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Stormwater WorkshopTuesday 4th December 2012
Dr Steven Kenway
Benchmarking the role that water plays in efficient, resilient and liveable cities
Urban Water Security Research Alliance
– You can’t manage what you don’t measure (anon).– New accounting makes it possible.– Pressure to account for all upstream, and
downstream consequences of actions & policies.– Tracking and reporting performance helps bring a
wider stakeholder group along the journey.– Creates motivation, discussion, learning
opportunities and brandBUT, wrong indicators / ratings could drive poor
outcomes…..rating can be complex, self-serving, and difficult for slow-moving/wicked problems
– Rating systems are happening anyway.
Drivers for performance evaluation of cities
• Ratings systems must have meaning in different situations. eg. wet/dry, tropical/sub-tropical, developed/developing.
• Cities have different goals and institutional, finance, social, and governance barriers.
• Balance is needed between locally-specific indicators (for flexibility), and generically-applicable (for benchmarking).
• Clear principles and value propositions are needed. These should link with community objectives, constraints and outcomes.
• Example principles could be (a) preserve human health and biodiversity (b) consider waste as a resource (c) work towards a zero footprint.
• A clear boundary is important for benchmarking. Virtual water and energy flows should be included.
• Agreement by all is needed, as is verification by a credible independent body.
Rating systems need good design (Busan 2012)
• Common, guiding Conceptual Framework is missing– Urban metabolism could help– Comparable performance indicators
• Land use – water-energy-carbon (including resource efficiency and virtual water flows) for the overall city.
• Constraints including limited tools/models• “metabolic” efficiency needs to be
considered with cost, resilience and risk.• There is a need for city/regional level rather
than building and cluster scale.
UWSRA Technical Report 43:Towards Assessment Criteria for Water Sensitive Cities
Priestley et al 2012
Newman’s Extended Urban Metabolism model
inpu
t
Climatecon – European EnvironmentAgency - Extended and pragmaticconcept for urban metabolism
Conceptual Frameworks
Resilience Alliance
Alberti et al. Integrated modelof humans and ecological processes
Conceptual Frameworks
Water mass balances demonstrate how much water our cities waste (2004-2005) – one application of metabolism
0
2 5 0
5 0 0
7 5 0
1 ,0 0 0
1 ,2 5 0
1 ,5 0 0
1 ,7 5 0
2 ,0 0 0
2 ,2 5 0
S y d n e yIn p u ts
S y d n e yO u tp u t s
M e lb o u rn eIn p u ts
M e lb o u rn eO u tp u ts
S E QIn p u ts
S E QO u tp u ts
P e rthIn p u ts
P e rthO u tp u t s
GL/
a
C e ntra lis e d W a te r D e c e ntra lis e d W a te r (R a inw a te r Ta nk s )D e c e ntra lis e d W a te r (G ro und w a te r) P re c ip i ta tio nW a s te w a te r S to rm w a te rE va p o tra ns p ira tio n O utflo w to G ro und w a te r
Kenway et al 2011 (Journal of Industrial Ecology). 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00357.x
Mass-balanced“metabolic” performance indicators quantify performance (2004-05)
Rainfall harvesting
Wastewater % of use
Stormwater % of use
Reuse % of anthropogenic input
(D/P) (W/(C+D)) (S/(C+D)) (Re/C+D)Sydney 0.1% 86% 76% 1%Melbourne 0.5% 79% 68% 4%SEQ 0.1% 48% 104% 2%Perth 22% 26% 47% 1%
Kenway et al 2011 (Journal of Industrial Ecology). 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00357.x
How do we consider energy….given urban water indirectly influences 13% of Australia’s electricity plus 18% of Australia’s natural gas use
(this equals 8% of Australia’s primary energy or 9% ghg emissions)
• resource loss
• water use
• water supply
INDIRECT ENERGY
DIRECT ENERGY
Kenway , Lant, Priestley (Water and Climate, 2011)
A B
Which is the more sustainable future?
B – Water-related energy useB – Water-related energy useA - Utility energy use
A B
A B
A B
A
Kenway, 2012 The Water Energy Nexus and Urban Metabolism
Current StatePossible Future States
Example of current international performance indicators for water in cities. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design) for new construction / major renovation
Green Cities Rating Index (EIU / Siemens) water indicators (each are weighted 3.125% out of 100%)
Water consumption Water system leakageWastewater treatment
Water efficiency and treatment policies
Challenges at the water-energy-carbon intersection (PMSEIC 2010)
• Resilient pathways will simultaneously reduce GHG emissions, lower overall water demand, maintain overall environmental quality and allow living standards to continue to improve.
• Recommendation 4 (of 5): Resilient Cities and Towns - foster resilient, low-emission energy systems, water systems and built environments by focusing jointly on technological developments in supply and on adaptation in demand
• scope for a National Energy and Water Efficiency Target scheme to combine state and federal rebates, incentives and regulations (Section 5, Recommendation 1).
Where are we at? Where are we heading with urban performance assessment?
Currently:• Fragmented analysis,• No common system
boundary,• Effects of interactions not
considered,• Problem shifting between
water, energy and nutrient impacts.
Future:• Co-ordinated analysis,• Common system boundary,• Interactions / overall system
performance considered
Kenway, 2012
SKYSCRAPERCITY.COM RESIDENCE ANTILIA IN MUMBAI RELIANCE INDUSTRIIES ARCHITECTS PERKINS + WILL
What water-energy outcome could we achieve if we use all the elements of rainwater harvesting, water reuse,
green roofs, urban agriculture, hydropower, evaporative cooling &
thermal storage?
Source: Steve Moddemeyer 2009
GRAPHIC BY MKA MAGNUSON KLEMENCIC
References / Further Reading• Kenway, (2012). The Water-Energy Nexus and Urban Metabolism. Identification,
Quantification and Interpretation of the connections in cities. University of Queensland Thesis. School of Chemical Engineering.
• Kenway, S. J., Lant, P. and Priestley, A. (2011b). Quantifying the links between water and energy in cities. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 2(4), 247-259.
• Kenway, S. Scheidegger, R. Larsen, T. Lant, P. Bader, H-P. (2012). Energy and Buildings. Water-related energy in households: a model designed to understand the current state and simulate possible measures.
• Kenway, S.J., A. Gregory, and J. McMahon, Urban Water Mass Balance Analysis. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2011. 15(5): p. 693-706.
• Kenway, S.J. Priestley, A, Cook, S., Seo,S., Inman, M. Gregory, A and Hall, M. (2008) Energy Use in the consumption and provision of urban water in Australia and New Zealand. A report for the Water Services Association of Australia. ISBN 978 0 643 0916 5. https://www.wsaa.asn.au/Media/Press%20Releases/20081212%20CSIRO%20- %20Water%20Energy%20Final%20Report%2010%20Nov%202008.pdf
• Kenway, S.J., P. Lant, A. Priestley, and P. Daniels. (2011). The connection between water and energy in cities - a review. Water Science and Technology, 63(9): p. 1983- 1990.
• Priestley, Laves, Biermann (2012). Towards Assessment Criteria for Water Sensitive Cities. Urban Water Security Research Alliance.
• PMSEIC (2010). Challenges at Energy-Water-Carbon Intersections. Report of the PMSEIC Expert Working Group. Canberra, Prime Minister’s Science, Engineering and Innovation Council.
Thanks to contributing authors The University of Queensland and Urban Water Security Research Alliance, Swiss
Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Australian-American Fulbright Commission and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Seqwater for
supporting the research.
Steven Kenway2010-11 Australian Fulbright Research Scholar
Email: [email protected]
Urban Water Security Research Alliance
Thank You
www.urbanwateralliance.org.au