urban development in the netherlands · university of birmingham field trip 21 | 40 dutch urban...

12-4-2017

Challenge the future

DelftUniversity ofTechnology

Urban Developmentin the Netherlands

Dr Erwin Heurkens MSc

Department of Management in the Built Environment

Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment

University of Birmingham Field Trip | 4 April 2017

12-4-2017



Outline Presentation

Today’s Programme

Dutch and UK Planning System Comparison

Dutch Urban Development

3University of Birmingham Field Trip | 40

Today’s programmeTuesday - Delft

Morning (9.00-12.00)• Lecture – Dr Erwin Heurkens, Dutch/UK Planning Systems• Lecture – Dr Erwin Heurkens, Urban Development Netherlands• Lecture – Dr Tom Daamen, City Ports Rotterdam

Afternoon (12.00-16.30)• Guided tour/lunch - Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment• Lecture – Els van der Riet, Municipality of Delft• Guided tour – Spoorzone Delft (transit-oriented development)

12-4-2017



Dutch and UK Planning System Comparison

Institutional contexts

UK Planning system

Dutch Planning system


Dutch and UK Planning SystemInstitutional context: welfare-economic principles


Dutch and UK Planning SystemInstitutional context: governance principles


Dutch and UK Planning SystemInstitutional context: spatial planning principles


Dutch and UK Planning SystemInstitutional context: spatial planning systems


Dutch and UK Planning SystemInstitutional context: planning systems


Planning SystemsEuropean ‘models’


UK Planning System

“The system of planning and development in England is strongly shaped by the understanding that most development is undertaken by private interests or by public bodies acting very much like private interests. The planning system generally seeks to shape private sector development proposals.”

Nadin et al. (2008)

Policy/land use management


UK Planning System

• Regulating land use through strategic and local plans

• Indicative plans and performance criteria to mitigate conflicting interests

• Policies are not binding but negotiable (discretionary)

• Land-use plans are not binding, but give direction by setting objectives

Policy/land use management


UK Planning SystemLocal governments and spatial planning system

https://www.mlit.go.jp


Dutch Planning SystemComprehensive/integrated/strategic

• Traditionally implemented comprehensive national spatial policies as exemplified by the creation of polders following the flood of 1916 and delta plan subsequent to the flood of 1953.

• Efforts on spatial planning date back to the Housing Act (Woningwet) of 1901. From 1960, government began to publish its spatial policy, range from the development of growth centers outside the Metropolitan area and market-oriented urban policies.

• Regional disparities have been very limited. The country decided in 2006 to end traditional regional policies and place emphasis on supporting regions that contribute to national economic development in order to enhance its competitiveness and promote innovation.


Dutch Planning SystemLocal governments and spatial planning system

https://www.mlit.go.jp


policy

zoning

strategy

economic investment

Italy

France

Netherlands

England

China

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Dutch Urban Development

Principles

Examples Projects

Recent Changes


Dutch Urban DevelopmentDefinitions

• “Urban area development is the art of connecting functions, disciplines, actors, interests and finance, in order to (re)develop an urban area.” (De Zeeuw, 2007)

• “Urban area development is the active intervention by local authorities and other actors in cities through the development of areas.” (Van ‘t Verlaat, 2008)

• “Urban area development refers to a set of concrete material interventions within a geographically bounded area.”

(Daamen, 2010)

e.g. Comprehensive/integrated approach: ‘joining up’


Dutch Urban DevelopmentFocus: Scale & Aspects

Spatial planning

Urban area development

Real estate development

Law

Econ

omic

sO

rgan

isat

ion

Aspects

Man

agem

ent

Polit

ics

Fina

nce


Dutch Urban Development‘Art of Connecting’

• Different development phases: initiative, plan development, realisation, maintenance

• Different professional domains:policy, spatial planning, design, law, business administration, technology, economics, marketing, property development, management etc.

• Different market circumstances: demand & supply, economic growth & decline

• Different political & societal context: political sensitive projects, demographical situation


Dutch Urban DevelopmentDevelopment Process

• Initiative phase: sense of urgency, formulation vision, key objectives, quality level, public tender, intention & cooperation agreements

• Planning/finance phase: spatial plan, land issues, feasibility study, public approval, realisation agreement

• Realisation phase: public/private investment, project management

• Operation phase: project exploitation (return on investment)

area

initiative

plan

ning

/fin

ance

realisation

oper

atio

n


Dutch Urban DevelopmentManagement of the Development Process

• Who’s in charge? Depends…• Number of factors, related to local circumstances:

political context, scale & importance project, land ownership situation, labour & financial capabilities, involved risks, profitability, development phase etc.

• Determines public & private roles & relations(tasks & responsibilities, risks & revenues)

• Determines choice Public Private Partnership

• Every Urban Development project asks for tailor-made approach


Dutch Urban DevelopmentFurther reading!


Examples VINEX ProjectsLeidsche Rijn, Utrecht


Examples VINEX ProjectsWateringseveld, Den Haag


Examples VINEX ProjectsWaalsprong, Nijmegen


Examples Key ProjectsZuidas, Amsterdam


Examples Key ProjectsCentral Station, Rotterdam


Examples Key ProjectsCentral Station, Utrecht


Examples Other ProjectsKop van Zuid, Rotterdam


Examples Other ProjectsRoombeek, Enschede


Examples Other ProjectsPaleiskwartier, Den Bosch


RecentChangesGovernance

(Heurkens, 2012)


Recent ChangesMarket circumstances & government

• Market circumstances:o Office, retail market – over supplyo Residential market recovering – high demand Randstado ‘Demand-driven’ ‘user-oriented’ urban development

• Role government: o Central government: further decentralisation, no central visiono Regional government: coordination tasks provinceso Local government: financial deficits, less active land policy

‘Move towards a facilitating government’ (Heurkens, 2012)


Recent ChangesMarket actors & civil organisations

• Role market actors:o Developers: current focus on survival, demand-driven development o Investors: focus on other European cities (and elsewhere)o Corporations: increased interest & investment in cities

• Role citizens:o Communities: increased importance of local initiativeso Entrepreneurs: taking more local responsibility

‘Move towards private sector-led urban development projects’ (Heurkens, 2012)


Recent ChangesPrivate sector-led urban development

(Heurkens, 2017)


Conclusions

• Dutch and UK Planning System:o Dutch: comprehensive/integrated or strategic orientationo UK: land use management or policy orientationo Similarities: market-oriented systemso Differences: stronger formal public role in Dutch plan system

• Dutch Urban Development:o Various eras of urban projects to realise central government goalso Strategic and design/urbanism-oriented urban projectso Municipal ‘active land policies’ towards ‘facilitative land use policies’o Towards a stronger role of market and civil actors: private-led

12-4-2017



Field Trip Background Information

Context for both cities

Delft

Rotterdam


Contact Information

Dr Erwin Heurkens MScAssistant Professor Urban Development Management

TU Delft | Faculty of Architecture & Built EnvironmentDepartment of Management in the Built EnvironmentJulianalaan 134 | 2628 BL Delft

Email [email protected] eheurkensWebsite http://www.erwinheurkens.comDissertation http://abe.tudelft.nl

urban development in the netherlands · university of birmingham field trip 21 | 40 dutch urban...

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