Urban Recreational Riverfronts:Successful Revitalisation Elements

Ha zreena Hussein

Department of ArchitectureFacult y of Built Environment

University of Malaya

Abstract

This research identifies characteristics, which are the Theme, Iden tity, Functions and Au thenticityof some current riverfront developments, mainly focusing in urban a reas. The study began withthe evolution of an urban riverfront' , includi ng under standing how early settlem ents werees tablished along the rivers, later forming the 10 WIl, leadi ng to the present day cities and theirinherent traditional urban culture value . Case s tudies se lected were from Sou th East As ia wi thinSingapore and Sarawak in Malaysia . These examples w ill then be compared with London andBos ton, USA. Much attention will be given to paying high respect to the cities' character and toackno wledg ing the historical and cultural background of the city wh ere they are se t by scrutinisingtheircharacteristics. The conclusion will be systematically analysed on des ign e lements and carefulconsiderations through design p lanning and sensitive appr oaches.

Keywords: Urball Rioerjront Reuitalisn iion,Theme, Idelltify, Functions, Allfhellticity

IntroductionThe concept of la n d sca pe a rch itec tur ehas long existed in Malays ia . However,the profess ion was almos t unheard ofuntil th e late seven ties, w he n th e firstgroup of landscape architects eme rgedupon graduation from universit ies abroad.The pro fession als we re quick to respondto the im pac t of urban is a tio n a ndind ustriali sa tion, which ca lled for acon tribution from landscape architects, asstewards of the environment.

In Malaysia, the evo lu tion of designon land or even at the edge of wa ter can beinte rpreted from her socia l history. With theadvent of in terna tiona l influence and theconcern of the environment, local authoritieshave s tressed the importance of lan dscap erevitalisation in every project ap proved. Forexample, the British brought the concep t of

urban green, city parks, resort landscapesand national parks to the then Malaya. Oneof the aspects which are expe riencing thelandscape ou tgrowth is Ihe urban riverfrontrevi talisa tion . Realising the problems thatcould arise from rapi d urbanisation, thelocal and city council in Malaysia, underth e Ho usi ng Min istry is e m p hasisi nglandscape design w ith a new to wn shipdev elopmen ts as well as the potential use ofurbanriverfronts.

Based on the topog raphy a ndhistori cal significance, most of the majorcities and towns in Malaysia arc situated on

1 Urban Riverfront means a dynamic area whereci ties engage their shore lines; Concise OxfordDictionary.

2 River means a copiou s stream of wa ter flowing inchannel to sea or lake or ano ther river; ConciseOxford Dictionary.

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loumn!of Design and tim Built Environment

the water ed ge. The co un try also has anu mber of rive rs wit h grea t poten tial forwea lthy recreation. For example, the SebanaCove in the coasta l area of )ohore has beendeveloped on mangrove, where a naturalarea ncar the citycentre was made accessibleand environmen tal friend ly. This model istypicalof the response the world has towardsthe popularity of the recreational riverfronts.

For a success fu l urban riverfron trevitalisation, the identification of charactersas mentioned in the abs tract is essential.With thi s cons ideration, the a im of theresearch is to es tablish a comparativ e studybetween the eas tand west urban riverfronts,namely the historical background; heritageand culture values. In order to achieve thisaim, the following objectives are formulated :1. To de velop an understanding of rivers

to the respective towns; and2. .To iden ti fy th e charac teris tics o f

successful riverfront revitalisation inurban areas.

Res ea rch M ethodologySeve ra l methods are being em p loyed inmeeting these objectives. Data and evidencewe re collected by the usc of two methodsthat are th e literature surveys andquestionnaires.

The resea rch began by obta inin greliable information from literature of relatedtop ics to provide the au tho r w ith th eunderstanding of urban ri verfrontrev italisatio n in fonnulating a pe rsonalknow ledge on the characteristics in relationto design. Italso assisted to develop researchskills in identifying the keywords and tocons truct questionnaire surveys.

Data co llec tions fr om lite raturerev iews were found from recommendedbooks,journals and research reports, Mastersand PhD Thes is. O ther im por ta ntin format ion was ob ta ined by sea rchingthrough the Internet webpages that provedparticu la rly useful in cas es where such

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informa tion would not be suff icien tlyava ilable in library books or maga zinearticles. Here lies one of the most significantadvantages of using theInternet:informationon all kinds of topics is available on aworldwide basis and it is regularly updated.

The target groups for questionnairewere limited to designers and the client'. Thequery w as designed to include ' op en 'questions, wher e respondents we re free towor d their answers the wa y they really felt.It was believed that the answers to 'open'ques tions could ind ica te relevant insightsinto aspects the author wa nted to know butmight not have thought to ask.

According to Sproull (1995), amongother advantages of 'open ende d' questionsis tha t,

'Tiley call elici t creative andtor originalinjormation and call add lIew injormationwlleuthere is little existing information about tllistopic' [Sproull, p202-203)

Ano ther type of query included lis ts ofpossible answers of which at least one mu stbe ticked .The author found that respond entsalways completed this typ e of question asthey required minimum amount of time tofill in.

Ana lysing the information gatheredwas begun while s ti ll co llec ting them,especially regard ing the litera ture sea rchbecause the collection wa s continued untilthe last s tage of the research.

S ta te men t of R es earch ConstraintsThe Landscape Architecture Periodical, inFebru ary 1991 issue d iscu ssed the topic'Forum Waterfron ts' . In the discussion,Tacha, a sculptor, designer ofwaterfront sitesand a professor of a rt a t Oberlin Collegequoted , ' ll llt il water becomes as sacredtllrollgllout tileworldas it is in lndia, wewill llotdevelop a proper riuerfron! solution',

) Source of clients can be found at the end of thisarticle.

The above statement is a reflection ofthe importance in total water management,in particular to the conservation of thenatural resources. Due to lack ofunderstanding about the built environmentin combination with the rivers and thenatural environment, rivers all around theglobe are being abused and neglected.Furthermore, she stressed in specific the needfor public accessibility in relation to thecommunity and people with disabilities inparticular, closer to the water.

Eskew, the principle of Eskew FilsonArchitects in New Orleans also supportedthe discussion. He stated, 'I haue found tha!really what is 1II0re potoerful is access to tirewater's edge... ifyou can get people togo to tirewater, tire poetry is ill theedge'.

Therefore, it is necessary toincorporate the above factor in designingthe urban riverfronts but more importantlythe real need to provide continuousliveliness throughout the year.

Maim, the author of the book Rivers illtire City also moderated the discussion. Hementioned 'Cities need toplan and buildfro111

theoutset ill a 1II0re enriching, enabling waysothatactivitycall bebuilt lipto its proper peak illtire early years ofallY waterfront project'.

Based on the statement above, it hasshown that the concept of mixed usedevelopment is the ideal, i.e. maximumactivities are generated on riverfront sites.The facilities to be incorporated arerestaurants, hotels, marinas andpromenades. Along with that, sportsactivities should also be included. Besidesboosting the tourism industry, the propertyvalue of such developed areas will beincreased.

It is understandable that water playsan important psychological role to people.Users, especially children are consciouslyinvited to use and enjoy the rivers. Obvioushazards should be avoided. Action shouldnever extend to destroying essentialcharacteristics in the interests of safety or toprohibit access to it.

Urban Recrcatiouat Riterfronts

Evolution of the Urban RiverfrontThe historical milestone of urban riverfrontdevelopment can be divided into six eras(Mann, 1973):

1. First Riverfront Settlement (2000BC-lOOAD)

The process started with the river as the mainsource of transportation for travellers andgoods. The growth of society continued alongthe river edge but the riverfront at the time .was not one of the perquisites for the city'sbirth. This phase of history shows thesignificance of initial association betweenrivers and people (refer figure 1).

Figure 1:River was the most important

means of transportation for domesticand trade.

2. Middle Ages (lOOAD-1600AD)Travellers sailing along the river started tosettle down along the river edge. Colonisingalong the riverbank may also have been forsafety factor because the rest of the zone .wasstill filled with dense forest. The riverprovided water resource for daily uses andtrading operations (refer figure 2).

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[ourna! of Design and 11m Built El/virOlllllel/t

Figure 2:Rivers became a primary criterion

for city development.

3. Renaissance (1600AD -1800AD)The colony sta rted to grow. Trees were cutdown and land cleared for expansion.Business related to the river activityexpanded and the river transformed into afocal point (refer figure 3).

Figure 3:When the city began to develop,

the river became a necessity.4. Industrialisation (1800AD -1975)The small settlement developed into townsand buildings were erected along the riverto cater to trading activities.Structures, suchas warehouses were built facing the river.The area was turning into a bu sy businessdistrict (refer figure 4).

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BD DD° 11,

.­...-! I_I •••• I" , /..-- •._ '-l-~ .."

Figure 4:Continuous development established in the

perception of rivers as public open spacecorridors.

5. Decline of Riverfront (1975 -1990)As time prog ressed, bet ter means o ftransportation were introduced. Roadwaysand rail networks were built for a morepractical mode of transportation (refer figure5).

- - '- 'O ··[]"··············o. .' .~ .- -"1.: '_I'.jJ.1I

Figure 5:Better transportation has provided easieraccess resulting in the river 's decl ine as a

form of communica tion .

6. Renewal of Riverfront (1990- presentday)

The new buildings erection andcommunities started to approach thetechnology. New development was based onthe accessibility factor. The city began to turntheir backs from the river and the river inturn was beginning to be neglected. It wasregarded as the back alley of the growingci ty. Earlier bui ld ings and tradit ionalsettlements remain along the riverfronttogether with the polluted river (refer figure6).

~ . ---.-. -;--

Figure 6:The river was regarded as the back alley of

the developing city, which is a starting poin tin the abandonment of riverfronts .

Approach to the Urban RiverfrontRevitalisationThe river must be enlivened, expressingcharacters and qua lities by contributing aunique image to the city, as the focal point oflocation an d identification to users. Theurban riverfront mu st be accessible in apleasant way and secure at all time for usersbesides providing tourist attractions andsocial activities.

Hoyle et al (1988) in their referencework, Reoitallsing Tile WalelfrO/zI state that,'Tileslow deuelopment of restaurtints, pubeandother meeting places ill tile lIew port zonesalsoCOllIributes to the desire of personnel to remainill a centrallij located area. Tile umterfront isbecoming 1II0re accessibleand attractiue to thepublic as maritime museums, aquariums,restaurants, waterfront parks andmarinas',

Hall, P. (1993)in his book Wate/frollts:A New FrontierforCitiesall Water explainedthe constraints of traffic and provision fordifferent groups. 'Waterfront access, acriticalfactor isoftellpoor because of II igllways,bridgesorrailroad tracks. Differellt grollps liaoe differentperceptions of tile ideal umterfront. The[ormerdock workers umni to see a return to tile oldecollomy, some cOlIIlIIlI/lity activist need touisualnon-profit nses such as greell parks andcommunitsj centres, toliite commercial developersare interested i ll maximising commercialpotential' ,

Urba» Recreational Riuerfronts

According to Breen (1996), the designcriteria ofsuccessful urban riverfront designcan be ca tegorised into three detail aspects:Public Accessi b ili ty, A ttr ac tions andIntegration.

1. Public AccessibilityAccess should allow users to commuteeasily between the riverfront esplanade andthe city centre. However, office blocks orapartments often restrict pedestrian entranceto the riverfront (refer figure 7). River fron taccess is of two types that are the physicaland visual. Physical access to the river mustbe direct and prominen t. Visual entr y on theother, is seeing that it is there and a sense ofinviting should be subtle.

L- _

Figure 7:Constrain ts imp osed by highways, ra il

networks and tall s truc tures mus t be broughtunder control so that the river as a public

treasure is enhanced. The obstacle betweenbanks, imposed by the rive r width can be

eliminated by designs of wa lkways, bridgesand water transport.

The public accessibility factor can beclassified into three main aspects, i.e.Pedestrian, Vehicular and Visua l Corridor.

a. PedestrianPedestrian linkages through bridges andcontinuous promenade along the river areexamples of connection to access theriverfront (refer figure 8).

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]ollmal of Design and tim Built Enuironment

Figure S:Continuous and accessible promenade

along the river.

b. VehicularRoad can be a physical barrier, obs tructingthe direct access of pedestrian to the river.However, road networks also contri bute forpeople who trav el by land tran sportation.Thus, convenient and adequate parking isvital (refer figure 9).

----- -~ --------- - --

Figure 9:Road networks must be kept away form the

rive r edge.

c. Visual CorridorThe purpose of visual corridors is to providevisual linkage between the existing urbanfabric and the new development, whichex tends fro m the city cen tre and regaincontact with the riverfront itself (refer figure10).

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Fig ure 10:Visual continuity between the existing city

and the new development.

2. AttractionsRivers offer inherent fascina tion of sound,coolness of water and historical values. Amore conscientio us effor t should be ap pliedto accommodate much more varieties withdiversities in uses and activities. The newrole of river will be as an amenity corridorwith the potential for exhibition, recreation,leisure, relaxation and retreat. The urbanrecreational rive rfront has a high po tentialto become a foca l point. This conceptunderlines the structuring of space intoaccessible nodes, characterised by areaswhere users can socialise.

3. IntegrationThis concept involves the integration withthe city and the continuity of experience. Thedevelopment plan sho uld include the rive ras the extension of town continuous withuses, visua l connections and land marks. Forexample, open spaces. Open space is definedas an interval of distance between two places,i.e. between the city and the riverfront. Thisis a v it a l cont r ibution for th e urbanrecreational riverfront where warehouses,which have no further use for the riverfrontcan be used to create an open recreationalspace.

The follo w ing fou r case s tud iessummarise how these aspects can be appliedin design and planning purposes. Theauthor noted four main clements needed to

crea te a successful urban recrea tio na lriverfront that is Theme" Image ' (Identity),Au thenticity' and Function.

According to Tor re (1989) in his book,WaterJrolltDeuelopmenl, 'NomatterIIOW unique0 1' exciting is a riuerfront deuelopntent, it callollly be successfu l of it [unction» 011 all levels.From reg/DI m/access and circulation toadeqllatel'III'killg capacity toensealld comfon of pedesirinnmovement to the visitors'overall experience, nillevels muet seqllellce s"ccessf" lly as well aslIIeetillg tilecapacities0 11 peak activity days'.

Case S tu d ies : Foul' Cit iesIt is clear from the h istorical evidence thatriver has playe d an important role in theformati on of early settle me n ts and citydevelopment. River fro nts of many citie sthroughout the world rema in domina ted byworn-outindustrial activities and redundanttranspor tation infrastructure. Op por tunitiesto exploit these places for pub lic access andrecreational uses are vital and through thisprocess, redefining the 'riverfront image'will be stressed .

Stud ies had bee n und ertaken inexisting situations to understand the role ofriverfront itn age in urban fabric s . Theobjective is to dev el op the co ncep t ofilllagcnbility through comparing the imagewith visua l reali ty, to the factors that creates trong rep rese ntatio ns , culminating inspecific design principles.

Stated by Lynch (1960) in his book TileIlIIageof tileCity, '/IIIagenbility' is qua lity in aphysical ob jec t, w hic h g ives it a highprobability ofevoking a strong image in any,given observer.

~ Theme means a unifying idea, image or motifdeveloped throughou t a work; Concise OxfordDictionary.~ Image means a representation of an object; ConciseOxford Dictionary.6 Authenticity, fro m the wo rd au thentic meansundis puted origin or ge nui ne; Concise OxfordDictionary.

Urbal1 Rccrcotionn! River/rollts

Ana lyses were therefore mad e of thecentral areas of three differen t locations, i.e.Sarawak and Singa po re in Sou th East Asia;Boston, Massachusetts in USA; and London,England.

Kuching Waterf ron t of Sara wa k inMalaysia wa s an administrative port cen treove r 150 years ago . In just two and a halfyears, the once inaccessible and deterioratedrive rfront has been transformed to a newd ynamic p edestrian p romenade. Thisproject is a remarkable achievemen t in theco u n try, th at un til recently had no tdemonstra ted concern for public usc of itsriverfront.

In relation to the Singapore Riverfront,the ancient history of river revitalisation thatmould s a un ique riverfront had become apreceden t s tud y fo r o the r ri ve rfron td evel opments in th is reg io n . This isconsonant with the Go vernm en t plan tocreate a revi talised Singapore River.

The waterfron t prototype chosen inUnited Sta tes is the Waterfront ColumbusPark, Boston , Massachusetts. This site issituated on Boston's Harbour. This locationhas been chosen d ue to it s un iq uetrans formation from a heavy maritimeindustrial site to a recreational riverfron tpark, leading to a un ique identity of city'sriverfron tenvironment,

The Sou th Ban k a long River Thameshas the greates t opportunity for creating achain of open space and transforming anunderused thoroughfare into a place forcommunities. This broad river provides thecity wi th its lar gest open area, offering asense of freedom from congestion of urbanlife.The most recent development is the 135­metre high, world 's largest obse rva tionwheel, the London Eye.'

7 Note: This research has been concluded before thecompletion of London Eye.

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[ourna! of Design and tha Built Enuironmeui

Analysis on Design Elements used inthe Four Cities

Kuching Riverfront. Sarawak. Malaysia

THEME'People's Place' to brin g socie ty bac k to theriver's edge and in teg ra te the businessdistrict with tourist facilities and publicspace to create 'sinuous form ' (refer figure11).

IMAGETo achieve a linkage between the city to theRiv er, a t the sa me time rei n fo rc in gSara wa ks heritag e and cultu re viain tegra ting art works and motives (re ferfigure 12).

AU THENTICITY'Sampans 's, which is Kuching's specialcharacters , added to the authenticity of theriverfront. Refurbished historic buildingswere also providing tourist activit ies andlandmarks (refer figure 13a and 13b).

FUNCTIONSA series of entry points along the River parklead d irectly in to the ma in attraction area.Rive r s teps create opportunities for riveractivities as well as closeness to the river'sedge (refer figure 14).

Figure 11:Granite-paved promenade.

8 'Sampa ns ' means small boats.

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Figure 12:'Kucing Kucin g', seven bronze cats by

sculp tor Gaye Po rter.

Fig ure 13a:The old riverfront.

Fig ure 13b:The new riverfront: 'Sampan' s till moored

against the river, signifies a historicalfea ture.

Figure 14:River steps wit h bronze dragon wa ter sprout

to enhance the entry points.

Urball Recreational Riucrjronts

Boat Ouay.Singapo re

THEMEThe Singapore River has bee n regarded asthe culturalheritage of the city.The historicalstructures along the river were conserved foradaptive reuse. These were balanced withleisure attractions from boating to dining(refer figure 15).

IMAGEThe riverfront maintains the old image oftrading port by preserving elemen ts relatedto th e River ' s cu lt u ra l heritage, i.e ,shophouses and 'bumboa ts'?(refer figure 16aand 16b).

AUTHENTICITYWith the clean ing up of the Singapore River,the riverf ront had bee n brought back to lifewith activities such as regattas and ou tdoorcafes

FUNCTIONSPedestrian access to the lively outdoor eatingarea and entertainment centre gives visitorsthe chance to enjoy the river environmentalong with conveni ent services for residentialand working districts (refer figur e 17).

Figure 15:Pedestrian prom enades are planned

along the ent ire River to ma ke walkinga pleasurable exp erience.

' Bumboat s' means trad itional workhorses oftherivcr.

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lourna!o/Desigll end tim Ruilt Enuirt nnnen!

Figure 16a:Before revi ta lisa tion: River vesse ls packed

a long the river.

Figure 16b:After revitalisation: Old structures have been

replaced by continuous promenade andoutdoor dining. ' Bumboats' now used as a

symbol for tourist transportation.

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Fig ure 17:The lightened promenade of Boat Quay, w ith

its m,ay bars and restaurants.

Waterfront Park, Boston,Massa chusetts

THEME'Walk to the Sea ', a highli ght for pedestrianprovides visual sequences and functionallinks between land and water in order tofaci lita te physical access to the Waterfron tPark (refer figure 18).

IMAGEThe Waterfront Park a ttemp ts to retain a'marit ime character' w here disti nctivemarine bollards and large anchorchain werelaid in. (re fer figure 19).

AUTHENTICITYBoston ci ty d evel op ed from the s trongvaluation of residen t's towards a uniquehe ritage making Bos ton liveable. Ad ded tothat, the Waterfront's landmark has been theeye ca tch ing wood arch ed t rell is w ithbenches beneath it (refer figure 20).

FUNCTIONSAcces sible public open sp aces suc h as amassive g reen law n to acco nunoda teactivities, celebra tions an d exhibitions (referfigur e 21).

Figure 18:Waterfront Park orientated to Boston's

Harbour.

Figure 20:The Trellis walk creates in teresting shadows.

llrball Recreations! Riverfronts

Figure 21:Visitors enjoy the walk to the

Park's green oas is.

SOUTH BANI<.The T hames, LondonTHEMEBased on the 1969 London DevelopmentPlan, a specific thoroughness to imp rove theriverfront was app lied . That is '10 creale nbetterpllblienccess willillewmtdimprovedriverwnlks, lnyillg olli llewopellspncesorviewpointswilli tileredeuelopment ofpresellI 1111sntisfnetDryriuerjronts nlld 10 insists 011 II igil qllnlityfornilriversidedesign and lnlldscnpillg' (refer figure22a and 22b).

IMAGEThe most notable identity is its numeroushistorical bridges. These river cro ssings areele men ts in framing views and crea tingind ividual pockets of image in be tween.Another factor that enlivens the South !lankRiverfrontis its public piers . rnoored historicvessels and sa iling craft s (refer figure 23).The most current attraction on the SouthBank of the Thames River is the London Eye,also known as the Millennium Wheel, w hichwas opened in 1998 by the British PrimeMinister, Ton y Blair (re fer figure 24)

AUTH ENTICITYWith introducing art along the river cou ldexplore the meaning of places approp riatewit h Europe's largest cultural co mplex, theRoya l Fcstiva l Hal l. Thi s includesinco rpora ting a typi cal craftsmanshipdesign of the river wa ll, benches, signpostsetc. from local material (refer figure 25).

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[ourna! ofDesign and tim Built EII VirOll1llellt

FUNCTIONSBased on the research data, facilities alongthe riverfront are s till under improvement.Ho w eve r, with Stan ton Wi ll iam andRichard Rogers 's des ig n intention ,hopefully users w ill be ab le to enjo y therecreation al riverfron t environment (referfigure 26).

Fig ure 22a:South Bank in relation to Westminster and

Thames River.

Figure 22b:Along the riverfront, there are intervals of

view ing plains.

Figure 23:Festival pier located in front of the Royal

Festi val Hall.

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Figure 24:London Eye on the Thames River.

Fig ure 25:Part of the River Wan and Step s.

Fig ure 26:Proposed Crystal Roof, wh ich will create a

covered meeting, place with cafes,res taurants, bookshop s and galleries .

C o n cl usio nFr om the above d esign ana lysis, theriverfront Image is close ly relat ed to theTheme in order to create a sense of identityto the place. The specia lty of the city andriver sho uld be full y exp lored in order to

cr eate all astounding image for therevita lised riverfront. Genuine activity thatis s trongly associa ted with the riverfron tarea is crucia l in providing a co nvinci ngcontextua l foreground of a city where theriver runs throu gh. In orde r to attract users,the design clements should fu lfil the users'needs and comfort. In o ther words, theurban recreational riv erfront shou ld beappro achable to all user s, including thedi sabled and the elderly. The achievementof riverfront schemes could range from anenviron men ta l Imp rovem en t to a high

Urban [{ecrentjounl Rivl·rfronts

quality landscape dcsign approach, In orderto giv c back the riv erfront to people, atransformation involving an attractive anduseful cond ition to thc locali ty as part of theurban fabric is crucia l. Re turn ing to thewater edge involves ma ny co nst rain ts: landuse and zoning issues - liability, safety,access and circulation . Urban riverfrontrevitalisation sh ould, therefore, reflect acreative translation forming a total packageof the pl annin g process including theparticipa tion of the societie s to creat e thesense of bc longing and shared re newedpride of the city.

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References

!looksBreen, A. (1996) TileNew Waterfrollt:A WarlrlwideUrball Success Story; London: Thames andHudson, Londo n, p148-151.

Hall , P. (1993) Waterfrallts: A New Frontier farCities ill Wain; International Centre Cities onWater, Venice, pl l ,

Ho yle, B.S., Pinder D.A., Hu sain M.S. (1988)Revitn lisillg TIlt' Waterfro llt: ln tcrnat ionalDi11l£,lIS;OIlS ofRedelJclopll1t?ll ti Architectural Press,Belhaven, Lond on , pIS, p36, p58, p61.

Lynch, K. (1960) Tile lmag« of til<' City ;Cambridge (Ma ss.) London: MIT, p42.

Mann , R. (1973) Rioers ill file City; David andCharles, Abbo t, p13, p16, p20.

Sproull, N. (1995) Halldbook of ResearcllMet/rods;Routled ge, London, p202-203.

Torre. L.A . (1989) Wnla /r ollt Deoclopment; VanNos trand Reinhold , New York, p4.

JournalsLandsca pe Ar chitectu re (1991) Volume 81,February, p28 - 57, p128.

Landscape Research (1997) Volume 22, March,p67-94.

Internet referenceshttp : / / www. saraw ak .go v .m y / stb /wa terfrt.htm (Acce ssed: Dece mber 10, 2005)

http:/ /www.ura.gov .my (Accessed: November21,2005)

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Paper articleDesigning The Futu re of Sou th Ban k (1994),Acade my Edition.

Source of C lie n tsKuching Riverfront, Sarawa k, MALAYSIAMr. Abdul Rahman ZanuddinCorporate Relations SectorState Econom ic Development CorporationMenara SEDC, [alan Tunku Abdul RahmanPO Box 40093902 Kuching, Sara wa k, Malaysia .Facsimile: 0600 82 424 300Email: ssedc@popl .jaring.my

Boat Quay, SINGA POREMs. Gillian TanExecu tive Public Re lations OfficerUrban Redevelopment Au thority45, Maxwell Road 0106, Singa pore.Facs imile: 65 226 3549http:/ /www.ura.gov .sg

Wa terfron t Park, Boston , MASSACHUSETTSMr. Horner RussellDirector of Urban DesignBos ton Redeve lopment Au thorityCity Hall, Room 900Boston, MA 02201Facsimile: 617 635 3435

South Bank, The Thames, LONDONPublic Relations Departme ntKing's Meadow HouseKin's Meadow RoadRead ing RGI 8DQTelephone: 0118 953 5539Facsimile: 0118 953 5634