upper watershed (upland/highland) steep slops and undulating topography

Capacity Building for Sustainable Management of Mountain Capacity Building for Sustainable Management of Mountain Watersheds in Central Asia and the CaucasusWatersheds in Central Asia and the Caucasus

GCP /SEC/002/TUR GCP /SEC/002/TUR

Regional Training Workshop on Seed, Nursery and Plantation Techniques in Semi-Arid Areas

8-12 April 2014, Eskisehir, Turkey

Income Generating and livelihood Improvement in the context Income Generating and livelihood Improvement in the context of Watershed management Practices; of Watershed management Practices;

Turkey’s experiencesTurkey’s experiences

Mevlut DüzgünTCDC Consultant

UPPER WATERSHED (upland/highland)Steep slops and undulating topography- Alpine meadow- livestock, grazing- Natural risks and extreme conditions- avalanche, flood, extreme. weather etc. - Forest and water resources- management protection and production - Rich natural resources- biodiversity, flora and fauna- Low- investments- inaccessibility, low input agriculture- livestock- lack of agri-land, traditional ,high quality products- Small Communities- towns, village, settlements- Low income, simple infrastructure- low invest. poverty- Out migration- shortage of young population- Attractions- winter tourism, landscape, leisure activities, holiday destinations, scientific interest, quality natural resources, etc

UPPER WATERSHED (upland/highland)Steep slops and undulating topography- Alpine meadow- livestock, grazing- Natural risks and extreme conditions- avalanche, flood, extreme. weather etc. - Forest and water resources- management protection and production - Rich natural resources- biodiversity, flora and fauna- Low- investments- inaccessibility, low input agriculture- livestock- lack of agri-land, traditional ,high quality products- Small Communities- towns, village, settlements- Low income, simple infrastructure- low invest. poverty- Out migration- shortage of young population- Attractions- winter tourism, landscape, leisure activities, holiday destinations, scientific interest, quality natural resources, etc

LOWER WATERSHED (Plain/Lowland) Key issue: UrbanizationKey subjects to be addressed- Moderate slops and flat topography- Intensive agriculture, high input, mechanization, massive products, commercial products- Metropolis and big settlements – tows, cities, modern facilities/Infrastructure - Industry- factories, employment, job- Highway, railway, airport etc. – heavy traffic, pollution- dams- Overpopulation- pollution, noise, mega constructions- Social facilities- education, health, social security etc. - High level external input- priority on government investm.

LOWER WATERSHED (Plain/Lowland) Key issue: UrbanizationKey subjects to be addressed- Moderate slops and flat topography- Intensive agriculture, high input, mechanization, massive products, commercial products- Metropolis and big settlements – tows, cities, modern facilities/Infrastructure - Industry- factories, employment, job- Highway, railway, airport etc. – heavy traffic, pollution- dams- Overpopulation- pollution, noise, mega constructions- Social facilities- education, health, social security etc. - High level external input- priority on government investm.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF A WATERSHED

MOUNTAIN WATERSHED (upland/highland)

Key issues: Conservation/Rehabilitation of Natural Resources, Local Development/ Rural Development

Key characteristics and subjects to be addressed:

•Steep slops and fragile ecosystems- Conservation•Pasture/alpine meadow- livestock, grazing•Natural risks and extreme conditions- protection measures for avalanche, flood, extr. weather etc. •Natural resources (e.g. niches, biodiversity, flora and fauna, forest, water etc.- management/protection and production, attraction •Low investments, inaccessibility, isolation/remoteness etc.- poverty, traditional agriculture/livestock, lack of arable land, ecologic agriculture, high quality products, marketing etc.•Small Communities (towns, village, settlements)- rural development measures•Low income, out migration- positive impact on natural resources, job opportunities for young population or lack of manpower•Attraction of urban population, holiday destinations- winter tourism, landscape, scientific interest, leisure activities etc.

DISADVANTAGES OF MOUTAIN WATERSHEDS

Marginality, less developed/less favorite areas

Lack of specific policy/strategy, less priority by public bodies

Unclear responsibility (state owned territories), management conflicts, less attention

Less synergy/integration, weak coordination among public institutions

Out migration, loss of manpower and interest

State of natural resources, mainly degraded in vicinity

Inaccessibility, remoteness, high cost of infrastructure,

Less interest by outsiders; less priority in investments, isolation, etc.

Land scarcity, small size and poor quality of private/arable lands

…..

DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES/POSIBILITIES OF MOUNTAIN WATERSHEDS

Increased interest; forest, water resources, land security, leisure activities, tourism, food, adventure etc.

Global/regional initiatives; IYM, FAO, WB, rural development programs etc.

Unspoiled assets; biodiversity, cultural and historical heritages,

Environmental concerns, over-population etc.; problem in urban places turning into opportunity

Changes on tourism concepts; rural tourism, agro-tourism, mountain sports, safaris etc,

Recent trends/perceptions of societies; Local-specific/quality products and other niches, biodiversity, cultural and historical places etc.

INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES

Income Generating Activity/Intervention

Is an intervention which provides capital or commodities that enhance

the capacity of individuals or groups to generate income.

Income Generation interventions attempt to address poverty,

unemployment, and lack of economic opportunities to increase ability

to generate income and secure livelihoods

INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES (IGA)

Prerequisites/Minimum Requirements for Promoting IGA

Participation of all related stakeholders,

Selection of suitable pilot area(s),

Identification of right/correct interventions,

Appropriate budget allocation,

Work plan and timely implementation,

Actively interest and support of local people,

Interest and support of local public institutions/authorities,

Provide visible/demonstrative results

Follow up and replication


The expected impacts/targets of income generating interventions;

Positive impact for a better protection of natural resources and

restoration of degraded ones e.g. forests, water, pastures etc. and

increase the capacity of mitigation of climate change impacts and carbon

storage,

Promoting innovative and adaptable opportunities and improving the

livelihood and socio-economic circumstances of the people whose daily

activities strongly affect the sustainability of natural resources around.

They should be environmentally sound, technically applicable, cost

effective and locally acceptable.


Formulation and implementation process of income generating interventions

The stakeholders, interested/responsible actors

Villagers/local people,Local, regional administrative leaders (village headmen, community leader, district governor, etc., Managers and staff of forestry, agriculture, civil engineering, Local administration bodies(community/district /province etc.),Regional and local specialists/experts on the related fields,National and international consultants and project staff.

INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIESPhases/steps for determination and implementation

1-Area selection Selection of micro-catchment Selection of pilot area-village or villages

2-Collection/providing data/information,

3- Evaluation/assessment of data/information provided,

4- Field visit and validation/testing of existing data/information (baseline survey)

5- Discussion and decision making on the most appropriate interventions Local assessments including simple RRA village meetings, group meetings meeting with related institutions and other stakeholders,

5- Identification of pilot interventions/activities

6- Identification of farmers/villagers and land

7- Preparation work plan, activity sheets, budget allocation etc.

8- Implementation and monitoring

CASE STUDY FROM TURKEY

THE YUNTDAGI MODEL PROJECT (TCP/TUR/3102)

• PROJECT: Development of public participation and improvement of socio-economic prosperity in mountain communities; Yuntdagi Model,

• 2008-2010,

• Ministry of Environment and Forestry,

• Ministry of Agriculture and Village Services, FAO, State Planning Organization (DPT), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Manisa Governorship, Other Local units, Associations, Unions, Cooperatives, NGOs etc.,

• Selected villages in Yuntdağı region, Manisa province

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TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project

Ministry of Environment and Forestry Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

1. The project office (Yuntdagi Rural Initiative Center) in Turkmen

TCP/TUR/3102, Yuntdagi Model Project,


2. Establishment of demonstrative grape yards in Recepli village



3. Private afforestation and rehabilitation with commercial tree species

20.5 hectares of common land was planted by Stone pine, seedling provided from private family nursery in the village.



4. Fodder crop production

20 hectares, 33 farmers. fodder crop (vicia sativa)



6. Establishment of solar energy systems in Turkmen

10 houses, 15% of cost paid by house owners



7. Improvement of sheep growing and establishment of a washing pool for sheep herds



8. Processing equipment for local-specific products such as pasta, noodles, jam, grape syrup etc.



9. Contribution and improvement of the pistachio growing

1000 of wild Pistachio trees of 35 farmers’ land in Turkmen and Recepli villages were grafted



5. Establishment of drip irrigation system for the grape yards in Turkmen

FINDING FROM SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY AND INTERVIEWS



A baseline survey conducted and a questionnaire was applied in 7 villages, 648 individuals with a random sampling method. 4 groups (farmers, women, youth and children),7 muhtars were interviewed

Major Findings

Agricultural income is about three quarters of the total income

Wheat is dominant, tobacco, wheat, grapes and milk are common

Hand crafts, tourism, organic agriculture are the major unused potentials of the area.

The women are found to be interested in training courses.

High level of immigration of the young generation

Small size, quality of the land, lack of water resources

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Negative impacts on cooperatives and producers unions. Fruits and vegetables are desired despite lack of irrigation Animal husbandry is maintained, but shortage of pastures Willingness for courses on pest control, pruning, livestock, marketing Employment opportunities in other sectors Better irrigation conditions is expecting Most women are un-paid family workers with primary school education According to the women, unemployment, health care, hygiene are the

main problems, Open and hidden unemployment rate is high among young generation. Only about 28% employed as paid workers in the industry. Majority of those young individuals Young generation wish to become public servants

FINDING FROM SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY AND INTERVIEW (2)



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Experience how local bodies be involved in national programs and incentives (integration of local inst., effective cooperation),

The role of varieties of local income generating activities in such programs and projects (grape yards, Pistachio grafting, etc.)

Approaches on the protection/sustainable use of natural resources (drip irrigation, fodder crops, solar systems, tree plantation)

The importance of the participation of stakeholders (national and local bodies, villagers)

Satisfaction/convince of local people (visible results, priorities of local people, listening to farmers)

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OUTPUTS OF LOCAL ACTIVITIES TO BE LINKED WITH NATIONAL MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES


Information dissemination (media campaign, training sessions, printed materials)

Common use of assets and facilities by local communities (project office, sheep washing pool, pistachio nursery, water resources)

New initiative of establishing of the user/interest groups (for each pilot activities (9 total), communication, contact and knowledge sharing among the group members)

OUTPUTS OF LOCAL ACTIVITIES TO BE LINKED WITH NATIONAL MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES (2)



INDIRECT IMPACTS AND OUTPUT OF THE PROJECT

State Hydrologic Service (SHS) has been pushed and facilitated on the sustainable and more economically and productive utilization of the water resources in the region.

A number of staff of the Ministry have been trained and get more involved in mountain subjects.

Interest by outsiders to the project (students from different faculties got knowledge, 5 national 1 foreign).

The outputs of the socio-economic survey made by the project can be used as ready data for other programs and projects in the region.

One FAO mission on water evaluation has selected to visit to the project area.

New demands for visiting to the project side.



Pilot activity: Promoting solar energy systems in Turkmen

As a renewable energy resource, solar energy system was established 10 houses which were randomly selected by the villagers then and its

usefulness was introduced in a demonstrative manner.

IMPACTS OF PILOT ACTIVITIES


Impacts on natural resources

Impacts on the income and socio-economic livelihood of local people

Link to the national mountain management strategies and policies

ESTABLISHMENT OF INTEREST GROUPS

GROUP 7: Sheep holders and sheep herds

Purpose:

Target group and members:

Possible activities:

Required materials/tolls for group activities:

Key persons/institutions responsible from the group activities:

The name of farmers who are the members of the user group of sheep growing and they participated to the training session

Name of farmer Type and role in group

Ali KESİCİ Mehmet VAROLAli ŞAHİNMestan GÜRCAN….…..….

Sheep ownerShepherdMilk piker

upper watershed (upland/highland) steep slops and undulating topography

Documents

quality natural resources

high input

settlements low income

fauna low investments

attraction low investments

high cost of infrastructure

simple infrastructure

management conflicts