Urbanization—

p. 203

Urbanization

• For most of human history, there were only a dozen cities.

• Most people lived in towns and villages.• As Britons and Europeans were pushed off farmlands by

technology, they migrated to– Towns– Colonies abroad

• Swollen towns became new cities.• New health and social issues developed.• Slowly, an improved standard of living developed.

Germ theory:

• The invention and use of the microscope allowed science to realize the existence of microbes.

• The idea developed that many diseases and infection were caused by these microscopic life forms.

Louis Pasteur:

• French chemist who studied microbes and disease.

• He connected them to each other.

• He made discoveries about rabies and anthrax.

• He also developed “pasteurization” (a heating process that kills microbes) for milk.

Robert Koch:

• German doctor who identified the tuberculosis bacterium.

• A cure for TB would take a few generations, but it was found.

Florence Nightingale:

• A British nurse, who developed ways to make hospitals cleaner and safer. – Using techniques she developed in the

Crimean War, 1854, she made sure that all objects in the hospital were clean (sterile).

• utensils, • sheets, • clothes, • beds, • Doctors, nurses• Patients

• She opened Britain’s first nursing school.

Joseph Lister:

• British (English) surgeon, researched how antiseptics prevented infection.

• Developed rules for surgeons to sterilize their instruments and hands before operating.

Urban renewal:

• Leaders in Western cities promoted demolition of slums and old sections

• replaced them with • wide boulevards, • squares, • office buildings, • department stores, • government offices, • theaters. • Restaurants

Urban renewal:

• Many people were moved from their homes to make room– many were hired to do the work,

• They had money to find new homes in the city.

• The wealthy moved to quiet, bucolic suburbs – Mass transit took the rich into town to work…..

EC: Cities attracted people because: (5)

• Action and excitement

• Markets with new, interesting things

• Different cultures

• Sports

• Entertainment

Mutual-aid society:

• an early form of labor union. – Workers created them when labor unions

were illegal. • Sick and injured workers were given

assistance from the fellow members.

Labor Reform

• EC: Reforms made possible by labor unions and progressive law-making: (9)– Better wages (minimum wage)– Job safety– Job security– Benefits (health, dental, optical)– Outlaw child labor– Banning employment of women in mines– Eight-hour workday– Old-age pensions– Disability insurance

Unions were not perfect: (6)

• Most unions did not include women

• Women paid half wages of men

• Unskilled workers had no union protection

• Unskilled earned less than skilled

• Farm workers had no union protection

• Immigrants were often excluded or even attacked by union members.

Standard of living:

• the measurement of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society.

Industrial Standard of Living

• Signs of improvement:– Better, cleaner homes and public places

• Sanitation• hygiene: bathing, hot water, pasteurization,

antiseptic,– Better, diverse diets

• Columbian Exchange (1500 to 1900):

Better, diverse diets Columbian Exchange (1500 to 1900):

• European powers explored the world and colonized many places.

• Food from these colonies changed Europe’s diet and health.

• Some problems also emerged from the communication

End hwk

• Begin class work

EC: Other changes or innovations in cities: (12)

• Paved streets• Gas lamps (later: electric lamps)• Police forces• Fire departments• Sewage systems• Street sanitation• Skyscrapers• Multi-story apartment buildings• Public parks• Public zoos• Public museums• Public schools

Biography, p. 204

• How did Nightingale achieve reforms in British army hospitals?

• By insisting military and medical staff clean barracks, dig latrines, do laundry, get wounded into clean beds.

Standards Check, p. 204

• What factors cause population rates to soar between 1800 and 1900?

• Better diets, hygiene, medicine and sanitation.

EC: Slums continued to exist:

• The lower lower-class suffered the worst conditions….. (6)– lived in the older, rundown city center– overcrowded,– filthy, – crime-ridden – Alcoholism– Filled with immigrants as upper lower class

moved out.

EC: Upper lower-class (6)

• The upper lower-class had more opportunities• could afford the occasional escape:

– Day trips, outings (by rail, car)– Move family to better neighborhoods

• Better clothing• Newspapers• Music hall• baseball

Cause and Effect, p. 206

• Social effects:– Expansion of the middle class– Public education– Reform movements– Pollution– Medical care– urbanization

• Economic effects: – Growth of labor unions– Rise of big business – Factories– New methods of production– New products– World trade

Review: Other changes or innovations in cities:

• Paved streets• Gas lamps (later: electric lamps)• Police forces• Fire departments• Sewage systems• Street sanitation• Skyscrapers• Multi-story apartment buildings• Public parks• Public zoos• Public museums• Public schools

EC: What were three general social improvements in the industrial standard of living? (5)

• Better, cleaner homes and public places

• Better, diverse diets

• Better, diverse, affordable clothing

• Better medicine and health care

• Mass transportation

Standards Check, p. 206

• More jobs

• Urban renewal

• Sanitation

• Entertainment

• Slum conditions

• Higher crime rates

Image, p. 207

• What does the clothing of the people in the poster suggest about their social rank?

• They were middle class people who could afford nice clothes and leisure activities.

• EC: what items show their middle class standard of living?– Top hats– Frilly hats– Sailor suits for boys– Stylish suits for men– Stylish dresses for ladies– Leather gloves– Extra time to go to the cinema

Standards Check, p. 207

• How did workers try to improve their living and working conditions

• Through protest and pressure on the government.

p. 209: Thinking Critically—Electricity's impact:

• Questions• 1 Which country had the fewest number of electric

generation stations by 1913? Largest? Why was there such a big difference between the two?– Russia– The United States– Russia was far behind, US was steadily expanding.

• 2 How did electricity change daily life?– Home lighting and heating– Eased housework, women had more free time.– Increased transportation and communication– Increased business productivity

Quick Write

• How did medical advances lead to the growing world population?