urban landscape
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Urban Landscape. Notes to Handouts (08-09 version). I. What is a settlement?. I. The ‘ what ’ and ‘ where ’ of settlements - site, location (situation), size, form, structure, morphology, function, quality of environment, households, people and interaction. II. Types of settlements. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Urban Landscape
Notes to Handouts (08-09 version)
I. What is a settlement?I. What is a settlement?
I. The ‘what’ and ‘where’ of settlements- site, location (situation), size, form, structure,
morphology, function, quality of environment, households, people and interaction
II. Types of settlementsII. Types of settlements
What is an urban settlement? How is it different from a rural settlement?
a. Functional definition of urban settlementb. Statistical definition of urban settlement- Why is it difficult to set a universal minimum size
of an urban settlement?- Refer to ‘Urban Data 2008’- Refer to T.B. p.388-389, 392-397, 516-517
Comparing north & south in the USA
Comparing north & south in the USA
Not all types of society will develop an urban structure. There was, for a long period, a marked contrast between the economies of the northern & southern regions of the young USA.
II. Types of settlementsII. Types of settlements
- Settlement patterns: Causes of dispersion and nucleation: T.B. p.397
Nearest neighbour analysis: T.B. p.402-404 Interaction / gravity models: T.B. p.410-411
III. Urban ProcessesIII. Urban Processes
Urban growth - trends and distribution (refer to fact notes ‘Urban Data 2008’, T.B. p.418-419) Urbanization - it is not simply a matter of an increasing % of people liv
ing in towns and cities - it is a multi-dimenstional process involving: physical, economic, social and demographic changes
(refer to notes p. 3)
III. Urban ProcessesIII. Urban Processes
Urbanization
- On demographic level, urbanization involves two processes:
(1) natural increase
(2) migration (with push and pull factors)
The average size of the world’s 100 largest cities,
1800-2000
The average size of the world’s 100 largest cities,
1800-2000
The growth of large urban areas (cities) has been especially notable over the last 50 years.
World mega-citiesWorld mega-cities
The recent feature of urbanization: the emergence of mega-cities with populations of over 5 million.
III. Urban ProcessesIII. Urban Processes
Urbanization
- The rate of natural increase in cities are often significantly higher than those in more rural areas. Why?
(1) Higher fertility rate in urban areas due to a low age profile
(2) Which is often the result of migration, esp. rural-urban migration (highly selective) – do ex.
III. Urban ProcessesIII. Urban Processes
What are the processes and features of urbanization? (notes p.3)
How did the % of the worlds’ urban population change with time? (notes p.3 & ‘Urban Data 2008)
III. Urban ProcessesIII. Urban Processes
The proportion of world population living in urban areas (notes p.4)
Proportion by different continents
No. of cities with > 1 million people, 1800-2000
No. of cities with > 1 million people, 1800-2000
Region 1800 1900 1950 2000
Africa 0 0 0 34
Asia 1 3 26 136
Europe 0 9 30 61
Latin America 0 0 7 39
North America 0 4 14 36
Oceania 0 0 2 5
Total 2 16 81 311
Source: Advanced Geography Edexcel (A), 2005, p. 461
Distribution of the world’s100 largest cities, 1800-2000
Distribution of the world’s100 largest cities, 1800-2000
Region 1800 1900 1950 2000
Africa 4 2 3 6
Asia 64 23 32 44
Europe 29 51 37 19
Latin America 3 5 8 16
North America 0 16 18 13
Oceania 0 2 2 2
Total 100 99 100 100
Source: Advanced Geography Edexcel (A), 2005, p. 461
Urbanization in the developed countriesUrbanization in the
developed countries1. The invention of agricultural machinery2. Improvement in transport3. Development of new manufacturing industries4. Attractiveness of urban life
Counter-urbanizationCounter-urbanization
It is a trend that involves the movement of people and enterprises out of urban areas to more rural areas.
The trend experienced by UK after 1950s:- 1. improved transport
- 2. a decline in the heavy industries which had
been concentrated in a few areas
- 3. a greater development of services which
favoured edge-of-city environments
Reurbanization since 1980sReurbanization since 1980sthe return of people to the cities is directional in naturewith majority of movement happens in the inner citieswhich formerly suffer from dereliction and unemploymentthe scale of return is large and impose an obvious effect
within the city, both positive and negativethe return is particularly significant in large cities, especi
ally global cities in MEDCswhere population has grown rapidly
Reurbanization in most MEDC cities in the 1990s
Reurbanization in most MEDC cities in the 1990s
the recognition of an urgent need to revive & redevelop
flagging city / central city areasa response to the changing world economy:
globalizationeffect of switching employment structure, from
manufacturing industry to service industrythe derelict part of the cities, mainly the inner part, usu.
captures the awareness of the government
Reurbanization in most MEDC cities in the 1990s
Reurbanization in most MEDC cities in the 1990s
major aims: to stop the loss of population & employment,
improve housing stock and upgrade the city image
ultimate goal: to attract the mobile, global investment
case study in UK (1) - Birmingham
case study in UK (1) - Birmingham the principal area of development:
- the derelict areas in the NE part of the city Heartlands initiative:
- developing office space within the city other city projects:
- building an international convention centre, national indoor arena, etc. aiming at the creation of a safe, profitable and pleasure environment through ‘growth coalition’, several flagship schemes have been promoted.
case study in UK (2) - Nottingham
case study in UK (2) - Nottingham revival of the past textile centre into an important centr
e for financial & business pulling down small workshops to create more office spa
ce and space for houses renovation of the historic Lace Market redevelopment of the Borad Marsh and Trinity Square s
hopping areas, crating a further 77 000 sq. metre for retail space
further investment on key city centre sitesdev’t of national & international sports facilities – the N
ational Ice Centre, the National Water Sports Centre & the Nottingham International Tennis Centre
Urbanization in the less developed countries
Urbanization in the less developed countries
in the stage of concurrent urban growth & urbanization
impacts under the withdrawal of the colonial administration
‘over-urbanization’‘pseudo-urbanization’other factors for the rapid process (notes p.6)a case study of China (notes p.6)
Urban and rural population, 1950-2030
Urban and rural population, 1950-2030
With projected values to 2030
Think about itThink about it
What about the recent trend and prediction of China’s urbanization?
What are the driving force of rural-urban migration in China?
Urbanization in ChinaUrbanization in ChinaTotal population at the end of 2006: 1.3 billion, with 737 million (56%) and 577 million (44%) residing in the rural a
nd urban areas respectively. About 94% of population lives on approximately 46% of land.Recent trend: the decreasing rural population and increasing urba
n population; moving industry and economic activities from the rural to urban areas as the main focus
The UN forecast: By 2015, China's rural and urban population will be about 50% vs 50%]
In the long term, China faces increasing urbanization: by 2035 – the level of urbanization will reach 70%
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
3 driving forces for China’s rural-urban migration
3 driving forces for China’s rural-urban migration
1. the widening income gap between rural & urban areas2. the increasing labour demand in centain economic se
ctors of the big cities e.g. construction, electronics & textiles, services3. the further agricultural modernization & therefore the
agricultural labour surplus
Source: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/ChinaFood/argu/trends/trend_30.htm
Recommended Reference:Recommended Reference:
Rural-urban Migration in China: Recent Trend and Future Challenges