Extension-généralisation des réciprocités et multilatéralisation des relations

Réciprocité indirecte Indirect reciprocity refers to general cooperative behavior within an already-

established society, with an anticipated reciprocal payoff of more than just the proverbial “warm glow” in return. Drawing from the formulation of Nowak and

Sigmund, indirect reciprocity can take on two forms:

(i) Upstream reciprocity: First A helps B, and then B helps C

(ii) Downstream reciprocity: First A helps B, and then C helps A

B

A

C C

A

B

Upstream reciprocity

Downstream reciprocity

Source initiale de confiance Source initiale de confiance etet cible de réciprocité indirecte

Cible de réciprocité indirecte

Cible de confiance etetRéciprocateur indirect

Source de confiance /réciprocité indirecte

Cible de confiance

Illustration de la réciprocité réputationnelle (qui aboutit avec les autres formes de réciprocité indirecte à une réciprocité

généralisée par la réputation)

• The following example illustrates this mechanism: B owns a shop, where A shops regularly; by buying goods from B’s shop, A helps B. C sees that A shops at B’s shop, and thinks that B must provide good service and sell high-quality goods, which is why A shops there. So then C decides to also buy goods from B. Reciprocity comes into play when B implicitly helps A by providing good service and selling high-quality

goods. B receives her payoff when C buys goods from B.

CA BSource initiale de confiance Cible de confiance et et

De Réciprocité indirecteRéciprocateur indirect

2ème source de confiance