Urbanization and World City Urbanization and World City Formation in ChinaFormation in China

Shanghai’s Shifting Position in National Shanghai’s Shifting Position in National and Global Networks of Citiesand Global Networks of Cities

Michael Timberlake & Xiulian MaMichael Timberlake & Xiulian Ma

University of UtahUniversity of Utah

Objectives of Research ProgramObjectives of Research Program

Contribute to research identifying China’s Contribute to research identifying China’s leading citiesleading cities

Document changes in Chinese cities’ Document changes in Chinese cities’ relative importance in national and global relative importance in national and global city systems.city systems.

Address broader theoretical issues in Address broader theoretical issues in political economy of globalizationpolitical economy of globalization

Key Assumptions of ResearchKey Assumptions of Research

Cities grow and decline in the context of economic Cities grow and decline in the context of economic regions.regions.

Such regions are nested, interlocking, and Such regions are nested, interlocking, and hierarchical.hierarchical.

As basing points in economic regions, cities serve As basing points in economic regions, cities serve to integrate these regions internally through their to integrate these regions internally through their interrelations.interrelations.

The leading cities in a region may serve as bridges The leading cities in a region may serve as bridges across regions and hierarchical levels.across regions and hierarchical levels.

Key focus of presentationKey focus of presentation

China’s national system of citiesChina’s national system of cities Chinese cities’ positions in the world Chinese cities’ positions in the world

system’s city system.system’s city system. Identifying China’s “World Cities”Identifying China’s “World Cities”

Increasing size of the urban population

19

50

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55

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65

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80

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85

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90

19

95

20

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20

05

20

10

20

15

20

20

20

25

20

30

Year

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

Me

an

Urb

an

Po

pu

lati

on

Increasing level of urbanization

19

50

19

55

19

60

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65

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75

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85

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Year

0.0

20.0

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80.0

Mean

% U

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Underlying theme: China’s increasing participationUnderlying theme: China’s increasing participation in the global economy in the global economy

China ahead in foreign direct investmentPublished:  August 2003--OECD Observer

And concomitant explosive economic And concomitant explosive economic growthgrowth

Have resulted inHave resulted in

– Increasingly integrated national system of citiesIncreasingly integrated national system of cities

– Increasing centrality of key Chinese cities in Increasing centrality of key Chinese cities in the world system’s city systemthe world system’s city system

Globalization and Cities: Theoretical Globalization and Cities: Theoretical BackgroundBackground

Globalization

the “facts”the “facts”– many global processes many global processes

are “place bound”are “place bound”

the “dominant the “dominant narrative”narrative”– decentralizationdecentralization

natural resource extraction regime

manufacturing regime

P-15 & D-24 HOOD ORNAMENT ASSEMBLY DetroitP-15 & D-24 HOOD ORNAMENT ASSEMBLY Detroit

Tire “building” in AkronTire “building” in Akron

finance regime

World Cities

nodes in the international systemnodes in the international system

““World Cities”World Cities”

Major cities found throughout the world Major cities found throughout the world that “articulate” one major economic region that “articulate” one major economic region with another major economic region, with another major economic region, usually transnationally.usually transnationally.

As in previous GaWC diagram, some world As in previous GaWC diagram, some world cities are more globally “central” than cities are more globally “central” than others. others.

Global Cities: Global Cities: Atop the World City HierarchyAtop the World City Hierarchy

key nodes in the international systemkey nodes in the international system sites for crucial “producer” servicessites for crucial “producer” services sites for telecommunications centerssites for telecommunications centers sites for financial controlsites for financial control sites for transnational marketssites for transnational markets Global Control CentersGlobal Control Centers

Global Control Centers: The Key Global Cities

New YorkNew YorkNew YorkNew York

LondonLondon

TokyoTokyo

World System of CitiesWorld System of Cities

The hierarchy extends through the world The hierarchy extends through the world system, from the top global cities through system, from the top global cities through the whole system.the whole system.

Locale 1 Locale 3 Locale 4

Locale 5 Locale 6 Locale 7 Locale 8

City 1 City 2 City 3

Locale 2

The Global System: A Web of Place-Bound Transactions

Conceptualizing the Global Inter-Conceptualizing the Global Inter-City TransactionsCity Transactions

Relative centrality in networks of Relative centrality in networks of overlapping intraorganizational control overlapping intraorganizational control capacity across cities (e.g., from capacity across cities (e.g., from headquarters to branch offices)—Peter headquarters to branch offices)—Peter Taylor and associates.Taylor and associates.

Relative centrality in flow networks of Relative centrality in flow networks of commodities, people, and information. commodities, people, and information.

Cities and International Transactions: Functions

economic flowseconomic flows

Holiday Velour from L.L. Bean

Select an item:TA 34658 Petite$79.00 Regular $79.00

Cities and International Transactions: Functions

political transactionspolitical transactions

Cities and International Transactions: Functions

cultural flowscultural flows

Rolling Stones guitarist Ron Wood rocks out to "It's Only Rock and Roll" with tour bassist Darryl Jones, Saturday night at Ford Field

Cities and International Transactions: Functions

social (social reproduction) transactionssocial (social reproduction) transactions

Cities and International Transactions: Functions

economic flowseconomic flows political transactionspolitical transactions cultural flowscultural flows social (social reproduction) transactionssocial (social reproduction) transactions

cities and international transactions: content

human transactionshuman transactions material transactionsmaterial transactions symbolic transactionssymbolic transactions

humanhuman materialmaterial informationinformation

economiceconomic

politicalpolitical

culturalcultural

socialsocialreproductionreproduction

economic flowseconomic flows

commodities and capitalcommodities and capital orders and directives within and between orders and directives within and between

firmsfirms businessmen/womenbusinessmen/women labor migration labor migration

political flowspolitical flows

arms shipmentsarms shipments ambassadorsambassadors invasionsinvasions international treatiesinternational treaties

cultural flowscultural flows

designer clothesdesigner clothes popular musicpopular music scientific exchangescientific exchange theater/dance troupestheater/dance troupes literatureliterature popular cinemapopular cinema

social reproductionsocial reproduction

CARE packages and other humanitarian aidCARE packages and other humanitarian aid family migrationfamily migration ““remittances”remittances” personal mail, telephone calls, e-mailpersonal mail, telephone calls, e-mail

Cities are hierarchically linked in Cities are hierarchically linked in such networks of globally-such networks of globally-

structured flowsstructured flows

Network Analysis and Network Analysis and Network DataNetwork Data

Strict data requirementsStrict data requirements– input/output for every pair within an alleged input/output for every pair within an alleged

networknetwork

Air passenger travelAir passenger travel

FindingsFindings

National City SystemNational City System Top Cities’Positions on Four Network Top Cities’Positions on Four Network

Measures (Outflow, Betweenness, Measures (Outflow, Betweenness, Closeness, and Outdegree), four time points Closeness, and Outdegree), four time points (1992, 1995, 2000, and 2003). (1992, 1995, 2000, and 2003).

Outflow

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

1992 1995 2000 2003

Beijing

Guangzhou

Shanghai

Betweenness

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1992 1995 2000 2003

Beijing

Guangzhou

Shanghai

1992 Betweenness

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2

4

6

8

10

12

Series1

1995 Betweenness

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2000 Betweenness

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

2003 Betweenness

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Closeness

80828486889092949698

100102

1992 1995 2000 2003

Beijing

Guangzhou

Shanghai

OutDegree

3334353637383940414243

1992 1995 2000 2003

Beijing

Guangzhou

Shanghai

Table 8. Blocks of Chinese cities, and network positions in 1992 and 2003

Block1992 2003 1992 2003

1 Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou (3)a

Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen (4)

Core Core

2 Haikou, Guilin, Hong Kong, Shantou, Xian (5)

Chengdu, Haikou, Hong Kong (3)

SPb 1 SP 1

3 Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Fuzhou, Hangzhou, Harbin, Kunming, Nanjing, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Urmqi, Wuhan, Xiamen (13)

Chongqing, Dalian, Hangzhou, Harbin, Kunming, Nanjing, Qingdao, Shenyang, Wuhan, Xiamen, Xian (11)

SP 2 SP 2

a The number in the parenthesis indicates how many cities the block includes. b “SP” = Semi-periphery, “P” = periphery, “D” =“Disconnected

4 Changsha, Guiyang, Hefei, Lanzhou, Nanning, Qingdao, Taiyuan, Tianjing, Wenzhou, , Zhengzhou (10)

Changsha, Urumq, Changchun, Fuzhou, Wenzhou, Taijing, Jinan, Guilin, Guiyang, Zhengzhou (10)

P SP3

5 Hothot, Jinan, Nanchang, Ningbo, Yantai (5)

Hefei, Shantou, Ningbo, Nanchang, Nanning, Taiyuan, Yantai (7)

P P

6 Qiqihar, Xining, Yinchuan (3);

Lanzhou, Xining (2) D D

7 Baotou, Changchun, Lasha, Shijiazhuang (4)

Baotou, Yinchuan (2) D D

8 Hothot, Lasha, Qiqihar, Shijiazhuang (4)

D

Block1992 2003 1992 2003

FindingsFindings

China’s Cities in the World City HierarchyChina’s Cities in the World City Hierarchy

Global Outflow

0

50

100

150

200

250

1990 1995 2000 2005

Beijing

Guangzhou

Shanghai

Hong Kong

Global Outdegree

0

50

100

150

200

250

1990 1995 2000 2005

Beijing

Guangzhou

Shanghai

Hong Kong

Global Betweenness

0

50

100

150

200

250

1990 1995 2000 2005

Beijing

Guangzhou

Shanghai

Hong Kong

Global Outclosenness

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1995 2000 2005

Beijing

Guangzhou

Shanghai

Hong Kong

Table 9. Network Blocks and Positions in the World City System in 1990

Blocks Cities Position

1…Seoul/Bangkok (13)

Bangkok, Dublin, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, London, New York, Paris, Seoul, Singapore, Taipei, Tokyo

Core

2…Amsterdam (51) Amsterdam, Athens, Atlanta, Auckland, Banjul, Barcelona, Boston, Brussels, Cairo, Chicago, Copenhagen, Cork, Dusseldorf, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Geneva, Guadalajara, Guam Island, Hamburg, Jeddah, Lisbon, Los Angeles, Madrid, Malaga, Malta, Manila, Mexico City, Miami, Milan, Montreal, Munich, Nagoya, Nice, Osaka, Oslo, Penang, Puerto Plata, Pusan, Rome, Saipan, San Francisco, Santo Domingo, Seattle, Shannon, Stockholm, Sydney, Toronto, Vancouver, Vienna, Washington DC, Zurich

SP 1

3…Berlin West (7) Berlin West, Bombay, Dallas, Dubai, Houston TX, Montevideo, “San Juan, PR” SP 2

4…Birmingham (42) Birmingham, Bogota, Brisbane, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Calgary, Cancun, Caracas, Casablanca, Christchurch, Cologne, Delhi, Detroit, Dhahran, Guatemala City, Istanbul, Karachi, Kingston, Larnaca, Lima, Manchester, Marseilles, Melbourne, Montego Bay, Monterrey, Moscow, Nandi, Panama/Balboa, Perth, Prague, Puerto Vallarta, Rio De Janeiro, Riyadh, San Jose, Santiago, San Paulo, Stuttgart, Tampa FL, Teheran, Tel Aviv, Tunis, Warsaw

SP 3

5…Abidjan (5) Abidjan, Colombo, Harare, Lagos, Nairobi SP 4

6…Darwin (4) Darwin, Conakry, Niamey, Oujda SP 5

7…Addis Ababa (5) Addis Ababa, Alexandria, Manaus, Santiago COMP., Stansted SP 6

Table 9. Network Blocks and Positions in the World City System in 1990

9…Beijing (25)

Aruba, Basel, Beijing, Bilbao, Bordeaux, Dakar, Faro, Gothenburg, Hanover, Ho Chi Minh CY, Lyon, Madras, Mazatlan, Medan, Okinawa, Oporto, Palma Mallorca, Philadelphia, Pisa, Port Au Prince, Rotterdam, San Jose CABO, Toulouse, Turin, Venice.

P

15…Shanghai (27)

Acapulco, Adelaide , Ankara, Antwerp, Bahrain ISLD, Bergen, Bologna, Bremen, Calcutta, Cali, Edinburgh, Edmonton, Glasgow, Graz, Havana, Kano, Linz, Marrakech, “Papeete, Tahitt”, Paramaribo, Rabat, Reykjavik, Salonika, Salzburg, Shanghai, Tenerife, Valencia

P

Table 10. Network Blocks and Positions in the World City System in 2005

1…Seoul/Bangkok (13) Amsterdam, Bangkok, Dubai, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, London, Madrid, New York, Paris, Seoul, Singapore, Taipei, Tokyo

Core

2…Beijing/Shanghai (29)

Athens, Barcelona, Beijing, Boston, Buenos Aires, Chicago, Copenhagen, Guam Island, Honolulu, Jakarta, Johannesburg, Kuala Lumpur, Lisbon, Los Angeles, Malaga, Manila, Mexico City, Munich, Osaka, Oslo, Prague, San Francisco, Santiago, San Paulo, Shanghai, Stockholm, Sydney, Toronto, Washington DC,

SP 1

Table 10. Network Blocks and Positions in the World City System in 2005

5…Guangzhou/ Shengyang(27)

Birmingham, Bucharest, Budapest, Busan, Cairns, Cairo, Cancun, Dallas/ Fort Worth, Delhi, Detroit, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Guangzhou, Hamburg, Helsinki, Hanover, Ho Chi Minh CY, Kuwait, Lyon, Mauritius, Montevideo, Penang, Philadelphia, Rio De Janeiro, Saipan, Shengyang, Stuttgart, Vienna

SP 4

6…Baku (5) Baku, Kyiv, Monterrey, Port-Au-Prince, Yerevan SP 5

7…Calgary (11) Calgary, Dhaka, Guatemala City, Guayaquil, Male, Managua, Medellin, Panama City, Quito, San Salvador, Tashkent

SP 6

8…Dalian (18) Bahrain, Bilbao, Bristol, Christchurch, Cincinnati, Dalian, Denver, Gothenburg, Hanoi, Jeddah, Krakow, Leeds, Puerto Vallarta, Sevilla, Turin, Valencia, Yangon

P

9…Hangzhou/Kunming/ Xiamen/Yantai (27)

Antananarivo, Bangalore, Beirut, “Charlotte, NC”, Cochin, Hangzhou, Hanover, Hyderabad, Islamabad, Kolkata, Kunming, Lahore, Nairobi, Naples, Newcastle, Ottawa, Phuket, Riga, Sapporo, Seattle, Sofia, Tallinn, Vilnius, Xiamen, Yantai, Zagreb, Zurich

P

Summary Findings

Consolidation and integration of Chinese Consolidation and integration of Chinese national city system over past 15 years.national city system over past 15 years.

Remarkable rise of Shanghai within this Remarkable rise of Shanghai within this national city system.national city system.

Increasing integration of Chinese city Increasing integration of Chinese city regions in global economy.regions in global economy.

Emergence of Shanghai as China’s World Emergence of Shanghai as China’s World CityCity

Summary FindingsRemarkable Remarkable Rise of Rise of Shanghai Shanghai within the within the National City National City SystemSystem

Increasing integration of Chinese city regions in global economy

Emergence of Shanghai as China’s World City

Theoretical Discussion

Importance of national city system to world city Importance of national city system to world city formation vs. declining significance of the state.formation vs. declining significance of the state.– Increasing national city system articulation Increasing national city system articulation

accompanies world city formation.accompanies world city formation.

Beijing as world city (as well as Shanghai)—Beijing as world city (as well as Shanghai)—again, importance of role of the state.again, importance of role of the state.

Bejing’s role in Shanghai’s rise as world city.Bejing’s role in Shanghai’s rise as world city.– State-centered urban “development coalition”?State-centered urban “development coalition”?

Future research

Social polarization and world city Social polarization and world city formation?formation?

Changing role of the state with respect to Changing role of the state with respect to social programs.social programs.

Labor markets and rural-urban migration.Labor markets and rural-urban migration. Sustainability.Sustainability.

Social polarization and world city formation?

Changing role of the state with respect to social programs

Labor markets and rural-urban migration

Sustainability.

The environment