urban and rural transport system

8/11/2019 Urban and Rural Transport System

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Urban And Rural Transport System

Abstract:

Transportation system plays an important role in shaping urbanand rural communities, stimulating economic growth, creatinghealthy communities and ensuring respect for the environment.

The most basic means of transport is human transport: peoplewalking between locations and carrying things themselves.

At the other end large-scale means of transport, including trucks,buses, automobiles, trains, airplanes, and ships. These aregenerally designed for moving people and goods quickly over longdistances with large loads.

Rural - Poor access to transport constrains economic and socialdevelopment and contributes to poverty. Better transportservices can stimulate economic activity and social improvement,leading to easier access and a virtuous circle that reduces poverty

and improves the lives of poor rural residents. Urban - Cities play a vital role in generating economic growth andprosperity. The sustainable development of cities largely dependsupon their physical, social and institutional infrastructure.

Though not all urban areas have major public transportationsystems, they tend to have more options available than thosefound in rural areas.

MAIN TRANSPORT SYSTEM:

URBAN Road, Rail, Air, Water transport systems

RURAL Only Road transport system (80% in india)


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Human settlements are classified as rural or urban depending on thedensity of human-created structures and resident people in a particulararea. Urban areas can include town and cities, while rural areas include

villages and hamlets.

TRANSPORT FROM THESE TWO SETTLEMENTS ALSOVARIES NOT IN MARGINALLY, IN HUGE.

1) Rural transport system

2) Urban transport system

RURAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM:

MAHATMA GANDHI, the father of our nation, declared in thebeginning of the 20th century that the soul of India lives in itsvillages.

INDIA is a vast country extending over an area of 3.29 millionsquare kilometers with an astounding strength of population of843.93 million The census of 2001 state that 74% of Indians live in6,38,365 villages throughout the country.

Some villages have a population of less than 500, while 3976villages have a population of more than 10,000 people.

Villages are more spread out in hilly region of central, eastern and

far northern India. In such case to develop the country or to improve the livingstandards of the people, must begin with the development ofvillages.


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Animal-drawn carts can carry significant loads betweenfields, farms, and villages even if tracks are poor.

Carts are mainly used in flat areas, while pack animals

provide important mobility in hilly areas. Many different animals can be used for riding, as pack

animals, and for pulling sledges, carts, and wagons.

They include oxen (available and strong, but slow andexpensive), cows (multipurpose), and buffalo (strong butsensitive to heat).

Horses (strong but delicate) are fast transport animals, mostcommon in temperate, subtropical, and highland areas.Donkeys (small but cheap) are found mainly in semiaridareas. Animals can be used wide range of transportcapacities, from 50 kg (single small pack animal) to 5,000 kg(wagon pulled by two or more oxen, horses, or mules).

Animals are most commonly used for trips of 1-10kilometers, but longer journeys are possible.

BULLOCK CARTS ARE THE MAIN TRANSPORT VECHICLE


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Smaller the village, less the economic activity, and therefore, lessthe number of vehicles. Carts move only about 15% of the ton km

of goods while trucks carry much more, accounting for 83%.

MOTORCYCLES AND THREE-WHEELERS:

Motorcycles, mopeds, and scooters are expensive relative to ruralincomes but provide convenient, fast, and flexible transport for

passengers and small amounts of freight. They can also be adapted to make three-wheelers for carrying

passengers and goods.

In the Philippines motorcycle sidecars commonly carry six or morepeople.

In Cambodia motorcycle trailers may carry more than 10 people,or over 500 kg, without safety devices.

These have basic covers to protect passengers and goods from theweather. Although motorcycles can be used on poor tracks,motorcycle trailers and three- wheelers require good roadswithout steep slopes.


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TRACTORS, POWER TILLERS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES:

Four-wheel agricultural tractors are complicated machines,specialized for traction in poor terrain. They can pull trailerswith more than five metric tons on very poor tracks.

Tractors are expensive but may benefit from preferentialagricultural duties. Tractors are most important for shortdistance (1-5 kilometer) transport in agriculture, roadmaintenance, and forestry.

Due to the scarcity of other transport options in rural areas,tractors may be used on roads as multipurpose vehicles forlonger distances. In South and Southeast Asia trailers pulledby two-wheel agricultural tractors (power tillers) arebecoming increasing important for rural transport (1-10kilometers).


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CARS, PICKUPS, AND MINIBUSES

Cars (bush taxis) and minibuses fill similar niches inperiurban and rural areas but do not have the same abilityto cope with bad roads.

Minibuses are becoming increasingly common fortransporting passengers and small loads in areas whereroads are well maintained.

LARGE BUSES AND TRUCKS

Large trucks (5-30 metric tons) and buses (30-60 passengers)are most cost-effective when carrying full loads over longdistances (20-200 kilometers).

They are not always as suitable for rural transport.


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PEOPLE WITHOUT TRANSPORT and RURAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM


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A peak of rush hour commuters at Churchgate, a terminus for one ofMumbais main suburban train lines contributing to the nearly 6.5million people feeding in and out of the city daily.

Delhi metro and Bangalore metro rail systems

Tram system:


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The advent of the British saw trams being introduced in manycities including Mumbai and Kolkata . The Kolkata tram iscurrently the only tram system in the country and provides anemission-free means of transport in Kolkata while the other tramsystems in India were phased out.

Indias oldest tram system in kolkat ta

Air system:

As of 2013, there are 346 civilian airports in India - 253 withpaved runways and 93 with unpaved runways. Of these, 66 arelicensed by the DGCA in the public use category while 21 arelicensed for private use. Most of these are managed by the AAIwhile the rest are owned by State Governments and privateentities. There are more than 20 international airports inIndia. Indira Gandhi International Airport , Delhi and ChhatrapatiShivaji International Airport , Mumbai handle more than a half ofthe air traffic in the country .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_tramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_tramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_tramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_tramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai


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I

India's busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic delhi

Ports and shipping system:

The ports are the main centres of trade. In India about 95% of theforeign trade by quantity and 70% by value takes place throughthe ports. . Mumbai Port & JNPT(Navi Mumbai ) handles 70% ofmaritime trade in India. There are twelve major

ports: NaviMumbai , Mumbai , Kochi, Kolkata (including Haldia ), Paradip , Visakhapatnam , Ennore , Chennai, Tuticorin , NewMangalore , Mormugao and Kandla . Other than these, there are187 minor and intermediate ports, 43 of which handle cargo .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNPThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNPThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNPThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennore_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennore_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennore_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuticorinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuticorinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuticorinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mangalore_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mangalore_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mangalore_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mangalore_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mangalore_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mangalore_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuticorinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennore_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNPThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Port


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Vishakapattinam seaport is one of the busiestports on the East Coast of India.

Waterways system: India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form

of rivers, canals , backwaters and creeks . The total navigablelength is 14,500 kilometers (9,000 mi), out of which about5,200 km (3,231 mi) of river and 485 km (301 mi) of canals can beused by mechanised crafts.

BOAT RIDE IN KOLKATTA HOOGLY RIVER
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_backwatershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_backwatershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_backwatershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_backwatershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal


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Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems and air conditioned buses have

been taken by the various state government to improve the bus

public transport systems in cities. Bus Rapid Transit systemsalready exist in Pune , Delhi , Ahmedabad , Mumbai and Jaipur . High Capacity buses can be found in citieslike Mumbai , Bengaluru , Nagpur and Chennai .

An air conditioned public bus in Bangalore

Vehicular Emission, Congestion, and RoadSafety Issues:

The transport sector is the major contributor to air pollution inurban India. Growing traffic and limited road space have reducedpeak-hour speeds to 5 to 10 kms per hour in the central areas ofmany major cities.

For example, at a speed of 75 kmph, emission of CO is 6.4gm/veh.- km, which increases by ve times to 33.0 gm/ veh. -km at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_Rapid_Transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_Rapid_Transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Bus_Rapid_Transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Bus_Rapid_Transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Bus_Rapid_Transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Bus_Rapid_Transit_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Bus_Rapid_Transit_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Bus_Rapid_Transit_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad_BRTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad_BRTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad_BRTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_BRTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_BRTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_BRTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur_BRTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur_BRTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur_BRTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur_BRTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_BRTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad_BRTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Bus_Rapid_Transit_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Bus_Rapid_Transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_Rapid_Transit


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a speed of 10 kmph. Similarly, emission of hydrocarbons, at thesame speeds, increases by 4.8 times from 0.93 to 4.47 gm/veh.-km.

Environmental issues and impact system:

The National capital New Delhi has one of the largest CNG basedtransport systems as a part of the drive to bring down pollution.

In spite of these efforts it remains the largest contributor to thegreenhouse gas emissions in the city. The CNG Bus manufacturersin India are Ashok Leyland, Tata Motors, Swaraj Mazda andHindustan Motors.

In 1998, the Supreme Court of India published a Directive thatspecified the date of April 2001 as deadline to replace or convertall buses, three-wheelers and taxis in Delhi to compressed naturalgas .

The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation was the firstState Transport Undertaking in India to utilise bio-fuels andethanol-blended fuels. KSRTC took an initiative to do research inalternative fuel forms by experimenting with variousalternatives blending diesel with biofuels such as honge, palm,sunflower, groundnut, coconut and sesame. In 2009, thecorporation decided to promote the use of biofuel buses.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas


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Delhi was one of the first cities in the World tointroduce CNG powered buses

URBAN EFFECT IN INDIA 2011
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URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Conclusions:

Transport systems are among the various factors a ff ecting thequality of life and safety in a city. The urban transport situation inlarge cities in India is deteriorating. The deterioration is moreprevalent in metropolitan cities where there is an exces- siveconcentration of vehicles.

Commuters in these cities are faced with acute road congestion,rising air pollution, and a high level of accident risk. Theseproblems cannot be solved without a concise and cogent urbantransport strategy.

The main objective of such a strategy should be to provide andpromote sustainable high-quality links for people by improvingthe e fficiency and e ff ectiveness of t he citys transport systems.


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urban and rural transport system

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