urbanization of america · the urbanization of america urban population of america increased seven...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Urbanization of America
� Urban population of America increased seven fold after Civil War, natural increase accounted for a small part of urban growth, high infant mortality, declining fertility rate, high death rate
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Population Growth 1860-1900
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America in 1900
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The Urbanization of America
� Cities offered better paying jobs, new forms of transportation made it easier to move, those leaving rural America: young women in search of work and community, southern blacks who tended to work as cooks, janitors and domestic servants
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The Urbanization of America
� Most substantial form of urban population growth: immigrants from abroad Canada, Mexico, Latin America, China and Japan but the greatest number came from southern and eastern Europe, no single national group dominated
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Immigration’s Contribution to Population Growth 1860-1920
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Sources of Immigration From Europe 1860-1900
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The Urbanization of America
� National groups formed close-knit ethnic communities within cities where the immigrant groups tended to reinforce the cultural values of their previous societies-Jews and Germans moved up economically faster
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The Urbanization of America
� Those who arrived with at least some capital had an enormous advantage, while second-generation immigrants attempted to assimilate to American way of life
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Rising Nativism
� Henry Bowers founded the American
Protective Association which was a group
committed to stopping the immigrant tide
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Rising Nativism
� The Immigration Restriction League was
founded in Boston by Harvard alumni –
believed that immigrants should be screened
through literacy tests and other standards
designed to separate the desirable from the
undesirable
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“Immigration Under Attack”
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Rising Nativism
� Congress’ Response – restricted Chinese
immigration, denied entry to "undesirables",
placed a tax on each person admitted
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Rising Nativism
� Immigration was providing a rapidly growing
economy with a cheap and plentiful labor
supply – many argued America’s industrial
development would be impossible without it
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The Urban Landscape
�Creation of great urban parks designed to allow city residents a healthy, restorative escape from the strains of urban life, Olmsted and Vaux designed New York's central park
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The Mall in Central Park, 1902
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The Urban Landscape
�New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art was the largest and best known of many great museums taking shape in the late 19th century
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The Urban Landscape
�Creation of art museums, concert halls, libraries, parks required philanthropy by the wealthy
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The Urban Landscape
� City Beautiful Movement – led by architect Daniel Burnham, aimed to impose order and symmetry on the disordered life of cities around the country, growth of suburbs for the moderately well-to-do, tenements were slum dwellings for industrial workers, with little or no plumbing, often windowless with no heating, in 1870 a New York state law required a window built in every bedroom
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The Urban Landscape
� Jacob Riis shocked the middle class America with pictures and descriptions of tenement life in his book How the Other Half Lives
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The Urban Landscape
�Perhaps half the population of New York lived in homes with boarders in the late 19th century
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The Urban Landscape
�Conditions of streets impeded urban transportation, led to the development of mass transportation – street cars drawn on tracks by horses, elevated railway, cable cars, electric trolley, Boston opened first American subway, John Roebling designed the Brooklyn Bridge
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The Brooklyn Bridge
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The Urban Landscape
�The Equitable Building in New York, rose seven stories, first to be built with an elevator, Louis Sullivan was the leading figure in the early development of the skyscraper