Urban Dynamics and Ecosystem Services: A Case Study ofNCT of DelhiSakshi Godara, imanshu !ishra and "# $# %andeyDepartment of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007&ntroductionNatural resources, including materials, ater, energy and fertile land, are the !asis forour life on Earth" #oever, humanity$s rapidly groing consumption of theseresources is causing severe damage" %ur climate is changing& fresh ater reserves,fish stoc's and forests are shrin'ing& fertile land is !eing destroyed and species are!ecoming e(tinct" )n order to continue to thrive on this planet, our lifestyles ill needto !ecome more sustaina!le, so that e are a!le to protect our natural resource !aseand the fragile eco-systems on our planet" Ur!anlandcover* landusechangesareverydynamicinnatureandhaveto!emonitored at regular intervals for sustaina!le environment development" +e are today,confronted ith idespread land degradation, ground ater im!alances, impaired soilhealth and contamination of food and environmental pollution etc" Sustaina!leur!ani,ation promotes the concept of access and e-uity of resources andsafety*security to all its inha!itants" Unprecedented groth of )ndian cities in terms ofdemographyandspacehasgivenrisetovariouspro!lemsrelatedtour!ani,ation".lmost all cities and tons here are facing acute pro!lems of rural-ur!an migration,lac'ofur!angovernance, transportcrisis,ur!anpoverty,increasingrateofcrime,high density living, pollution of air and ater, insufficient /o! opportunities etc" ithvarying scale and intensity" So it can !e said that current ur!an form is unsustaina!leandeconomicallyunproductiveandthereisanimmediateneedtohaveintegratedecosystem ith proper ur!an land use planning in order to have e-uili!rium and toma'e Delhi a sustaina!le city"Study Area. significant facet of )ndian ur!ani,ation has !een greater concentration of populationinmetropolitancities, especiallyintherecent years" Delhi is oneof thefastestgroing cities in the country" )t is considered to !e the second largest metropolitancity ne(t to 0um!ai ith appro(imately 11,723,432 people delling in Ne Delhi,accordingto5ensus4011" Delhi, theNational 5apital 6erritory7N568, has!eenemerged as a gigantic magnet, attracting people not only from the pro(imate states of#aryana" 9a/asthanandUttar :radesh!ut alsofromthefar-flungregions of thecountry !y offering diverse scope for employment and opportunities"6heNational 5apital 6erritoryofDelhi coverstotal areaof1;" 6he migration process continued to the city ever since partition"6he folloing ta!le shos the trend of migration in Delhi from 1@@1 to 1@@@"YearEstimatedMid-YearPopulationIncreasedPopulationOver PreviousYearTotalNaturalIncreaseMigration Birth Death2001 139.13 - - - - -6a!le 4C 6rend of 0igration in Delhi !eteen 4001 and 4011 7ila'hs82002 141.83 2.70 3.01 0.86 2.15 0.552003 144.58 2.75 3.01 0.88 2.13 0.622004 147.39 2.81 3.06 0.85 2.21 0.602005 150.25 2.86 3.24 0.94 2.30 0.562006 153.16 2.91 3.23 0.99 2.24 0.672007 156.13 2.97 3.22 1.01 2.21 0.762008 159.16 3.03 3.34 1.08 2.26 0.772009 162.25 3.09 3.54 1.12 2.42 0.672010 165.40 3.15 3.59 1.24 2.35 0.802011 168.60 3.20 3.54 1.12 2.42 0.78Source: SourceC httpC**delhi"gov"in*Do)6From the table 2 we can say that, the estimates of migration in Delhi are based onbirthanddeathratesandtotal increaseinpopulation. It canbeobservedthat thepercentage of migration was 24.38 per cent in 2011, while the percentage of naturalgrowth in 2011 was 75.63 per cent. In absolute terms, natural increase in populationduring2011was 2.42lakh, whereas migrationhas beenestimatedat 0.78lakh.Meanwhile the table given below shows the percentage of migration taken place fromvarious States in Delhi during Census period 2001-2011:Table 3: Migration from Different States (2001-11)State Percentage of Migration TakenPlaceUttar Pradesh 43.13Bihar 13.63Haryana 10.43Rajasthan 5.16Punjab 4.81West Bengal 3.22Madhya Pradesh 1.90Others 17.72Source:http://censusindia.gov.in/Land Uses in DelhiLand use is the utility of land for various purposes by human beings like agriculture,industrial, residential, recreational and other purpose. In other words, it is use of landby human beings. Land use has received considerable attention since the 1968 and1971 under Town and Country Planning Acts, and local authorities are now requiredto make annual returns of land use change in their areas. To ensure comparability, aNational Land Use Classification (NLUC) has been developed and some authoritieshave also developed their schemes.As Albert Guttenberg (1959) wrote many years ago, Land use is a key term in thelanguage of city planning. Commonly, political jurisdictions will undertake land useplanning and regulate the use of land in an attempt to avoid land use conflicts. Landuse plans are implemented through land division and use ordinances and regulations,such as zoning regulations.Land use and land management have become important for the urban ecosystem dueto inevitable process of urbanization in National Capital Territory. Change in land usetakes place through two ways:1. Natural areas like water bodies and forestland etc. are converted forhabitation and industrial activities.2. Agricultural areas are converted for the township development andhabitation.The pattern of land use in Delhi was influenced considerably by the implementation(albeit partial) of the Delhi Development Authoritys 20-year (196281) master plan.Broadly, public and semi-public land use was concentrated in the Central Secretariatarea of New Delhi and in the Old Secretariat area in the Civil Lines, with subsidiarycentres developing in the Indraprastha Estate (an office complex) in the east and inRamakrishnapuram (an office-cum-residence complex) in the south. A large numberof small manufacturing establishments have entrenched themselves in almost everypart ofOldDelhi, but themainindustrial areashavegravitatedtowardNajafgarhRoad in the west and the large planned Okhla Industrial Estate in the south. Land forcommercial use is found mainly in the Chandni Chowk and Khari Baoli areas, in thenorth; in the Sadar Bazar of Old Delhi; in the Ajmal Khan Road area of Karol Bagh inwesternDelhi; aroundConnaught PlaceinNewDelhi; andintheareasofLajpatNagar andSarojini Nagar inthesouth. Anumber of district andlocal shoppingcentres have developed in other localities.The total area of Delhi was 1487 sq. kms. in 1992. About half of total area i.e. 52%wasagricultureat that time. Theresidential landuseisclassifiedinhighdensityresidential, medium density residential and low density residential which has about10%, 8% and 7% of total area respectively in above mentioned classes. Villages wereuniformly distributed all over the area. They are mainly distributed in the western andnorth part of the area. Total population of Delhi in 1991 was 9,420,637 residing over39507.487 hectares of urban area in 1992.Land use land cover change analysis Land cover map of 1989 and 2011 is shown in the Figure 3. Classified map of 1989 isshowing settlement in the eastern part of the Delhi city concentrated around the waterchannel of the region. It is expanding in all directions to the north, south and west.Eastern part of the built up area has already been occupied by the settlement exceptfor a very small portion and is blocked by the boundary of Delhi. Areas in the northand west have cover of maximum dense vegetation while sparse vegetation is foundin the southern part mainly and mixed with dense vegetation and settlement in otherregions. Figure 2: Land use - land cover maps of 1989 and 2011 Source: Singh B and Singh J, Int. Res. J. Earth Sci.Itisevidentfromtheclassifiedmapof2011(Fig.2)thatthebuiltupareashaveincreasedtoagreaterextent than1989asmost oftheDelhi metropolitanareaispresentlyoccupiedbysettlements. Vegetationhas decreasedtoalargeextent toprovide more area for urban expansion. The major vegetation loss due to urbanizationis seen in the western, northern and southern boundary of Delhi during that particulartime span. Major portion of Delhi is dominated by the land use class built up area asfoundfromthe2011imageanalysis, andalsogradual decreaseinvegetationandfallowlandsinthesurroundingareaofthecityobserved(Fig. 3). Thelandcoverstatistics of year 1989 and 2011 is given in the Table-4 which shows the sequence ofchange of individual land cover type over the period of 22 years. Table 4: Land use land cover statistics Source: Singh B and Singh J, Int. Res. J. Earth SciUrban or built up area of 1989 was only 25.17% which has increased to 45.18% in2011 showing rapid rate of urbanization during last two decades. Dense vegetationhasdecreasedfrom31.73%in1989to22.47%in2011andsparsevegetationhasreduced from 37.40% in 1989 to 29.37% in 2011. ThiskindofurbanexpansionisobviousduetothecontinuousmigrationtowardsDelhi from the surrounding regions and other states. Similarly, fallow/waste land hasalso diminished gradually from 3.69% in 1989 to 1.97% in 2011 and water body from2.02% in 1989 to 1.01% in 2011, indicating relatively slower rate of conversion lasttwo decades. With the rapid expansion of greater Delhi in the surrounding rural setup, vegetation is expected to be more diminishing nature. FUEL CONSUMPTION IN DELHIBuel efficiency or Buel Economy is the energy efficiency of a vehicle, e(pressed asthe ratio of distance travelled per unit of fuel consumed in 'm*liter" Buel efficiencydepends on many parameters of a vehicle, including its engine parameters,aerodynamic drag, eight, and rolling resistance" #igher the value of fuel efficiency,the more economical a vehicle is 7i"e", the more distance it can travel ith a certainvolumeoffuel8" Buelefficiencyalsoaffectstheemissionsfromthevehicles"Buelconsumptionisthereciprocal ofBuel Efficiency"#ence, it may!edefinedastheamount of fuel used per unit distance, e(pressed in liters*100'm" ?oer is the value offuel consumption, more economical is the vehicle" 6hat is less amount of fuel ill !eused to travel a certain distance"-uel Consum.tion in DelhiDelhi shoed a decline in fuel consumption over the last 3 years" Buel is*as mostlyconsumed !y pu!lic transport" +ith the shift to 5NG for most of them, reduction indiesel consumption as e(pected" Delhi Statistical #and!oo' 4013 released recentlyindicates that the diesel consumption reduced from 10"@< la'h tones in 400@-10 to10"37 la'h tones !y 4014-13" :etrol slid from