historical context of its interpretation.

To introduce students to the methodologies and theoretical approachesused by archaeologists to address this material and the problems that thesepose.

To familiarise students with the major environmental changes of the period.

Objectives: On successful completion of this course, students will: Understand the key features in the development of human society during

the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. Demonstrate a detailed knowledge of the main types of archaeological

evidence drawn upon to understand the period and the historical context ofits interpretation.

Analyse and evaluate a variety of competing interpretations of thearchaeological evidence.

Demonstrate a clear understanding of environmental change and its effectof human societies at a variety of scales.

Have acquired the following transferable skills: the ability to handle data

derived from secondary sources; the ability to present and structure aclear logical argument; the ability to debate and critically reflect on andevaluate arguments around hotly contested issues.


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Credits: 20

Duration and mode of teaching: 1 semester. 1 x 2hr lecture, 1x1hr seminarper week

Location and Time:Lecture:Tuesday 10-12, 4.05 Mansfield Cooper.Seminar: Thursday 2-3, 4.05 Mansfield Cooper

Course Lecturer: Dr Chantal Conneller

Assessment: 1 x 2,500 word essay (30%); 1 x 2,500 word project (30%); & 1x 2 hr exam at the end of the semester (40%).

Essay deadline: 8 November 2011Project deadline: 15 December 2011

Attendance: As required by School and Faculty policy (see ProgrammeHandbook), attendance at lectures and seminars is compulsory and aregister will be taken at each. If you have a genuine reason for absence youshould inform: Dr Chantal Conneller

Contacting Dr Chantal Conneller:

You can sign up to see me in one of my Office Hours by using the sign-upsheet on my door. If you cannot make these times please arrange analternative appointment. Simple enquiries can be handled via email if you

prefer.

Office: 4.14 Mansfield CooperOffice Hours:Tuesday: 12-1Wednesday: 11-12Internal phone number: 57750Email: [email protected]


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Course outline

Week 1 27 September Introduction to the course: Major issues andtechniques in the Upper Palaeolithic & Mesolithic

Week 1 29 October Seminar 1: Visual representations of the Palaeolithic

Week 2 4 October New Worlds: The earliest Upper Palaeolithic and thedisappearance of the Neanderthals

Week 2 6 October Seminar 2: The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution

Week 3 11 October The art and burial of the early Upper Palaeolithic

Week 3 13 October Seminar 3: The Venus figurines

Week 4 18 October Life in the Ice Age

Week 4 20 October Seminar 4: Upper Palaeolithic burial

Week 5 25 October The re-occupation of Northern Europe

Week 5 27 October Seminar 5: Upper Palaeolithic Art

Week 6 Reading Week

Week 7 8 November Understanding the Mesolithic

Week 7 10 November Seminar 6: Mesolithic housesWeek 8 15 November Death and cemeteries in the Mesolithic

Week 8 17 November Seminar 7: Mesolithic Funerary Practices

Week 9 22 November Regional studies I: Mesolithic Southern Scandinavia

Week 9 24 November Seminar 8: Mesolithic worldviews

Week 10 29 November Regional studies II: Mesolithic Britain and Ireland

Week 10 1 December Seminar 9: Complex hunter-gatherers

Week 11 6 December Regional studies III: Southern Europe

Week 11 8 December Film: The Cave of Forgotten Dreams

Week 12 13 December Museum visit

Week 12 15 December Seminar 10: Revision session


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Seminars

Seminars are opportunities for students for deeper discussion of the issuesthe course covers. Students must read the relevant texts for seminars other-wise seminars loose their value. Readings can be found on blackboard.

Seminar 1: Visual representations of the Palaeolithic

Read the following two articles. In the seminar well look at some of our ownexamples.

Moser, S. 1992. The visual language of archaeology: a case study of the Neanderthals.Wiber, M. 1994. Undulating women and erect men: visual imagery of gender and progress inillustrations of Human Evolution. Visual Anthropology 7, 1-20.

Seminar 2: The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution.

Questions for consideration: How different are the Middle and UpperPalaeolithic records? Do Neanderthal capacities differ significantly fromanatomically modern humans? What is the timing of the arrival of moderntraits and are these exclusively associated with AMHs? What do we mean bymodernity?

Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy, chapters 12 and 13. Princeton NJ, PrincetonUniversity Press.

dErrico, F. 2003. The invisible frontier: A multiple species model for the origin of behaviouralmodernity. Evolutionary Anthropology12: 188-202.

Seminar 3: The Venus Figurines

Questions for discussion: How have interpretations varied? How havecontemporary gender politics coloured this debate? Can we say which gendermade/ consumed these? Are they real women?

McDermott, L 1996. Self representation in Upper Palaeolithic female figurines. CurrentAnthropology37, 227-275

Soffer, O et al. 2000 The venus figurines: Textiles, basketry, gender and status in the upperPalaeolithic. Current Anthropology41, 511-538.

Seminar 4: Upper Palaeolithic burial

We will undertake some group analysis of individual burials in the seminar. Toprepare, read the following paper:

Pettitt, P. 2006. The living dead and the dead living: Burials, figurines and social performancein the European Mid Upper Palaeolithic. In R Gowland and C. Knusel (eds.) The SocialArchaeology of Funerary Remains, pp292-308. Oxford: Oxbow.

Seminar 5: Cave Art

Questions for consideration: What categories of art are there? Howsatisfactory are the interpretations of their meaning? Is it appropriate to try

and get at their meaning? Should we seek a single explanation? What do theytell us about Upper Palaeolithic life?


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Read one of these:Bahn, P. and Vertut, J. 1988. Images of the Ice Age. chapter 7. Leicester, Windward.Clottes, J, and Lewis-Williams, D. 1998. The Shamans of Prehistory: Trance and Magic in the

Painted Caves.New York, Harry N. Abrams.Lewis-Williams 2004. The Mind in the Cave. London: Thames and Hudson.

Seminar 6: Mesolithic houses

Pre-seminar task: Get into groups and select a case study from the materialprovided and think about it as built and lived space. What activities/socialarrangements do the structure/space enable or constrain? Can material culture helpus in understanding how it was inhabited? How does it relate to the wider landscape?Can we get at symbolic aspects of its construction or architecture? Come prepared toprovide a brief informal presentation on your structure.

Gron, O. 2003. Mesolithic dwelling structures in southern Scandinavia: their definition andsocial interpretation. Antiquity77, 285-708.

Seminar 7: Mesolithic Funerary Practices

Questions for consideration: Do the cemeteries show social differentiation?What do they say about peoples attitude to children? And animals? Are theyevidence of a complex society? What does the mortuary evidence say aboutattitudes to the body?

Reading: Read one cemetery report (from week 8 reading list) and have a look at theLarsson synthesis:Larsson, L. 2004. The Mesolithic period in Southern Scandinavia, with special reference to

burials and cemeteries. In Saville, A. (ed.) Mesolithic Scotland and its neighbours.Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries for Scotland.

Seminar 8: Worldviews

How useful is direct historical analogy for understanding Mesolithic worldviews? Cananimism be used as a term to understand the Mesolithic? What types of evidence areused to infer evidence of shamanism in the archaeological record?

Reading:Porr, M. and Alt, K.W. 2006. The burial of Bad Drrenberg, Central Germany: Osteopathologyand Osteoarchaeology of a Late Mesolithic shamans grave. International Journal ofOsteoarchaeology16, 395-406.Zvelebil, M. 2003. People behind the lithics. Social life and social conditions of Mesolithiccommunities in Tempereate Europe. In J. Moore and L. Bevan (eds.), Peopling the Mesolithic

in a northern environment, Oxford: BAR

Seminar 9: Complex hunter-gatherers

Questions for consideration: What is complexity? How can we identifycomplex hunter-gatherers in the archaeological record? Can we see complexhunter-gatherers in the Mesolithic?

Clark, G.A. and Neeley, M. 1987. Social differentiation in European Mesolithic burial data. InP.Rowley-Conwy et al(eds) Mesolithic Northwest Europe: Recent Trends. Sheffield,Sheffield University, Department of Prehistory and Archaeology. pp121-7.

Price, T.D. and Brown, J. (eds) 1985. Introduction. In Prehistoric Hunter Gatherers: TheEmergence of Cultural Complexity. New York, Academic Press.

Warren, G. 2005 Complex Arguments. In N. Milner and P. Woodman (ed.) Mesolithic Studiesat the beginning of the 21

stcentury. Oxford: Oxbow.


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Fieldtrip

We also plan to have a fieldtrip to Creswell Crags to see the recentlydiscovered cave art and the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic occupation sites.

Assessment

Essay: Deadline 8th November (week 7). Word length: 2,500

Chose one of the following titles:

1. Using specific examples of your own choice (drawn from any media),critically evaluate the role that representations of Neanderthals play inpopular culture.

2. What are the implications of recent evidence for Neanderthal-AMHinterbreeding for understanding the archaeology of the Middle-UpperPalaeolithic transition.

3. Can we go beyond interpretations that focus on the gender of theVenus figurines?

Project: Deadline 15

th

December (week 12)

A small number of sites have dominated our understanding of the Mesolithic.The aim of this project is for students to gain an understanding of thearchaeology of one of these sites, the historical conditions in which it came tobe seen as important and its relevance for the contemporary discipline. NotStudents should select one of the following sites and answer questions below.Greater weight will be given to the interpretive and analytical elements of thequestions.

Sites: Skateholm I and II or Star Carr or the Oronsay middens or Lepenski Vir

Questions:1. Very briefly outline the history of the sites discovery and excavation

and describe the material recovered. (Bullet points acceptable heresince theres a large amount to synthesise).

2. Why was the site seen as important and within what theoreticalframework was it interpreted?

3. How have new discoveries and the appearance of new theoreticalparadigms changed interpretations of the site?

4. How relevant is the site for contemporary archaeology and can youoffer any suggestions for future interpretation?


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Reading list(*=get these from me)

General texts:

General Early Prehistory

Barker, G. 1999. Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology: chapters 20 by R.Dennell (Hunter-gatherer societies, pp.797-838)

Barton, N. 1997. Stone Age Britain. London,Batsford/English HeritageBogucki, P. 1999. The Origins of Human Society. Oxford, Blackwell.Cunliffe, B. (ed). 1994. The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford

University Press.Milisauskas, S. (ed). 2002. European Prehistory: A Survey. New York, Plenum.

Quaternary Climate, Environment, Chronology; Dating MethodsBradley, R. 1999 Palaeoclimatology: Reconstructing Quaternary Climates. San Diego:

Harcourt.

Lowe, J.J. and Walker, M.J.C. 1997. Reconstructing Quaternary Environments, 2ndEdition. Harlow, Longman.Mellars, P. 1996: The Neanderthal Legacy Chapter 2, The Environmental

Background to Middle Palaeolithic Occupation. Princeton NJ, PrincetonUniversity Press.

Williams, M. 1998. Quaternary Environments. London: Arnold.

Hunter-gatherer studiesBettinger, R.L. (ed) 1991. Hunter Gatherers: Archaeological and Evolutionary Theory.

London: Plenum PressIngold, T. et al. 1988. Hunters and Gatherers. Oxford: Berg.Ingold, T. 2000. The Perception of the Environment. London: Routledge.

Kelly, R. 1995. The Foraging Spectrum. Washington: Smithsonian Institute.Panter-Brick, C., Layton, R.H. & Rowley-Conwy, P. (eds.) 2001. Hunter-Gatherers:An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

*Price, T.D. and Brown, J. (eds) 1985. Prehistoric Hunter Gatherers: The Emergenceof Cultural Complexity. New York, Academic Press.

Upper PalaeolithicConkey, M. et al. (ed.) 1997. Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image and Symbol. San

Francisco: Californian Academy of Sciences.Gamble, C. 1999. The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe, chapters 6 and 7. Cambridge,

Cambridge University Press.Klein, R. 1999. The Human Career, Chapter 7. London, University of Chicago Press.

Pettitt, P. 2010. The Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial. London: Routledge.Roebroeks et al. 2000 Hunters of the Golden Age. Leiden: Leiden University Press.

MesolithicBailey, G. and Spikins, P. 2008. Mesolithic Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.Conneller, C. and Warren G. 2006. Mesolithic Britain and Ireland. New perspectives.

Stroud: Tempus.Larsson, L., Kindgren, H., Knutsson, K., Loeffler, D. and kerlund, A. (Eds) 2003.

Mesolithic on the Move. Papers presented at the Sixth International Conferenceon the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000. Oxbow Books, Oxford

Mithen, S. 1994 The Mesolithic Age. In B. Cunliffe (ed.) The Oxford IllustratedPrehistory of Europe, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Price, T.D 1987. The Mesolithic of Western Europe. Journal of World Prehistory1,225-305


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Price, T.D., 1991. The Mesolithic of Northern Europe. Annual Review ofAnthropology20, 211-33.

Saville, A. (ed.) 2004. Mesolithic Scotland and its neighbours. Edinburgh, Society ofAntiquaries for Scotland.

Some useful websitesAHOB http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/ahob/AHOBI/index_2.html

Creswell http://www.creswell-crags.org.uk/Rock art http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/Sunghir http://www.rc.ru/~ladygin/sungir/index.html

Week 2: The earliest Upper Palaeolithic and the disappearance of theNeanderthalsBar-Yosef, O and Bordes, G. 2010 Who were the makers of the Chtelperronian culture?

Journal of Human Evolution 59, 568-93.Blades, B.S. 1999. Aurignacian lithic economy and early modern human mobility: new

perspectives from classic sites in the Vzre valley of France. Journal of HumanEvolution 37, 91-120.

Chase, P.G. 1994. On symbols and the Palaeolithic. Current Anthropology 35, 617-29.

Chazan, M. 1995. The Language Hypothesis for the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic Transition.Current Anthropology 36, 749-768.

Conard, N. and Bolus, M. 2003. Radiocarbon dating the appearance of modern humans andtiming of cultural innovations in Europe: new results and new challenges. Journal ofHuman Evolution 44, 331-371.

Davidson, I. and Noble, W. 1993. Tools and language in human evolution. In K. R. Gibsonand T. Ingold (eds) Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution. Cambridge,Cambridge University Press, pp363-88.

Davies, W. 2001. A Very Model of a Modern Human Industry: New Perspectives on theOrigins and Spread of the Aurignacian in Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society67, 195-217.

dErrico, F. 2003. The Invisible Frontier. A Multiple Species Model for the Origin ofBehavioral Modernity.Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 188202.

dErrico, F. et al 1998. Neanderthal acculturation in western Europe? A critical review of theevidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology 39, S1-S44.

Djindjian, F. 2011. Is the MP-EUP transition also an economic and social revolution?Quaternary International. Online.

Drell, J. 2002. Neanderthals: A history of interpretation. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 19,1-24

*Gamble, C. 1996. Making tracks: hominid networks and the evolution of the sociallandscape. In J. Steele and S. Shennan (eds) The Archaeology of Human Ancestry: Power,Sex and Ideology. London, Routledge, pp 253-77.

Gamble, C. 1998. Palaeolithic society and the release from proximity. World Archaeology 29,

426-449.Gargett, R.H. 1989. Grave shortcomings: The evidence for Neanderthal burial. CurrentAnthropology 30: 157-90.

Gargett, R.H. 1999. Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh,Saint-Csaire, Kebara, Amud and Dederiyeh.Journal of Human Evolution 37, 27-90.

Grayson, D. and Delpeche, F. 2002. Specialised Early Upper Palaeolithic Hunters inSouthwest France.Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 1439-49.

Higham T, Jacobi R, Julien M, David F, Basell L, Wood R, Davies W, Ramsey CB.C (2010).Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context ofornaments and human remains within the Chatelperronian. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA Nov23;107(47):20147-8.

Krings, M. et al 1997. Neanderthal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell 90,

19-30.Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy, chapters 12 and 13. Princeton NJ, Princeton

University Press.


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Mellars, P.A. 1998. The fate of the Neanderthals.Nature 395, 539-540.Mellars, P.A. 1999. The Neanderthal Problem Continued. Current Anthropology 40, 341-350.Mellars, P. 2007 Rethinking the human revolution. Cambridge: McDonald Institute

MonographsMithen, S. 1996. The Prehistory of the Mind. London, Thames and Hudson.Nitecki, M. and Nitecki, D. 1994. Origins of anatomically modern humans. London New

York : Plenum, c1994

Noble, W. and Davidson, I. 1996.Human Evolution, Language and Mind, Chapters 6, 7 and 8.Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Krause, J.,et al. 2010. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown homininfrom southern Siberia.Nature 464 (7290): 894897.

Green, R. E.; et al. 2010. A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Science 328 (5979):710722.

Pearson, O.M. 2004. Has the Combination of Genetic and Fossil Evidence Solved the Riddleof Modern Human Origins?Evolutionary Anthropology 13, 145159.

Pettitt, P. 1999. Disappearing from the world: an archaeological perspective on Neanderthalextinction. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 18, 217 - 240.

Soffer, O. 1994 In Nitecki, M. and Nitecki, (eds.). Origins of anatomically modern humans.London New York : Plenum.

Trinkaus, E., Zilho, J. and Duarte, C. 2001. Lagar Velho 1 and perceptions of theNeandertals.Archaeological Dialogues 8, 49-69.

Van Andel, T. and Davies, W. 2003. Neanderthals and Modern Humans. Cambridge:McDonald Institiute Monographs.

Wolpoff, M.H. 1989. Multiregional Evolution: The Fossil Alternative to Eden. In P. Mellarsand C. B. Stringer (eds) The Human Revolution. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press,pp62-108.

Zilho, J. 2000. The fate of the Neandertals.Archaeology 53, 25-31.Zilho, J. and dErrico, F. 1999. The Chronology and Taphonomy of the Earliest Aurignacian

and its Implications for the Understanding of Neanderthals Extinction. Journal of WorldPrehistory 13, 1-68.

Week 3: The art and burial of the early Upper PalaeolithicAldhouse-Green, S. and Pettitt, P. 1998. Paviland Cave: contextualizing the Red Lady.

Antiquity 72, 756-72.Conkey, M. (ed.) 1997. Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image and Symbol. San Francisco:

Californian Academy of Sciences.Downson, T. and Porr, M. 2001. Special objects special creatures: Shamanistic imagery and

the Aurignacian art of south-west Germany. In N. Price (ed.) The Archaeology ofShamanism. London: Routledge, 165-177.

Formicola, V. 2007. From the Sungir children to the Romito dwarf. Aspects of the UpperPalaeolithic funerary landscape. Current Anthropology 48(3), 446-53.

Gamble, C. 1991. The social context for European palaeolithic art. Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society, 57.1, 316.Harrold, F. 1980 A comparative analysis of Eurasian Palaeolithic burials. World Archaeology,12, 195 211.

Klima, 1987. A triple burial from the Upper Palaeolithic site of Dolni Vestonice. Journal ofHuman Evolution 16, 831-35.

McDermott, L 1996. Self representation in Upper Palaeolithic female figurines. CurrentAnthropology 37, 227-275

Pettitt, P. 2006. The living dead and the dead living: Burials, figurines and social performancein the European Mid Upper Palaeolithic. In R Gowland and C. Knusel (eds.) The SocialArchaeology of Funerary Remains, pp292-308. Oxford: Oxbow.

Rice, P.C. 1982. Prehistoric Venuses: Symbols of Motherhood or Womanhood? Journal ofAnthropological Research 37, 402-414

Roebroeks et al. 2000Hunters of the Golden Age. Leiden: Leiden University Press.Soffer, O et al. 2000 The venus figurines: Textiles, basketry, gender and status in the upper

Palaeolithic. Current Anthropology 41, 511-538.


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Svoboda, J. 2008. The Upper Palaeolithic burial area at Predmosti. Journal of HumanEvolution 54(1), 15-33.

Taylor, T. 2003. The Buried Soul. How humans invented death, pp198-222. London: FourthEstate.

Trinkhaus, E. 2000 The adiposity paradox in the Middle Danubian Gravettian.Anthropologie43 (2-3). 263-271

Trinkhaus, E. et al. 2010 Human Remains from the Moravian Gravettian: Morphology and

Taphonomy of Additional Elements from Dolni Vestonice II and Pavlov I.InternationalJournal of Osteoarchaeology 20: 645669

Verpoorte, A. 2001. Places of Art, Traces of Fire. Leiden: Archaeological Studies LeidenUniversity 8.

Week 4: Life in the Ice AgeBahn, P. 1997.Journey through the Ice Age. London, Seven DialsBahn, P. 1998. Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art. Cambridge, Cambridge

University Press.*Bahn, P. and Vertut, J. 1988.Images of the Ice Age. Leicester, Windward.Clottes, J. 1996. Thematic changes in Upper Palaeolithic art: a view from the Grotte Chauvet.

Antiquity, 70, 276-288.

Clottes, J. 2008 Cave Art. PhaidonClottes, J, and Lewis-Williams, D. 1998. The Shamans of Prehistory: Trance and Magic in

the Painted Caves.New York, Harry N. Abrams.Conkey, M. 1980. The identification of prehistoric hunter-gatherer aggregation: the case of

Altamira. Current Anthropology 21, 609-30.Conkey, M. et al (eds). 1997. Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image and Symbol. Berkeley,

California Academy of SciencesJochim, M. 1983. Palaeolithic Cave Art in Ecological Perspective. In G. Bailey (Ed) Hunter-

Gatherer Economy in Prehistory.Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp212-219.Kehoe, A. 2003. Emerging trends v. the popular paradigm in rock art research. Antiquity 76,

384-5.Lewis-Williams, D. The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art.London,

Thames and Hudson.Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1968. The Art of Prehistoric Man in Western Europe. London, Thames

and Hudson.Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1982 The Dawn of European Art. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Mellars, P.A. 1985. The Ecological Basis of Social Complexity in the Upper Palaeolithic of

Southwestern France. In T.D. Price and J.A. Brown (Eds) Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers:The Emergence of Cultural Complexity. New York, Academic Press, pp271-297.

Mithen, S. 1988. Looking and learning: Upper Palaeolithic art and information gathering.World Archaeology 19, 297-327.

Ross, M. 2001. Emerging trends in rock art research. Hunter-gatherer culture, land andlandscape.Antiquity 75: 543-8.

*Soffer, O. 1990. The Russian Plain at the Last Glacial Maximum. In O. Soffer and C.S.Gamble (Eds) The World at 18 000 BP. Volume 1, High Latitudes. London, UnwinHyman, pp228-252.

*Soffer, O. and Gamble, C.S. (eds). 1990. The World at 18 000 BP. Volume 1, High Latitudes.London, Unwin Hyman.

Strecker, M and Bahn, P 1998.Dating the Earliest Known Rock Art. Oxford, Oxbow Books.Various papers on shamanism in Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14.1 (2004)Web: http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/clottes/

Week 5: The re-occupation of Northern EuropeAudouze, F. 1987. The Paris Basin in Magdalenian Times. In O, Soffer (Ed) The Pleistocene

Old World: Regional Perspectives. New York, Plenum, pp183-200.

Audouze, F. and Enloe, J. 1991. Subsistence strategies and economy in the Magdalenian ofthe Paris Basin. In N. Barton et al (Eds) The Late Glacial in North-West Europe. CBAResearch Report 77, 63-71. Oxford, Council for British Archaeology.


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Bahn, P. 1978. Seasonal Migration in Southwest France during the Late Glacial Period.Journal of Archaeological Science 4, 245-257.

Barton, N. et al (eds) 1991. The Late Glacial in NW Europe - Human Adaptation andEnvironmental Change at the End of the Pleistocene, CBA Res. Rep. 77. London, C.B.A.

Barton, R.N.E., Jacobi, R.M., Stapert, D. and Street, M. 2003: The Late-glacial reoccupationof the British Isles and the Creswellian.Journal of Quaternary Science 18, 631-43.

Blockley, S.P.E., Donahue, R. and Pollard, A.M. 2000: Radiocarbon calibration and Late

Glacial occupation in northwest Europe.Antiquity 74, 112-21.Blockley, S.P.E., Blockley, S.M., Donahue, R., Lane, C.S., Loew, J.J. and Pollard, A.M. 2006:

The chronology of abrupt climate change and late Upper Palaeolithic human adaptation inEurope.Journal of Quaternary Science 21, 575-84.

Boyle, K. 1996. From Laugerie Basse to Jolivet: the organisation of Final Magdaleniansettlement in the Vzre Valley. World Archaeology 27, 477-491.

Caspar, J.-P. and de Bie, M. 1996. Preparing for the hunt in the late Palaeolithic camp atRekem, Belgium.Journal of Field Archaeology 23, 437-460.

Conneller, C.J. 2007 Inhabiting new landscapes: settlement and mobility in Britain after thelast glacial maximum. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 26: 215-237.

Gamble, C. et al. 2004. Climate change and evolving human diversity in Europe during thelast glacial. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London. Series B 359, 243-

54Gamble, C., Davies, W., Pettitt, P., Hazelwood, L. and Richards, M. 2005. The archaeological

and genetic foundations of the European population during the Late Glacial: Implicationfor Agricultural thinking. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15(2), 193-223.

Gronnow, B. 1987. Meiendorf and Stellmoor revisited: an analysis of Late Upper Palaeolithicreindeer exploitation.Acta Archaeologica, 56, 131 - 166.

Housley, R. et al. 1997. Radiocarbon evidence for the late glacial human recolonisation ofNorthern Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63, 25-54.

Jacobi, R.. 2004: The Late Upper Palaeolithic lithic collection from Goughs Cave, Cheddar,Somerset and human use of the cave. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 70, 1-92.

Jochim, M. et al 1999. The Magdalenian colonization of Southern Germany. AmericanAnthropologist101, 129-142.

Karlin, C., Ploux, S., Bodu, P. and Pigeot, N. 1993. Some socio-economic aspects of theknapping process amongst groups of hunter-gatherers in the Paris Basin area. In Berthelet,A. and Chavaillon, J. (eds.), The Use of Tools by Human and Non-human Primates (Oxford), 318-37

*Pettitt, P., Bahn, P., Ripoll, S. and Muoz Ibez, F.J. 2007. Palaeolithic Cave Art atCreswell Crags in European Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

*Pigeot, N. 1990: Technical and social actors: Flintknapping specialists and apprentices atMagdelenian Etoilles.Archaeological Review from Cambridge 9(1), 126-41.

Ripoll, S. Muoz , F., Bahn , P. and Pettitt , P. B. 2004. Palaeolithic cave engravings atCreswell Crags, England . Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 70, 93-105.

Smith, C. 1992. The Late Stone Age Hunters of the British Isles. London, Routledge.

Straus, L.G. et. al. (eds). 1997.Humans at the End of the Ice Age. London, Plenum Press.Terberger, T. and Street, S. 2002. Hiatus or continuity? New results for the question ofpleniglacial settlement in central Europe.Antiquity 76, 691-698.

Week 7: Understanding the MesolithicBonsall, C. (ed). 1989. The Mesolithic in Europe. Edinburgh, John Donald.Clarke, D.L. 1978. Mesolithic Europe: The Economic Basis. In Mellars ed London,

Duckworth.Bogucki, P. 1999. The Origins of Human Society Chapter 4. Oxford, Blackwell.Finlay, N. 2000. Deer Prudence. In Conneller, C.J. (ed) New Approaches to the Palaeolithic

and Mesolithic.Archaeological Review from Cambridge 17, 67-79.Finlay, N. 2003. Microliths and Multiple Authorship. In: Lars Larsson (ed.) Mesolithic on the

Move. Papers presented at the Sixth International Conference on the Mesolithic inEurope, Stockholm 2000. Oxford: Oxbow, 169-176


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Jochim, M. 1976.Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence and Settlement: A Predictive Model. London,Academic Press.

Larsson, L., Kindgren, H., Knutsson, K., Loeffler, D. and kerlund, A. (eds) 2003. Mesolithicon the Move. Papers presented at the Sixth International Conference on the Mesolithic in

Europe, Stockholm 2000. Oxbow Books, OxfordMellars, P.A. 1976 Settlement patterns and industrial variability in the British Mesolithic. In

G.de G. Sieveking, I.H. Longworth and K.E. Wilson (eds.) Problems in Economic and

Social Archaeology, Duckworth, London, pp.357-399.Mellars, P. (ed.) 1978 The Early Post-glacial Settlement of Northern Europe. London:

Duckworth.Price, T.D 1987. The Mesolithic of Western Europe. Journal of World Prehistory 1, 225-305Price T.D. 1991. The Mesolithic of Northern Europe. Annual Review of Anthropology 20,

211-233.Warren, G. 2005 Complex Arguments. In N. Milner and P. Woodman (ed.)Mesolithic Studies

at the beginning of the 21stcentury. Oxford: Oxbow.Zvelebil, M. 1986 Mesolithic prelude and Neolithic revolution. In M. Zvelebil (ed.),Hunters

in Transition: Mesolithic societies of temperate Eurasia and their transition to farming,pp.5-16. New directions in archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Week 8: Death and cemeteriesAlbrethsen, S. and Brinch Petersen, E.1976. Excavation of a Mesolithic cemetery at Vedbaek,

Denmark.Acta Archaeologica 47, 1-28.Cauwe, N. 2001. Skeletons in motion, ancestors in action: Early Mesolithic collective tombs

in southern Belgium. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11(2): 147-63.Clark, G.A. and Neeley, M. 1987. Social differentiation in European Mesolithic burial data.

In P.Rowley-Conwy et al (Eds)Mesolithic Northwest Europe: Recent Trends. Sheffield,Sheffield University, Department of Prehistory and Archaeology. pp121-7.

Conneller, C. 2006. Death. In Conneller, C. and Warren G. (eds). Mesolithic Britain andIreland. New perspectives. Stroud: Tempus.

Cullen, T. 1995. Mesolithic mortuary ritual at Franchthi Cave, Greece.Antiquity 69, 270289.Jacobs, K. 1995. Returning to Oleni ostrov: social, economic, and skeletal dimensions of a

Boreal forest Mesolithic cemetery.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14, 359403.Larsson, L. 1989. Ethnicity and traditions in Mesolithic mortuary practices of southern

Scandinavia. In Shennan, S.J. (ed) Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity.London, Unwin Hyman. pp210-18.

Larsson, L. 1989. Late Mesolithic settlements and cemeteries at Skateholm, S. Sweden. InBonsall, C. (ed) The Mesolithic in Europe. Edinburgh, John Donald. pp367-78.

Larsson, L. 1990. Dogs in fraction - symbols in action. In Vermeersch, P. and Van Peer, P.(Eds) Contributions to the Mesolithic in Europe. Leuven, Leuven University Press.pp153-160.

Larsson, L. 2004. The Mesolithic period in Southern Scandinavia, with special reference toburials and cemeteries. In Saville, A. (ed.) Mesolithic Scotland and its neighbours.

Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries for Scotland.Larsson, L. & Zagorska, I. 2006.Back to the Origin New Research in the Mesolithic-NeolithicZvejnieki Cemetery & Environment, Northern Latvia Acta Archaeologica LundensiaSeries in 8, No. 52

Nilsson Stutz, L. 2003. A taphonomy of ritual practice, a field-anthropological study of lateMesolithic burials. In Larsson, L., Kindgren, H., Knutsson, K., Loeffler, D. and kerlund,A. (Eds)Mesolithic on the Move. Papers presented at the Sixth International Conferenceon the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000. Oxbow Books, Oxford. pp. 527535.

Nilsson Stutz, L. 2003 Embodied Rituals and Ritualised Bodies. Acta ArchaeologicaLundensia Series 8, no 46.

O'Shea, J. and Zvelebil, M. 1984. Oleneostrovski Mogilnik: reconstructing the social andeconomic organisatiuon of prehistoric foragers in northern Russia. Journal of

Anthropological Archaeology 3, 1-40.Schulting, R. 1996. A re-analysis of the Mesolithic cemeteries of Teviec and Hoedic,

Morhiban, northwest France.Antiquity 70.


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Week 9: Regional Study 1: Southern Scandinavia*Andersen, M. Karsten, P. Knarrstrom, B and Svensson, M. 2004. Stone Age Scania.

Riksantikvarieambetets Forlag Skrifter 52Andersen, S.H. 2000. Kkkenmddinger (shell middens) in Denmark: a survey.

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66,361-384.Andersen, S.H., and E. Johansen 1986. Erteblle revisited.Journal of Danish Archaeology 5,

3761.Bailey, G. and Parkington, J. 1988. Introduction. In Bailey, G. and Parkington, J. (Eds) The

Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Brinch-Petersen, E. 1989. Vaenget Nord: excavation, documentation and interpretation of a

Mesolithic site at Vedbaek, Denmark. In Bonsall, C. (ed) The Mesolithic in Europe.Edinburgh, John Donald. pp325-330.

Clark, J.G.D. 1975. The Earlier Stone Age Settlement of Scandinavia. Cambridge, CambridgeUniversity Press.

Grn, O. 1995. The Maglemose Culture. British Archaeological Reports, International Series616. Oxford, Archaeopress

Larsson, L. 1988. The Skateholm Project 1. A Late Mesolithic Settlement and CemeteryComplex at a Southern Swedish Lagoon. Stockholm, Almquist and Wicksell International.

Mithen, S. 1987. Prehistoric red deer hunting strategies: a cost risk-benefit analysis withreference to Upper Palaeolithic northern Spain and Mesolithic Denmark. In P. Rowley-Conwy et al (Eds)Mesolithic Northwest Europe: Recent Trends. Sheffield, University ofSheffield, Department of Archaeology and Prehistory. pp93-108.

Nash. G. 1998. Exchange, Status and Mobility: Mesolithic Portable Art of Southern.Scandinavia. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 710. Oxford,Archaeopress.

*Price, T.D. 1985. Affluent foragers of Mesolithic southern Scandinavia. In Price, T.D. andBrown, J. (eds) Prehistoric Hunter Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity.New York, Academic Press. pp341-360.

Rowley-Conwy, P. 1981. Mesolithic Danish bacon. In Sheridan, A. and Bailey, G. (Eds)Economic Archaeology: Towards and Integration of Ecological and Social Approaches.British Archaeological Reports, International Series 96. Oxford, Archaeopress. pp51-55.

Rowley-Conwy, P. 1983. Sedentary hunters: the Erteblle example. In Bailey, G. (Ed)HunterGatherer Economy in Prehistory. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. pp111-127.

Rowley-Conwy, P. 1984. The laziness of the short distance hunter: the origins of agriculturein western Denmark.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3, 300-324.

Rowley Conwy, P., Zvelebil, M. and Blankholm, H. (eds) 1987.Mesolithic Northwest Europe:Recent Trends. Sheffield, University of Sheffield, Department of Archaeology andPrehistory.

*Strasssburg, J. 2000. Shamanic Shadows. One hundred generations of undead subversion inSouthern Scandinavia. Stockholm studies in Archaeology 20.

Week 10: Regional Study 2: Britain and IrelandAndresen, J.M., Byrd, B.F., Elson, M.D., McGuire, R.H., Mendoza, R.G., Staski, E. andWhite, J.P. 1981. The Deer Hunters: Star Carr reconsidered. World Archaeology 13, 31-46.

Barton, R., Berridge, P., Walker, M. and Bevins, R. 1995. Persistent Places in the MesolithicLandscape: an Example from the Black Mountain Uplands of South Wales. Proceedingsof the Prehistoric Society 61, 81-116.

Bell, M. 2007. Prehistoric Coastal Communities: the Mesolithic in Western Britain Councilfor British Archaeology Research Report

Carter, R.J. 1998. Reassessment of seasonality at the early Mesolithic site of Star Carr,Yorkshire, based on radiographs of mandibular tooth development in red deer (Cervuselaphus).Journal of Archaeological Science 25, 851-856.

Clark, J.G.D. 1954.Excavations at Star Carr. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Clark, J.G.D. 1972. Star Carr: a Case Study in Bioarchaeology. Reading, Mass., Addison-

Wesley Module in Anthropology 10.


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Clark, J.G.D. 1980.Mesolithic Prelude. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.Conneller, C.J. 2004. Becoming deer: corporeal transformations at Star Carr. Archaeological

Dialogues 11(1): 37-56.Conneller, C. and Schadla-Hall, T. 2003. Beyond Star Carr: The Vale of Pickering in the 10th

Millennium BP. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 69.Conneller, C. and Warren G. 2006.Mesolithic Britain and Ireland. New perspectives. Stroud:Tempus.

Cummings, V. 2003. The origins of monumentality? Mesolithic world-views of the landscapein western Britain. In Lars Larsson (ed.)Mesolithic on the Move. Papers presented at theSixth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000. Oxford:Oxbow, pp. 74-81.

Finlay, N. 2000. Deer Prudence. In Conneller, C.J. (ed) New Approaches to the Palaeolithicand Mesolithic.Archaeological Review from Cambridge 17, 67-79.

Finlayson, B. 1999. Wild Harvesters: The First people in Scotland. Edinburgh, CanongateBooks, with Historic Scotland.

Jacobi, R.M. 1978. Northern England in the Eighth Millennium BC. In Mellars, P (ed) TheEarly Post-glacial Settlement of Northern Europe. London, London. pp295-332.

Legge, A.J. and Rowley-Conwy, P. 1989. Star Carr Revisited. London, Centre for Extra-Mural Studies, Birkbeck College, University of London.

Mellars, P. 1976. Settlement patterns and industrial variability in the British Mesolithic. InSieveking, G., Longworth, I, and Wilson, K. (eds) Problems in Economic and SocialArchaeology. London, Duckworth. pp375399.

Mellars, P. 1976. Fire ecology, animal populations and man: a study of some ecologicalrelationships in prehistory. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 42, 1545.

Mellars, P.A. 1987.Excavations on Oronsay: Prehistoric Human Ecology on a Small Island.Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.

Mellars, P. and Dark, P. 1998. Star Carr in Context. Cambridge, MacDonald Institute forArchaeological Research.

Pitts, M. 1979. Hide and antlers: a new look at the gatherer-hunter site at Star Carr, N. Yorks,England. World Archaeology 11, 32-42.

Pollard, T. 1996. Time and tide: Coastal environments, cosmology and ritual practice in EarlyPrehistoric Scotland. In Pollard, T. and Morrison, A. (Eds) The Early Prehistory ofScotland. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. pp198-210.

Pollard, T., and Morrison, A. (eds) 1996. The Early Prehistory of Scotland. Edinburgh,Edinburgh University Press.

Pollard, C.J. 2000. Ancestral places in the Mesolithic landscape. In C. Conneller (ed) NewApproaches to the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. Archaeological Review from Cambridge17, 123-138.

*Saville, A. (ed) 2004. Mesolithic Scotland and its neighbours. Edinburgh, Society ofAntiquaries for Scotland.

Schulting, R.J. and Richards, M.P. 2000. Mesolithic subsistence and seasonality: the use ofstable isotopes. In Young, R. (ed) Mesolithic Lifeways: Current Research from Britain

and Ireland. Leicester, University of Leicester, Leicester Archaeology Monographs 7.pp55-64.Schulting, R.J. and M.P. Richards. 2002. The wet, the wild and the domesticated: The

Mesolithic-Neolithic transition on the west coast of Scotland. European Journal ofArchaeology 5, 147-89.

Simmons, I. 2001 An environmental history of Great Britain: from 10,000 years ago to thepresent. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Chapter 2.

Smith, C. 1992.Late Stone Age Hunters of the British Isles. London, Routledge.Tilley, C. 1994. A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths and Monuments. Oxford,

Berg.Wickham-Jones, C. 1994. Scotlands First Settlers. London, Batsford/Historic Scotland.Woodman, P. 1978. The Mesolithic in Ireland: Hunter-Gatherers in an Insular Environment.

British Archaeological Reports, British Series 58. Oxford, Archaeopress.Young, R. (ed) 2000. Mesolithic Lifeways: Current Research from Britain and Ireland.

Leicester, University of Leicester, Leicester Archaeology Monographs 7.


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Warren, G. 2000. Seascapes: People, Boats and Inhabiting the Later Mesolithic in WesternScotland. In R. Young (ed) Mesolithic Lifeways: Current research from Britain andIreland. Leicester, University of Leicester Press, Leicester Archaeology Monographs 7.pp97-104.

Warren, G. 2005.Mesolithic Lives in Scotland. Stroud: Tempus.Wickham Jones, C. 1994. Scotlands First Settlers. London: Batsford.Woodman, P. 1985. Excavations at Mount Sandel, 1973-1977. Belfast, Her Majestys

Stationery Office. Northern Ireland Archaeological Research Monograph 2.Woodman, P.C., Anderson, E. and Finlay, N. 1999. Excavations at Ferriters Cove, 1983-

1995: Last foragers, first farmers in the Dingle Peninsula. Bray, Wordwell.

Week 11: Regional studies III: Southern EuropeBonsall, C. et al. 1997. Mesolithic and Early Neolithic in the Iron Gates: a palaeodietary

perspective.Journal of European Archaeology 5.1: 50-92.Bori, D. 2002. The Lepenski Vir conundrum: reinterpretation of the Mesolithic and Neolithic

sequences in the Danube Gorges.Antiquity 76, 10261039.Boric D. 2005. Body metamorphosis and animality: volatile bodies and boulder artworks

from lepenski vir. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 15 (1):pp. 35-69Boric D., Grupe G., Peters J., and Miki'c Z. 2005. Is the mesolithic-neolithic subsistence

dichotomy real? new stable isotope evidence from the danube gorges. European Journalof Archaeology, 7 (3)

Chapman, J. 1992. Social power in the Iron Gates Mesolithic. In J. Chapman and P.Dolukhanov (Eds) Cultural Transformations and Interactions in Eastern Europe.Aldershot, Avebury. pp71-121.

Chapman, J. 2000. Fragmentation in Archaeology: People, places and broken objects in thePrehistory of southeastern Europe. London: Routledge.

Galanidou, N. and Perles, C. (eds.) 2003. The Greek Mesolithic. Problems and Perspectives.London: British School at Athens.

Deith, M.R. and Shackleton, .C. 1987. The contribution of shells to site interpretation:approaches to shell material from Franchthi Cave. In Bintliff, J., Davidson, D. and Grant,E. (Eds) Conceptual Issues in Environmental Archaeology. Edinburgh, University ofEdinburgh Press. pp4958

Jacobsen, T. 1981. The Franchthi cave and the beginnings of settled village life in Greece.Hesperia 50, 303-19.

Perls, C. 1999. Long-term perspectives on the occupation of the Franchthi Cave: continuityand discontinuity. In Bailey, G., Adam, E., Pangopoulou, E., Perls, C. and Zachos K.(Eds) The Palaeolithic of Greece and Adjacent Areas. British School at AthensMonographs 3.

Prinz, B. 1987. Mesolithic Adaptations on the Lower Danube: Vlasac and the Iron GatesGorge. British Archaeological Reports, International Series. Oxford, Archaeopress.

Srejovic, D. 1982. Europes First Monumental Sculpture. New Discoveries at Lepenski Vir.London: Thames and Hudson.

Tringham, R. 2000. Southeastern Europe in the stransition to agriculture in Europe: bridge,buffer or mosaic. In T.D Price (ed) Europes First Farmers. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Voytek, B. and Tringham, R. 1989. Rethinking the Mesolithic: the case of south-east Europe.In Bonsall, C. (ed) The Mesolithic in Europe. John Donald, Edinburgh. pp492-499.

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