urdusehafataursirsyed

8/7/2019 UrduSehafatAurSirSyed

1/105

]v ^ k

]

n ]u 7

Zt

Z ;kX6

UrduDost Library1www.urdudost.com


2/105

/t [ZgzZ zy X/Zk []Z 5**zg~7X

]t+B EL'"p! @URDU SAHAFAT

AUR

SIR SYED AHMED KHAN

by

Abdul Hai

231, Periyar Hostel, JNU

New Delhi-110067, Mob: 9899572095

year of 1st Edition-2008

ISBN 978-81-8223-458-1

Price Rs.130/-

ZZZZggggzzzzZZZZzzzzgggguuuu ZZZZ{{{{VVVV :::: [[[[ ********xxxxZZZZtttt :::: ''' 'zzzz********8888000000002222YYYY :::: wwwwZZZZ ) )) ) ZZZZwwww000000004444 :::: ZZZZ000033331111ggggzzzz9999 :::: 7777

WWWW6666,,, ,kkkk :::: ----EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING HOUSE

3108, Vakil Street, Kucha Pandit, Lal Kuan,Delhi-6(INDIA)

Ph:23216162, 23214465, Fax : 0091-11-23211540

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

website: www.epbooks.com



3/105

]]]]j jj j ^ ^ ^ hhhh

ZLzZ+**x

X N }ngZ{U*"$N

////////



4/105

` ` k kk k

7777 ////rrrrqqqq- -- - 9999 ////7777

////!!!!****[[[[ZZZZzzzzwwww::::33331111 ZZZZggggzzzz::::ppppzzzz@@@@****gggg

////!!!!****[[[[zzzzxxxx::::00006666 uuuu ZZZZ{{{{VVVV DDDD}}}}... .]]]]

////!!!!****[[[[xxxx::::uuuu ZZZZ{{{{VVVV

999911111111 dddd$$$$ZZZZtttt555588881111 ////ZZZZ!!!!000099991111 //// ]]]]



5/105

iiiif ff f mmmm

ZfgZZr~ ZzqqZzgC zg~Zk} F,M xZZZg

DZt ZzggZ% OZg ZzgOW, x1Y@*g;XZkYi0+ ~ZgzwZZH X!*g}~ZZYZc*] DgX Zsg]c*c

1 ic*{ V ' Zd Z7 yZy~x)gxC qw~. ZZxXT Zzga) g ZC n&ZzgYZ&bzZk C~@*XuZ{VZq- Z+. ZZx,XZy Zq- uT Zq- XT

Zq- eZXgZuZ{VRY)b ZzggzgzZ Z&bz(Zg~ fg)y*EVSV izZwZzg?0+ w F, gZ{6,Y**eTXZkwnZrV Zq- fg)g6,ZEwH XtZ !*] Zk zz

ZgYZZzgZZ!zgq HX1 u 6,ZJ- Zk xZXZtik, [~Zk6,S

z~XZzgZk~ uJ- x[WDXZtT x D7g~ Zzg DXZk [ ~Zy tS:]c*VgQZk ' h+4Zk**]Z7DX tZyG ZZYXQi!*ysZzgZ|[gzZVX' h+t q ZgtZq- Z xZzgZ#]6, x v 0*DXZw t [ gkzD+g~zy Zzgxg~ZkoVX

v vv v ^ ^ ^ aaaa uuuu nnnn

6,zWy*i!*V %/ZC w1z-Eg;5



6/105

n nn n ZKi0+ ~Ziw * Zzg ]uhgZiY+ _./g;Xz /g

BBt_./Zzg]Z(g @* HXYeg}ZKy Zq- zu}zZg6,6gH Zzg}}ZKyg~*!*g fg=ZX 1XZKy tZKy F, u Zzg ZKy ZCZ[F,zZr66zb ZX zzXZK} F,~"g.yZzgZK @V ;Bg;XZ+Zq- TZq- ZKy zu}ZKy d$~ g;c*VZxXW`g}} Zq- Ws0_ g}}~g;z{Zgzgb fg=YyfeXZKy*Zq- ~gTzu} ,(,~W

Yy8X} EF,) CZzg`~zZp=V ZY / ZxtCXW`Z=w_ ZK z]Zg DX

yz*y~v i!*V bZgz ZCxZzgZC ZgXZgz yz*yx(Zz!*]~Z ZgZZH XZgz ZKZq- @*ggZzgZCzg;XZgzLYxVzq LgZtgZZzgLZOJ- :YF, X oiw _ X

Zgz W@R6,~ZAV /Zg}.]Zx~XZy~~!* 7gZxPgw guZ{V**];**ZC **Z1ZxWiZ]ZvZg~**Zjz){ **x1YYX o z{o (p=V~Z ZgZZ CX

ZgzC zg~o (Z~(,|m| z1X7581Y pZz[Z# yz*Zx"-Zzg"r i0+ 6,6gegzVsYqZzgZ m,~# ({Z0+Z [XZ,z ~uZ{Vyz*Zx{mgV ?0+ N Z0+Zi{1 Z /z{z zh~g{D`YN Zzg7gZ@*gO Z{ ZV~ez[Y X a Z,V fg=c*ZzgV ].h+ sb zq XW`yV

Tx6,Zk~u @V ic*{4XuZ{VZgz 5 ZzgZgzZkZ R V. gz Bxx5 zh XZ,VZgz

ZXk^ /ZzgLLd$Ztfg=} ].h+ZVgzk Zc*ZzgZLZgZ]LL~Zz[',0* c*X



7/105

a = pgXuZ{V=ZZzgZyo]Zzg=Zk!*] (,~p ~Z+i, 6,!*


8/105

ZN XZkz{YeZs $k,~-Eg; $k,~$k,~ZzgZZ+- $k,~~ q X

f ]v o8&Z~ 8002Y

cc*g;9 132ZC w1z-Eg;

5X760011XZ# t [ Z i8 - Vg{ XZ,M Zi+cnZk~ Z&b ZzgZe|Z7H Yg;X

//



9/105

Zgz:pz@*gWZk',tggzg~fgZZrZKi0+ ~Zq- i{ wgrXfgZZrc*

ZfgZF,Wg~i0+ ~Zq- zg] ^~ _ XZKi0+ xjZkZkOW,%7g{MhXtfgZZr i~ ,


10/105

CXTz{C 5!*]Y+n"ugLX4C Z~.H diurnal ZEwH Y@*H Journalism Z m,~~n

A p Journal ~ Oxford Dictionary ZEw@*X Journal HXZzgZ m,~~

X5C A Daily newspaper record of daily transitionc* pc* Journalism ZyX~pC @* g~ZzgQQXpz|x z~gQX Journal

LLgZg+~ZDwg~ Z=y XZKebc*WsZ%k**_.:

"Journalism is the collection and periodical dissemination of

current news and events or more strictly the business of

managing, editing or writing for journals & newspapers." C 6 Hg{z ~@*i{,ZzgzZu] **xXtZ(T~7g}ZsBZgzVZzgh+zVn,k,z%A$ YCXZgZ] CZzgZ ]~

, **xXZk!*g}~Z?xpg X9 F,KM zZVn` ZzgZkc x **xc* HX7C

Z*z~ ZzgZ*g0Y X"Journalism means several things. First of all, it means the

ability to write and to convey thoughts in a way that people willunderstand quickly.

Journalism also means a nose for news and feel for words,

respect for truth and a sense of mission." C 8Vt!*]C YC ~|ZzgC Zq,XZzgZ74Zp~

eJZq- X 4Zp~eJw Zkb ** V W~WYX

e-ez+gZV$ZK [LLxz z]~ X"What is journal ism? Journal ism is information. I t is

Communication. It is the events of the day distilled into a few

words, sounds or pictures. Journalism is basically news. " C 9" A l l g r e a t l i t e r a t u r e i s Yg`',**ge xZZZ[ gzX

Wg& EH ~~ ZZ[ Zgc*X zu~sxA Journalism"ptp 97 Y$ X6 eZ @@ "Journalism is a literature in hurry.

ZK [LLZ#]~ X



11/105

LLY tp Vn. Jw:XY ~7{$~K!*g~$ X01C 7{7XZzgZkZky8 Zg7H YY ~ k,,

eZ @@ Zk!*]sY@* ~z 0*~zg~CXZzgz 6,AV q,}CpZ+~ gnp Zh,7 Y$ XVJ- Z[Zzgm !*]zqV ZzgZd$Zq- zu}Z 7XZq- ZYZYZd$@*ZzgZq- ZYZd$ZYYX5X

LL~} } Z,xWDVZ[ZzgZq- YDXQZgZ]~ Zzgp}Z'V DXgV~ic*{F,Zd$

< XEZZ[Zzggxy S 7s Y$ X11C Zq- pZ& k 5 GFg8 - x!{ 3 4 EEGEgWg - ) 4 5 GFEZzggzCZkb X

"Journalism is the systematic and reliable dissemination of public

information,public opinion and public entertainment by modern mass

media of communication." C 12].h+fgZZrZgzgb gi+-8zn,yW,fgZqDp0Zg

7 {ZZ **Zzgu ,g Zy zZ ) . **xXZq- Z(T~ H YYpot ZK!V ZgZYZzgZ7

9g6,ZEwH YXWF,c*C zg~ZgZ] (,~ X # a2y wY**Y@*X /g~ox~ Zxq@*X ZgZ]Zx gZ ZxtDX# XV wZbc*6xZV ZN[ **XZy!*V~ZgZ] Z ZgZZ DXZgZ]y ZZx **2Dp Z],{ gZg+J- 7gi+-8zn,yz{{Zk uz~ Xnk, zg]CzVZp0ZgZzgv c*]z] Zkbk,=D Zy gi+-c*8zn,y6,H YnX yZyZq- Z(yZyV kB ~YCXZzg o kB ZgZko 6,@*X6 2+gZ0+z~ZK [LLf!zc*ZzgZk

ZW,Z]~ X LLzc*C +Zk| t D V {gz0*ZbZF,0 ~fgZZr ~ZqCZkz{{gz0*6,ZW,Z0+ZiDXZy~@*g]:

'Z5zqW!*~ZO~ZzgY]BBc*CZzk] DX31C

Zk!*] Zzg4Z0+Zi~Kn~Pj [tZkg g;VXZrV0 TtC @* ~X CX

LL Zgc gV@*q XZypk gV 6,yz*ZgZ]



12/105

$+;~(,~~3 gXZK)zWiZ~Z+{ZVc*ZzgZIy gk ;BZg 6,W{H Zzgt!*zg Zc* Zk.Z m,yz*EV |**eTX41C

ZyZ]sgtC g; *~V} Zz[c*kB q]aZ z;Vc*VZzgZ ZgZZH ez{kB xc*yz*y q- WiZ~XZzgZZzVR6, }lgh}XZ /Wzg !*] ,Z[g~i0+ ibz0_ XYu Zgc*W@*Zkzu~zgc*]XW` &ZZzgdiV~gH Y@*Zzg ] { Y@*XZq- xuZzgZku~)YZg 4g6, xH YYZzgZku W(,Jc*YYX

v vv v ^ ^ ^ k kk k o oo o iiii ^ ^ mmmm ////ZK] { ZKyZL_.!*]zZ]Zzg] zuzVJ- @*Xti:*Zk zg]gXZK 6,zZi u7XZKy66Ck @*ZzgZK

f zzQ7gZ @*XZk 5ZXz5(Y zzkXF,zZrZK~ ZzgZmz]Z gzV) -VCQ}}ZkF,~WzZi, I XZp Zzg55i!*V z]XQZKy aWzZiZzg] Zq- xgz\ Zzgk,zV zgzqZXbD Zgwz Z] ui}

k,~gZ WiZXF ',VJ- Zk~ {mpV7N X~WzZizVC~ wzs ^~eJwc* HX-**EVwzs Zq- } Zq- # } 7," x~WaZ ~

Zk!*]~ 7 6,Z**gZi!*y Zzg ZXu~X6 eZ @@ X

LLu d$k,e~7g~*~c*VxgBb z;V7[zZ * [ i:312txCc*Y@*g16,k,X1 >Zk!*]6,5 u~k, z0003tx ZX ZuuXZq- Z0+Zi} _.u401Y~ g 1Xu]wJ- ZkZX * zVg3 Q F, ~KVtgZix ~ x[X51C

Zk!*]~ Z%s7 Y?{:u~ZXZZzgz;V Zq- [868Y ~XeZ Z?xpgZK [Z*y~ X

LLu/ ~* *F,+ [gc*XZk~ Zk [ LzZ8 - c11#868Y j nY0*@* ZkzZ+ c* zZxqX61C

u~@*8 - {0+ZyxZVXZkZq- /K0* LL zV**xYg~ZXt



13/105

Zg* ,ZgXp v u3zZL / ZgCDXLLZk!*g}~g 7ZL^~592Y ~E+ {H X71C

;y ',v John Gutenberg f! ~6,gzk Z ZZq- `

uY@*X`*~ xzu}f! zq HXZzg`* ,ZgzqZXAvisa Relation oderziting LL,**)9061Y ~`*~Yg~H HZk **x

XZzgQzwZb Zq- Z**)Z y~U1161Y ~Ei ZxZ**x ZX81C y~ x 7841Y ~zq@*ZzgZkgs zZ~z@

;BX6 isWgez{ X (William Caxton) 5 h 4 GHE"William Caxton, introduced the printing press into GreatBritain in 1487 and established a profitable London printing

company that published the leading books of the day ." C 19-g\ @*g,] @ z;VZq- j~zu~j~ZzgZq- !* {zu}!* {J-

,YzZ$ gzxg6,Vz;V5] F, DXZzg!* {ZxzZ Zxq DX6 PjZK [LLyz*Zg+~ X|][

157',kgzgZ`~gziZ:Zq- N**)Yg~H Y@*T~u g~Z:2yZykB ,CXZq- g**)c*~ZgZ] Henry VIII 6,ZX0351Y ~^~tWc*X0061Y J- y~Y?{V Zq- (,~Z_ XZzgZy {Z# g{DX2261Y ~Zke~Zzg7gXZzgZq- Z ~ TZq- ^ Z&7,"~v pheZzgt ^~Zq- Zg ^8X

LL,~**V c*,,~ZgzV z{r7CWg}ZgzV Cz{'**DX,,~~ Vg

6,g x-g\~zqH XZZ>~T Z y~zi:yz*y ~Z XZg ] { YZzgZgzV WiZ~h 1461Y ~;tH HX02C

ZkzZ6,{ DZDwg~ XLL',~Zg+Zzg(@*g tZ(ZF,+zZTZ m,~**VF,

Zg Z(g Zzg2071Y ~y gziZ:ZgLye~ gZ.$ ZX12C ZkZg~zVBBZzgZO~p}D @*zVnZ+{q

X}}Zq- c gz\1ZzgxZVz s YXT zzZg



14/105

y6,L ic*{1(,Jc* HX6861Y ~z){ zqGX Benjamin Haris Z%M ~

XZk~ (Public Occurances) egwZ%O Zgx6,Wc*X22C T **xZz ZJohn HXQ4071Y ~ Issue # sy!*i~CXtZg 1VEi{ z] T~zu}ZgzV Z@*Zzg, 6,ZC Compbell

~Zk **x1V / c* HXZkQZgZ] !*h|W ZzgZgZ] V6, o X

aaaa j jj j ^ ^ ^ o oo o v vv v ^ ^ ^ k kk k ////d$zy F,C z,z,ZKyzg~Z ZXZ] @* HXyz*y~

zV Zq- (zu~(nZgZ] gZ1 HZzgUV6,ZjgZ Xew u g~ yYDZzg V !*V Y@*XZkz{zV6,u g~Z]+ { ZYDXW`ZyK**]YDXZk!*g}~Pj X

LL6,Zi Zzg2yg ZZ@*g @ {/c*VXZki~2VZzg"V6,g'+ { u g~Z2IZxZzgZZw VJ- YDXZb Zq- *F,+_o^ k)M ZYk([u} Zq- Nh~

X32C 6,5XZk i!*yZZZzgC ^ z]wI[ *zg~Z7P VZzgewz){fg= VJ- ,YCXo xZVZL YkgrX xt z{Zxq]ZkJ- XZk!*g}~ZZX X

LL{ qzZ,zb CXZYVqzZ,z{pq @*XtYk7 v cZZ ZDXzu~b ,{ gziZ:ZxCV zigZY!*]A Zzgzu}xZV

z "$zgZyqCX{ z Z7 V~ /g@*X42C V~g7g zZV bwH Y@*XZy xt ZZdF z{g7g^

Xtg7g;B YCXtg7gZdx Zx0Yg~wYC XZk!*g}~Pj XLLyz*!* Vg Z ZkuJ- Ck 1 C I~Zq- Zgzg

HgH Y@*XT xt@* z{ZLq]!* {ZzgZkzik,zV " z Z:qc* }X52C

V~Zkb g7g zZV Zq- (,~ZXZyg7g zZVZg+ z`qZZzgh!* {Zzg8 - id$i~ZgzV Z X

LLVzBBZg+/F, XOZzg8 - id$



15/105

~ZgV Zq- Yw_ HXzz Zk @*g:V~ZgX62C M ZzgzZz){ { ]f

ZZ&+c*v ~ZkbZgDXzqzq~Z m,zVZzgv 0 xnZgHgGYDXp~Zy Z],{zW c* HXv 5i} Zy ZgV Z+{(Xz{ZKDc*] Zkfg=ZdxJ- DZzgZkbZg

+ F,q XLLZZ&+c*v 5i}ZKDV Zgnz gZ1 DZzgtZk!*] o] yz*xZVgZzgZg+ Z $+gzZ?Ck 1XZVg,~~gF, Zk Z0+Zi{Zkc*YY Z0+gzyo

~,Zzg!*iZg Zq- (zu~( Zq- J{Zzg!gzx HX72C

,~ z]yz*y~v WZzgv yz*y~g] ZYi] **) HXZzgQZZ&+c*v yz*y!*iZgzV6, B7g}yz*y6, 1Xv 5i}Z,v 0*Vt7XZ7Zk z7c*Y@*XZ,

XZy!*g}~Pj X (Mr. William Bolts) V~Zq- z@1uLLZy **xg}n-V. f ZrVyz*y~,ZgYg~

XZ /p Zy B7c*ZzgZy **ggX82C LL1uz{MVZLZgntZ3gc* x )b Zzg

7,ez{Zyy W 7,|YX92C Z5]!*g}~ ZkZ3g% zz1u wZ ,ZgIZc* HZzgZ7 $+g gZkc* HXv Z7}c* z{gZkYN Zzgz;V-gz\gzZ:YN X1u Zg% ZK 0*Zl~ 6,.ZV7,~pZrVVy1 z{v | Vt gXZzgWy gyz*yzZ:-gz\Y ZrVv V Zq- !}~X

'Consideration on Indian LLyz*yzZ:Y1uZq- [**x t [0*,]6,#**c*[7p [zg Affairs'

X [z{zeJV6,;ZXZk~ZZ&+c*v @*gZzg ZkZyNzV , ByH HXZkyz*xZVZzg+ gv zVBZEwGX [zu}{~z{x@Z]g`GZZ&+c*v 1771YJ- yz*xZVzGX03C 1uq] !*g{VJ- Zg% 7 X7g}!*g{

VZq- zu}Z m,8- , EGEZ h 4 Y He L3 . XGEXw /c* wZi+zgN*,**x92g~

0871Y yz*y Z m,~ZgYg~H XtZg8gzi{XZgg}~ZrVZL!*g}~ :



16/105

LLZgYL = {mt7Zzg:~ Zk x X~6,zglZkb 7 ~z :i0+ ~0jVXpZy

!*V!*zgzbzr WiZ~yh+n~ZL lxg;VX13C

LL8- , E

GE

Z h 4

Y H

e p v D XZkZg ZZzg{m!*]t Zk~v 5i}Zzgp g3,wzZgy4k 5 4 5 XHHEY 6,Z`6, W YCXZzgZW zzQ7ZLZg ic*{ I c* HXpZk!*ze 7ZzgZLZg~v Zdh+ZgzV6,

W DgZ7Y**7,ZX!*C WZ# z{72871Y ~Zy6, 1 HXe Q$4 l GE!$4 k 5 GEZzggi+Z&+c* / **zqH X

LLtZg8gzi{ZzgZ# u6,4qX23C 4ga4871Y / **zqZXZkZi+ Z1 5 GHzyZ m,~Zzgg6,

ggnp Xz{ 1V{XZkZg Zq- Zp!t Zk Zq- g~@* XLL / Zq- . f St ZkZgZZzV~Zq- gi!*y

@*XZzgZgg!*gvtZgZs {VW!*Zk xuqZ CX33C Zgxy 6871Y ~Zq- ZzgZgL Zo_zqZXgZk21Z ',5871Y

gZk g***xZg_zqZXZkQ1971Y ~gZk gJZkz k,`Z} ZC*ZgC gzzqH X (Huge Boyd) 1

LLZkzq wPj3971YCDZ# ZZX1971Cc* X43C ]YZg **Y@*X5971Y ~Wgz- . GgZk Boyd ~Q

/ z] XZkQ6. XE~LZ&+c*ZzqH X ZgLZ9871Y ~zqZZkQ gJ**ZgzqZZkZg~

| ZCZ3gZ] DXLL02y0971Y / z]Zk~gCZzgzZZ,CX

aZ m,~8gzi{ZgLW),gzg1971Y ~zqZX53C 81z,~ZzZyJ- gZkZzgz{zu}(,}zVZgZ]_zqXZyZgZ]~zVz{mp} DXZkz Zg~6,],Z:eZY!*]WC yz*y~tZgZ m,zVn%Yg,Z7m~YCZzgZyZ+{zZVDX

LLZgZ]~u g~g7gIVz{',!*zV pZq]Zzgyz*xZV 0*Va}q6,ZZgbDXZkb zVz{ckZ6u xzc***

zgeug-e}-Zzgzu}]g7gqCXk,**x [u g~Zx



17/105

X63C YZ+} !*'z ~Z3gZ]ZzgVJ- m,C+ZgZ] z]yz*y~Z,~zu}~CZ# Xw

Zg ZXZg@i!*y~I Oegt6181Y ~LXw /**xYg~H XZkZg8181Y ~gZx7g ~Lev g**xZq- Zgg!XtZgg!~8gzi{~ ps HZzgZk **xLegg6 c* HX9281Y ~tZg~z!*g3XZk ,Zzg

ZZzVCXLLZk~ZzgZZzVb ,@ZzgZ m,~zVi!*V~ YC

X73C Zkz +ZgZ]Z m,zVZzgZ m,~%7 DXZyZgzV~

Z m,zV0ZzgZyZ+} zV ic*{(~YCXpz{@i!*y~CXZzgBZ m,~~,~YCXegg6 EJ- @*g;Xegg6gZxgZ yz*6, }lgh}XY |~Zq- +c*yz*Zg% ZgZxgZuY@*XZrV@ZzggZgXPj :

LLgZxgZ@Zg\. 5 E* ~ZzggZg%Z>Zgyz*Zg+ Cg3 ZzgZyZgzVZdZg`qGX\. 5 E* ~Zzg%Z>Zgz{Zzg+ZzgZ m,~ZgzV Zy fZ]!*Zmg;XZZzg yz*Zg+~gZxgZ Zd

xqZk Z0+Zi{Zkc*YY Zy#ZgZ]Zyp} **!*) BX83C gZxgZc1281Y ~@i!*y~8gzi{LZg\. 5 E* ~zqH XZkZg~(

, Zzg) zZu]ZzgzV (~YCXtZggzi @*XtZg33wJ- @*g;X

gZxgZ 7gZhZZH Zzg Zq- uZq- q- ^~ZEwH XgZxgZZLZgfg=4 gsWzZi ZzgWy g9281Y ~4 g6,ge"5 4 5 EGEHgzu ~X

gZxgZZgZ[~LegPgkzqZXZkZg !*1ZlyYzqH XtZggZxgZo} # g;Zzg4 g Yg~gpp h~XZq- N!*]t Zly+Zg\. 5 E* ~Zi+g{`XPj_.:

LLZgegPgk ZYi]**)q nZZBZ6,s1281Y ZlyYgpZ ~XZke~Zq- . f !*]t tz!*1ZlyYgZxgZ

Zg\. 5 E* ~Zi+X93C gZxgZ02BZ6,s2281Y g Zg%Z>Zg**xYg~H XtZgC -

@*XZkQ', G+**xgZxgZZ m,~Zzg@zVi!*V~



18/105

g!zqH XZgz ZgYxVga2281Y ~_zqZXg zuZZgYxV#

2281Y _zqZX| ZCZg2281Y ~_zqZXtZgzqH HXZk

**xLegZzgt8gzi{X~tZggzi**~ps HXy~ ZgZz-$gX gZgZ]~L%Z>ZgZzgLYxV ZkZg ZZY13B#6281Y H HXtZg _XLZgZzgZgLgZx7g **x1YYX

@gyz~ZgzZzg| ZCZgZ]7581YJ- F, Zzgyz*y ( 6, }l%A$ **zq bXi!*y~g!LG+**x1381Y~zqZXPi!*y~ZgLz 5 4

Y EGE#- A 5 4 EGFFGE**x0481~zqZXZyi!*VZgZ]z{zu~

i!*V!Zhc*ZzgW~ Zg+ z]X

]]]]v vv v ^ ^ ^ k kk k VVVV]]]]mmmm iiii ^ ^ mmmm o oo o qqqq ^ ^ Zgz @*g6, zZV~ZgzZg z]e~ Z%]0*YD

XU VJ- ~!* Zg ZgtH HXp ]C H ZgLYxVzqH HXLYxVZi+Z%iZ7g~ZzgZg C ~C ]"5 EEY X

ZkZg @*gZ ) ~Z%s0*c*Y@*XPj_.ZgYxV#2281Y zqZXt@*gZrVgYxVn XZ# ZgzYxV @*g!*g}~z{ X

LLgYxV ZZY#2281Y ~ZXZkzu}w!*Zi+Zgzezq c*XzVYxVzVz]Zky &CXD

$+Zgz087X Xp Wg i~gYxV :pz;VMXz{Zgzi!*y~18@*g{c4281Y{~ XZ[Z /[c*YZgz #3281Y ~ Z XZgzLYxV ,gYxV

Z @*ZzgB# seg,]CX04C 20x30/8 b Z# **ZZ',~ZK [LLgzb~YxV @*gWi61B#2281Y XLLZgz ZgYxV 61B#2281Y Yg~ZXT VJ- zzg

~ZzgZq- Zgz~X14C @*g6,Zq- Z xeZ Z?xpgH ZzgZrVZg @*gZZY72Bga

2281Y CXZ?xpg tgZ uJ- g xCXpgr# [-Eg;jZCc*X $k,~~L 9 2281Y V

LLV g}!*iZgzVZzgY9{V gz CXz;Vg}V+



19/105

g}V g DZq- !* W**xgZzgzuZZLW\ egPgk**xc* @*Zzgg}D_.tW**xXZ[VZq- Z%ZgZXT **xLYxVXgZ)ZgLYy. /.g}

~ZyV f ZyZp~ @*X LLW`Zq- *Zgyz*i!*y~Yg~ZpZeg Z Yg~H XZk!*g}~ C7Y:Zk 6,ZM:Zk6,YLzZ **xg`XtZg ZgR,,&zgt6,ZzgZk **xLYxVXg{$+|y72Bga ZX24C

**gZ{VZ?xpg gZZtH XLLYxV {g{T6,331g`92Bc4281Y ',ziXgD H HZzg g{!*y_.Zk WiZyZXZkn{Z@ gz~@*gZZY 2281Y t **ic*{o X34C

>YxV@*g]ZZYe~Z%sgnp XpZkK~eZ Z?xpgZKo]7H z{ic*{9XZgZZY @*g72Bga2281Y 9**YYX

PjgYxV Zg Zgc*ZzgZgzYxV gYxV eCc*Xzu~sZ?xpgYxV ZzqU*"$ nQkz zZZgzV

9ZzgYy. jZXZ?xpg_.YxVZgz~ **zqZZzg~g~zqZXZgzYxVbg} 9~Zq- Zy Z Zgyz*~_Zmi!*y~p~zZXZzg VtZggi!*y~ Xw**gZ{y:

LLZUYxVsZgz~ @*ZzgwYy. Zg g~ zk,Zzg, g{ Zx7XW^,g})gQ51B# Z /Zg`7D

2281Y ',zi$+|(g Zq- zqH HZkgz=wZ zgzVZgzOg~ XZzgZZ ) Bg{ Z HZzgZkb c*92B#2281Y gzg WiZX44C Zq- wgYxVQZgz eZCXZzggi!*y ', Zggnp Zgz

ezqH XZk!*g}~**gZ{V XLLZ%iZ7g~Zq- wQZgzZg h+ ptgyz*ZI

fzt 6,7-gzgZzgZID ~Zzgdzg]7 XOC g}uzgt6,Z m,~~ZgpZzg7 , g`CXk,LYxV.e$Z[BtZ%Zx l /Zg @* ZgIz2-gz86nZg ic*{N6,Zzg nZktH z{W{ZkZg Zq-



20/105

e{yz*c*Zgzi!*y~ }Z /ZgZgByh+ZYZk P{egW6,pc*Zq- gzB;: XpZ /sZgzeyh+ZYP{zgzB;: X54C Zgz @*g%A$ zZV~ZkZ%sgZ Zq- (,~zzt ~.zZZq- [

xz{zu} 7nXPjDWg i VjZZK!*]U*"$ pZ7[-Eg;b 7nX0* yZzgyz*y zz 6,.*VY @*gzF "uZ xXeZ Z?xpg 9jZZgzYxV ZgCc*Xtb [-Eg; $k,~~XZ!*]t **ZZ',~ZzgPj tb o zz7nZzgZy0*kZKnDWg i *zm,Z]c*g /!*gjZXq [-Eg;b Zgz @*g%A$

~ ZqXZy ~[-Eg;b jZ!7XZgzYxVzC~zV6,ic*{z~YCZzgZg ic*{F,zzV6,@* XzVBBBZzg> YCXC Zkz W bgVZ Vc*

**)g7Zknic*{F,,Z m,~ZgF, YCXzVZN[~t{mwg3 Y@*,VZzgy*Zx0VXZg %O6,ZZ&+c*v Ky @*XZkZg9g~Z m,ZknZ p {mwg3 Y@*XZ m,zV (,~ZZkZg ZgzIc 7,zqH XzVnz{Z m,~Zg _ DXZgzYxV~J ga6281 Y, ** ~I Zzgeg{J- @*gZ ymzZg CgXZkZq- w

J- zA Z*yZkZg fM XZkz{@*gK~ F, ZX**gZ{V X LLa -gzZkZg Zgzi!*y~'g]q nyh+DZknZk i!*y{gzZVZzgxCZzgZkyZzg**kZp{Zzg0F,ZI Zzg g]

J- :g{mXY ZgzZgyh+Zg /m,H Y@*pZg tF,KM ic*{Z m,',Z{gZ Z m,~ZgZ]Z.{ DZknt,!*/SxCXOJ ga6281Y zV { @*gZ y Z ) zq Zzgeg{J- tg;XQZq- wJ- g!*]zA gzZg`CgX71By7281Y 32By8281Y J- @*gK~iM ZgkgX64C @*gK~ F, Zgz,] c* HX-VZkz gi!*y ic*{

ZqZzgv Zgzgi!*yic*{7,_ZzgBXZgz Dz Zi+ZyH X

LLZkp 4}gkMV ~Zk gzZzg]0*Zgzg]fzt7gnp ZzgZIyMV i!*yz{gk,eT{ go W{y~ y

g~ YX74C nZq- yZzgZgz tZg72ga2281 Y zqZZzg32g~8281 Y HXY V tZg



21/105

Zgz~3g~3X Zkbg}Zgz~ Zzgz!*g{Zgz~Yg~ @*g#3281 YZkbtZgegwWJVJ- Yg~g HXZkZg gpZ C ~C ]"5 EEY ~XZkZi+ZwZzgDz@kZhv XZg

Bg]Zzgz "$z){n@*gZP **xc*Y@*XtZgC $+| 11Bu gze @* XZgz6,dn;:Zq- gzBZzgg6,dn;:zgz[g7,CXtZg z J- ZzgZk~z DXZg~Zq- !*g'gZz 20x30/8 Z m,# ! ~g;XZg ,

gIsZq- *y ZT zzZZ&+c*v Zg**gZn ZzgZgZCh! Z 1X

YxVZgzZgZ] @*g~zuZ(,Z**xLZgzZg XpZgzZg ZgzZgZ] DXZyZgZ]~Ws\g~4381Y @*5581Y **x1YYXt

ZgzezqH HXw**gZ{VX gZgT~4381Y8x12 LLWs\g~gZg62BZ6,s2281Y Yg~H HXtZg,!*g{,]6,zZgE@D ah ZZg]~gZ{6, @*X3381Y ZzZyJ- tsgZg1 4381Y ~Zgze ZH HX84C Z m,zVo gi!*yZzghggzZ`Z ~Zq- ZxZVD

0381 Y~g (Zgz u g~i!*y gz}c*XZkzZW,Z]%A$Zq- t Zgz zF,~ZZZzgzu}t gY+zZ VZzggqV6,Zeic*{ZW,7ZXz,V Yy*y~gi!*y F,n {m7g7gX~Zgz (Z m,~ u g~i!*yc* HXqwZgzi!*yzZ[ ZkZ+{ZZzgZgz~ pVgzN X~Zgz {pZ{Z+{ZX

LLZZ&+c*v 0381Y ~g u g~i!*y w Zgz u g~i!*yc*Xc*7Z%Zgzi!*y Zkg]Z+{ZXZgz D+gz (Z+{ ZkZ m,zV

(,| XZpV~ZzgzV~Zgz~ xXQZgzZgZ] Z~!~ZZXZgz Z m,~ qgzZc*]zgP~ZzgZkZ ZW,JwH ' h+ t Zkz ic*{F,ZgzZgZ]u g~ /c*Ei{WOZZY~ZCZ H X94C

VJ- V**@WiZ !*] 9Y** ZgzZg :::: aaaa o oo o ]]]]]]]]f ff f ^ ^ ^ ZgzZgpQ U*"$ H ZgzZgT **xZg7zuZZgXtZgZzgy ZgzZgXZk @*gZZY~Z%sXg /!*g8381Y XZ#

Pj_.7381Y ~Yg~H HXZ# eZ !* ZZXZzgZ?wr# Zgzq w6381Y c*XZk!*g}~**gZ{V X



22/105

LLt ** ZgzZg VYg~ZWy7p{q]~Z# 0481Y @*1481Y X@*gZZYe~Z77581Y gzV6,GF, XZzgZngZZzs w tZg zg~7381Y ~Yg~H HX05C ZkZg **xZZYz LZgXZkZg **@WiZzZ~!* ~Yg~H X 20X30/8ZkZg **xz%psH HXZk!*g}~eZ @@ X

LL3B#0481Y J- Zk **xZgg;XQ01B#0481Y Zk **xZgzZg HX**x p~ zzx7CXYxV bt8gzi{ZzgWyJ- 8gzi{g;XXXXXZkZg ~Wy~V~**x Zq- Zzgp~ X< XEZ21B7581Y Zk **x$+w LZgZ EEg c* HX15C ZkZg~Zzw6,gzZZyh@*].ZgZzgv u /xVZzgr# VZy v # u /xVCXZk~Zg!*gzVgc*2VZzgzVWzZZgZ]

Z]DXZkZgn Vg gZ:g6, x1Y@*XZg St ZkZg~( z{}Zzgzymgpp zZ,

YCXzVBBzV}YDXZgzZg~ ~6,{z~YCZzgZk~g {;iM fztZzg xJXZg~ZZgt7@*X zZgZ:YZ] ,~YCX

tZgz ZgT F, ZzgZq- EJ- _g;XZzgZZgz Zg YYXZzg~!* Zgz &+g YYXZrV Zq- q- bZEwH ZzgZk~ uJ- z{ x[gX

L~!* :sZgzi!*ygZZ Z|[ZZsH ZL=w Ls xZgfg) dZzgZ!c x ZxH X zVZzgZ!>

{iZY @*i{ xiM ZgCXZzgz{ZIfzt~WzxgT ZLZL]6,fzt F,M z 0*DgTXOZZ~fzt zZzg

d$zF,M ~~r# s }.] ZZs** /k,ZzgtZgzZg Zq- **. Zl g**)X25C ZgzZgT **x7581Y ~ZgZ EE c* HX31Bm7581Y c* HZzg~!* g~ X

Zkb~!* LYMhXLL~!* u /V 0*Zl~',~xZ761Bm gzZi}

!*C yZy~ K:c*XZk]',R~iZG{Zgz Zq- "nZzq ~X35C ez{yz*EV Z m,zVskB c* c*) u /xVV yZy~



23/105

Z ZgZZH XZzgXV6, }l%A$KX~!* Zzg~Zy ] q- j~X

LLGt~!* ]TZgz WiZq- zgxZzg@*!*Zzg

ZZq- Zq ic*X45C :ZkZg ~!* 3481Y ~zqH XZkZg~ ]]]]f ff f ^ ^ ^ ` ` ]]]]v vv v ] F,) YCXZk!*g}~Pj X

LL1h)uZZg~Zk - f MXTZ0+Zi{@* 3481Y ZzZb ~ZZzgZkY~V ic*{YzvyZX YZ ~Zq- (,Z

yz*yZg h+ZkOzg]GXO1hZZY s Z / Zk } OZZkZg~sg]BZk Z[c*YX55C :tzZgZgZzgZuZ{y(,}{VzqH XwZZ',~t n nn n ]]]]f ff f ^ ^ ^

8gzi{7381Y _zqZX65C {Va u g~5i# ~ZknZZg] f)Zg~~Z-g ByZ @ zZ/gnp XZknZg~Z,p} {mZx GYDT~)b 6,gzeZYCXtZgz V~{=wXZZguZ{V

Z Di0+ Wi@*ZzgW uZ{VZq- r# iZgXZkZg%iZmX

LLgu]z{**q ]Yzh+Zzgc* g x@* %iZ ZzgZ{V~ Zz*:Z~t. f Zg- Zk q Zgz-Zy Zi+cZ- ZX75C

tZg8481Y J- Yg~g;X:tZg**xegZgZ]3Xg~Zzg4481Y ~zq ^ ^ ^ ]]]]f ff f ^ ^ ^

ZZzg~Zgz~ps HXtZg0581Y [XZk3581Y ~QtZgYg~ZZzgZq- w J- Yg~g;XQZtZgZ+{V4581Y ~Zzga6581Y ~}.ZjYg~H XZyegzVZgZ]~Z+zZZgic*{=wZzg 7581Y z]z z{Zg =wX

:ZkZg 6,zWZzg**gZd$~ *Z+5481Y ~Yg~H Xt mmmm ]]]]f ff f ^ ^ ^ Zg8481Y ~ HX

:tZg41Bg~0581Y gzqZXZkZg C gZYg~H XtZg zZg~~z!*gZzgZk ~&!*g3X6681Y ~ZkZi+ &w ptZgQYg~g;XtZgZkn Z [ tZgzZgX[**gL {gzZhgX {g55BwJ- @*g;X {g~, _.!*CZ0+Zi



24/105

YCXZk!*g}~Pj XLL {gZIZgXZk z4Zzg#zVuzZZwYc* CX85C

{guZZ+ u6,4ZzgZgZ+ ZZg]~Lgc*g**x 3 33 3 > >> > c cc c ]]]]f ff f ^ ^ ^ ]]]]llllVVVVZq- ZgzqH HX( ^0;**xZq- Zg_zqZXZk -ZyPX ( ^LyZ!Y**xZq- ;:g!Yg~ZX

0581Y ~| ZZ!, Z ZZg]~L1 Zg[ z]X4581Y ~| Z]LiZZgX7581Y ~?zgLplgZzgzwgZzf~L[Zzgygzi gYg~X:gZgZ%


25/105

Zgzi!*y Zq- -%iZ7gYg~ZZgzi!*yz ~ZzgZ*yW6l~06C Z|[Zzg]ZgzWF, X

7581Y z]LpZ{y HZzgQ1681Y ~z!*g{zqZX:5481Y ~ 6,Z4Z t8gzi{g!zqH XZkZi+ ]]]]]]]] mmmm %Z m,~ZeH]Ox**gZXZkg~ >> > c cc c ^ ^

3581Y ~-ZyPL"zqH XZk~Zzgbmic*{p} DXZ g~J 4581Y yy**xZq- g!zqH Xt23,] g!ZzgZk~zF,M 6,ic*{Z@*Xg~6581Y ~pg[zqZZkz g~g!X8481Y ~gZZYW /{zqZXZZ+Z@ z]6481Y ~C 5]ZzgZpV6,p} @*XnyZZ2 z]6581Y ~XZk~ZzgZrhVm Z H Y@*X

SSSSQQQQTTTTMMMM 1 11 1 eeee o oo o v vv v ^ ^ ^ k kk k yz*y @*g~7581Y z]Zq- Zc* gXZ m,zVs~ ZkkB

7g}o~Z m,zVs]Zzg# Zq- ;~Xo(ZzgZO~q]BBi!*yzZ[Zzggzi%{ i0+ 6, ZW,7,ZXZkkB yz*y F z BXVF ZgZ] Z m,zVsWiz ZgZ]Z m,zV pl ~X

ZkkB WiZ~ Zq- *zgzq@*X8581Y ~Zgz ZZgZz|E@zqZXZw gzqH XtZgzq~ V ]]]]bbbb]]]]f ff f ^ ^ ^

~z!*g @*Xp4781Y ~tgzi**)~ps HXZkZgi!*yzZ[ }.# XZk zZV~u g)Y:WiZ(~ Z>g%iZv XZkZg~


26/105

V$+ *Vzg XZz|ZgZkz g~ZgXZz|Zg ZC (t7XtZgZ&b{f!Exz){6,grX~tZg ic*{' ZOngZXZkZg~WZzg5QhZnzk,Zzg gIyZEwGYDXZmZ gZzgZkZg' ZO!*{Zq- q- g]Z(g ZzgGzu} ZgZ]zqX

03ga6681 uZ{VZ /|Z /|ZXk^ / z] V ^ ^ ^ 9 99 9 ^ ^ n nn n 9 99 9 o oo o Xu z]Yg~g;Xzq~8gzi{~gzi{ HXZn Z m,~ZzgZgzzV~DXZkZg Z m,7,_XzVz{uyz*EVZzgV)b ZzgZy5] ZkZgfg)x6,D@* Z m,# Zxq] ^nX

yz*EV~(c*]zF,M nZk~p} XuF !*gZL]fg=ZkZg~V s7 ZzgZ m,# $+ EV zg X uZ{V7681Y ~Z yZzg0781Y ~zZ:WXZrVZ y V iiii` ` mmmm g gg g ]]]]

~ 1 yz*y Zq- g!BZzgzZ:W ZrV42c0781Y d$Zt z] Xt;:g!ZzgZk!*g{,]DXZk~,7Cs

p}DXZkZg } Z&bX]{tg! HZzg&wQYg~ZX1 Qzw0*{ HX41wtg!z!*g{Yg~ZX1 &w HXZk!*g!*g zzuZ{V ZKz5]X

4681Y ~[yz VVZzgV ZZ ) _ V ]]]]f ff f ^ ^ ^ ]]]]r rr r r rr r ^ ^ ^ hhhh [ z] XZkZ x nZgZ[ z] XZgZ[z{W[[F@zV yz*y]ZgZgygZkz){zu}gb Zkz 3X

3 33 3 > >> > c cc c ]]]]f ff f ^ ^ ^ ]]]]llll

g=y**Zg~HxZ5Bg~4881Y gzqH Xt8gzi{ZgXZzg Vt bZgXtZg4091Y ~ HX7581Y kB VZ) Zg z]XZgZ!W!*zqZX

8gzi{XZk~) ,ic*~P XZ!W!*6Bg~6781Y ZZg WiZXt8gzi{XZk~F, ,CXzVz{p}DXJ Z~ 0981Y **Z>g8gzi{ g]~~ v[zqH XtZd0*b ZgXt# ]A~u qXpuZ+ #XZk~dZ!@*g](ZzgC np}DX8581Y ~ ZyZyZ ZZg]~zqZXgZk9581Y ~



27/105

ZgzqZXzq~kgzi{Q8gzi{ HXZkk,ZygXZkZg~ic*{F,Z!gZzgF, ZgzVF, JtZgF, V @*G @*X

3881Y ~~ LLyz*zqZXt~z!*g_~&!*g3Xt 6,izg@*G @*

XgZkh+{gzi g5781Y ~zqZXtF, V i', qXCg5681Y ~ZgzqH XgZgCg3781Y g~Cg2781Y Zzg ZsxZgZ] z]X

Zgzgzi** z]~L Z+Z{Vg X~r# Zgz **xZq- gzi**)zqH X

tZg7881Y ~9zizZ!)I ZZ!(8gzi{ ^~Yg~ZXZk V n nn n ]]]]f ff f ^ ^ ^ Zzg=8[ZX8[8gzi{zqH XZgZLZZYPwgv HZzg~Wy~V~gzi**)0 HXtZg =wZXVh Z~ Zg Z[7XZgz F,~Zg wgrXO-$ Zzg Zq-

q- g6,**ZkZg ZS:]XZZ',~~+jZ :LLZgz{p} @*njDXOtZgZKZgiZV

7Zzg.e$w8i FFZzgxIp} $+zyz*y V$34 XH0 HXVJ- Zk.gax1hZgZ] ZK1 Zzgf;-$ 2s1ZzgZrVZk

Zzg',F,~ t 1X26C

tZgT ZZ ) Zkz Hg{D ZgXZk~ Z3gZ] GYDX iZgZ# gzi**)ZZktZgzxZgZ]~ ZZzg=wXZk ,Zzgp}Zx(,}fztzt7,_XpZ# LiZg**;Z{V k,zV' #GOE ^~zZgZZg 7 ZzgZx~Zk =q tZg4291Y ~ HXZkZg xH ZzgZka} VW yZy~ g;c*VZxbX

,~ ~uVZzgZz!*]1XZzg*('6, }ZW,Z]%A$GXZBZgz~Zz[Wc*XZke~gK Z+ h+~ :

LL> xXw ?m,ZZzgZ i6,f!V @*|# z@*gZ zg K zZ F, n Wi@kB XVzZ!*r pVgm,~z){ gZZzg q- gZ3gH XZkZgzZgZ]]OW,Zzg66ZgZ]

[ZzgZgzZ m,zV 3XZq- {m!*]t Z m,zVp ~Zg#ncc*V Xkw ]~7381Y VQaZ HXZyVZgzZgzV Z ) (,| XtzgZgz ~zgX36C

,~ z]F 6ZgZ] WiZX ZgZ]gX~zV Z%


28/105

6zqzZgb ~**]; ;:g!Zgzv Z qXZeg{3091Y ~ ZXZkz Z>g Y ZiZg &yZzgc***gZ i:Zgb X**];yz*y WiZ~Zq- u /xg ZzgZrVfg=WiZ~ Wv !H XZknZ7F {Zzg4ZV7,,XZygZgzv F !*gH HXZp}Z3gZ]Zzg~&] CXZ(p} DX~

&]nZq- !*z @*XT~ZZY >ZzgBz){ YCXZs@*gZzg5]6,p}ZkZg fM WX

**;Z{VzZ**uZZ+Zy3091Y ~ xW!*8gzi{ZgiZgYg~H XT iZgzV VZzg gzV >n x **X9091Y ~ZyZwZk ZZg]**;Z{VeXZzgZk xW!*gvH HZzggziZ:~ps HXtZgz

ZgTgZ> ZzgZZf$6,WsZ&+c*,q ZOxH XiZgV WzZi0 ZZZzgZLi =wZg0 HXkB WiZ~ ! ~iZg (,Z;Bg;XLLiZgz{ZgXTZxZ0+gpZO~Zg~ZzgZ m,# zZ

c*Zk ZZg] f)Zg~es**;Z{VZL c1Zzg%ZY!Vsy0 I7,}X46C iZg "!* ZzgC wm,~x**gZnXZzgiZg6,01D Zggz[:ZZ

_cZXZzg: 6,Zk6, 1 HXp~**;Z{ViZg QzqH Xp

Zg-V 6,7291Y ~ HX iZgBBZkz g9091Y zg2091Y yz*yg4091Y 3g4091Y ~G+6091Y /^~ DzgW!*4091Y 1191Y gs~ 1191Y zu}Z

ZkZgWiZ~ q- Zzg ZgZ]gX2191Y ~Lg ZZzqH Xq- ~(,|m| z1X Zzg9. 3 0 EGGZ!Y qtZg VJ- _g;XZr# Zy i0+GZZ*Z}Zk ZZg]eX

**ZC Z m,~8gzi{ %i+zqH X~ZgZ|# vYZk v 1XZzgV32 zg~3191Y Zgzgzi**)gzqH XtZq- Zd0* ZgX **ZK(1 ZEw DZ m,zVsZ,>yZZgbZzgp}k,G Z m,~Z-ZyZMZg~i!W HZzg %i+ZzggzVZgZ]6,0*~Z+ ~ X**Z **x

@*g~}/V~ Y XZrV bZEwH ZzgZq- q- XZrV!*ggziZ:Zg~N*U$ ZEwH XZrVzVZZg-VZzgp}ZgZCZq- DgH AVngZ{U*"$ZX

LL6N*U$z{tZgZLZ~Zq- { qXVh+{Zzgf~**Z]zV @*i Zzgo. Zzgi*ygzVZzgZY



29/105

zyt=w HXZzgZgzZL6gzi**6,szZgCk XwZ0+gZk Z ) kD ZgJ- V X56C **Z1ZxWiZ31B2191Y zZgLLZ'wyZy g c*X**

V~xg `ZrVZq- 3.8 - 9981Y ~Yg~H ~ZrVg!y Zt)5091X3091Y(Yg~H XZ'wYg~ZgzZq- xZzgW(,Jc*XZgz Zz!lz_./**ZgZ]Z'wZzgZ,rX

LL**WiZZgz ZZggzk Zc*X ].h+F,+2 qc*ZzggM ZkbZ ZH Z7Q Zzgi!*yZgc*g!7," zg]Ck:X66C Z'wx fh ZgH Zzg',~# a,heZBXZ'w~


30/105

ZgzW`TbF, oiw gZkZk!*] Z0+Zi{@* Zgz wgzXZgzi!*y ez{ V ZKsz CXZgzZgZ]Z[Z m,~

Zzgy~ZgzV b* ZgVZ V,feXZgzZgZ] Zq- {m!*]t Zk~,ic*{P T V ZLo 9q]xYDXZgzB 6,.*VzgZiAV Zzgzy

W` pZk!*zWZgz uJ- zgq :/ :9 ~XZgzZgZ]gZtgZ( z){Zgz7,"zZVZq- (,}J- ZKg

~ x!q T:si!*y Wt!*zg@* ZgzZx i!*yXZgzZgzi!*y >ZZzgv ZzgZpOWyZzgxZpic*{ZEw D

X

o~ZgzY+zZV Zq- (,~ZZ m,~Zzgy~ZgZ] _ CZ7 e BBZgzZgZ] _ ,XY Zgzg~i!*yZzgZk zrbgZ nXZgzyz*y *F,+Zzg@*g]ZgW,Zzg Xo CZzg(i0+ ~Zgzy~ ZgZZH XZgzi!*yZZ+zZgZ] (,~Z~oZV gXZgz ZF,Zzgoiw VXZgzAV 6gj

6Z0+Zi ZC** Zzg9 z;] 6,zu~i!*V ic*{F,6,XZ /Zke~y~ xZxbZgzGzu~i!*V ~ ic*{ZZzg

ic*{Y5XgZZgzBBZgz1%zZVZgz zZVZzgZgz7,"zZV x! X



31/105

jjjjZZZZ

Ic*] WiZ1 ZgA8891YmX11 1XeZ Yzh+]mX7 2XZs

mX9 >F,Z[g3691Y 3XZ?xpg4X6,zW @@Z#]Z ; k3002YmX44

mX996 5XWx gee ~Wx g-Eg;6,0002YmX12 6XZDwg~gZg+F,Zgzg50002Y

>F,ZgzZ[gX3691YmX11 7XZ?xpg 8XZ*z~ BZ*g0YXz;^xZiWwZ!* Z&+c*,- ; k6,Z) 4 5 HGHX6891YmX39Xe-ez+gZV$xzgz0*Zg~gzegc*m 5X2mX301X6,zW @@Z#]Z ; k3002YmX54

mX54 11XZsgZg+F,Zgzgz5X0002YmX12 21XZDwg~

31X2+gZ0+z~f!zc*ZzgZkZW,Z]0+z>Z!Y~ X1002YmX141 41XPjyz*Zg+v ~ZF,Zgzy7591YmX953 Z /|

51X6,zW @@Z#]Z ; k3002YmX53X63mX01 >F,Z[g3691Y 61XZ?xpg

71XisWgez!5 EeZd Wsk "5 4 j EGGIE /ZI"5 5 4 j FEGGIEEc*gu 2991YmX08mX02X91 7591Y 81XPjyz*Zg+v ~ZF,ZgzyZ /|

mX08 2991Y 91XisWgez!5 EeZd Wsk "5 4 j E

GGI

E /ZI"5

5 4 j FEGG

IEEc*gu 02XPjyz*Zg+v ~ZF,ZgzyZ /|7591mX12

gZg+F,Zgzgz50002YmX92 12XZDwg~22XisWwez!5 EeZd Wsk "5 4 j EGGIE /ZI"5 5 4 j FEGGIEEc*gu 2991YmX1832XPjyz*Zg+v ~ZF,ZgzyZ /|7591mX5242XZZXg g Zk"5 5 4 j FEGGIEezm,y52002YmX252XPjyz*Zg+v ~ZF,ZgzyZ /|7591mX52



32/105

mX82 62XZsmX43 72XZsmX55 82XZs

mX65 92XZsmX85 03XZsmX46 13XZs

23X6,zW @@Z#]Z ; kX63002YmX36mX46 33XZs

43XPjyz*Zg+v ~ZF,ZgzyZ /|7591YmX28mX66 53X6,zW @@Z#]Z ; k3002Y

63XZZXg g Zk"5 5 4 j

FEG

GI

Eezm,y52002YmX11 z-h+|Wc*xeZ zh+6,@*\zh+u D; k 73Xy~ g5XmX0383XPjyz*Zg+v ~ZF,ZgzyZ /|7591YmX521

mX841 93XZsmX061 04XZs

mX32 14X**ZZ',~gzb C Z{Zgz!*iZgX68691Y24XZ?xpg0* yzy~>F,Z[gX3691YmX63X53 34X**gZ{yZgz @*gZ ,- ; kZ /|7891YmX53

mX63 44XZsmX73 54XZsmX93 64XZsmX39 74XZsmX15 84XZs

94X6,zW @@Z#]Z ; k3002YmX87 05X**gZ{yZgz @*gZ ,- ; kZ /|7891YmX5715X6,zW @@Z#]Z ; k3002YmX9725X**gZ{yZgz @*gZ ,- ; kZ /|7891YmX79

x ',Z zrZgzi!*y5mX585 35X6,zWaZ)*y(ZgzZKebc*45XhwgC)*y(q- WiZ~ZzgZgzx)*zg~ Z~ 9991YmX0255XPjyz*Zg+v ~ZF,ZgzyZ /|7591YmX77265XZZ',~@*gZgzXZzw].h+6,6,2691YmX222



33/105

75XPjyz*Zg+v ~ZF,ZgzyZ /|7591YmX872mX203 85XZsmX392 95XZs

06X**gZ{VZgz @*gZ ,- ; kZ /|7891YmX842 mX091 16XZs26XZZ',~@*gZgzzx].h+6,6,X2691YmX91536XZgZ~)%(ZgzZgzZ mX3446XhwgC*yq- WiZ~ZzgZgzx)*zgZ~ 9991mX32X2256XZ?xpg0* yzy~>F,Z[g3691YmX26366XZv**WiZ tZF,6,ZgzZ ~ mX11



34/105


35/105

zZ{Zka ~ ~ z{y f)Zg~ Zzg!*C Zzgg p ~Zq- y X VZQ!*iZg gz s XZy BB 1V_ tX

ZzgZ%ZYzg ~Y XZkz g "4"Wig{"z){

YYDZzgZy d


36/105

**zq[XF Z m,~ 1VF,ZW6, xg;XyzZ:WZ,V xtH g!d$Zt z] XZkg~V zF, 7WCXZkH~g7g^7 & g c* HXZkg7g_.t!*]tW V ZK p Xu g Z /w x C# Zk ZZ } XuZP} g 42B#5781Y zq zZ c*XZ[Zq- X y XptjA NhV x! xfw~nZLtWzZg})b g~zVg}V @*ZZK @V~g;Xz{P{`~Z

g v V tafe } P{:8 - BXR,~J- eZZzg VZZnZ[~ Z# ZLa**Y, x Dx >aY V7 MhXg~WzZi~B N @* v b,X z|# X Xg g0 ~eZw bKXVJ- ZVZzgi0+zVP{zwH XZZzgYxg8 - ZzgWy gJ g~8781Y ~ zqI Xu#5~=@Z Z!W!*~ZZZz){77X uZq- xtH Z,VZq- 6D x CeZXZ,VZWy XT~ZsxC o}yZ] [Z+wzo]B7H pz{7g~7 nZzg72Bga8981Y Zw pZy ;Wì0+{XuZ{V **WiZZyZp~yZò]7H X

LL%jxuZzgZyVZ /|~sZq- 7 c*z xdZzgZ!u /VaZq- F,IIaZ c*XZkI %/~,pZy zZzgZy /o4+rXZk h+ . f ZIZ( Zk%/~IZW,Z]OW,:ZX].h+yz*y4+y

'ZIik,ZW,aZZzgD6n Zsz" gZU I X3C

uZ{VV Z0+zV!*wgz~9 ZH Xz{Z0+~gZ]~Zq- *g} #gzZzgV6,Y?0+ YqZ0+} g`0 gz c*XWù

r# ZmzgZ0+7"@Zzgx Vw7$ X~Z/ :Zy ZL $MhX Qy i0+ " LLtu



37/105

J- 3gxZkC Y,fg= x~**#V 8~ Z76,Wyx **zL Y:lZ**ygZ] x~gxKIZzg 0*k:y bXZq- (,Z g**)XZ,VZL] L 7c*Xw~zZy i!*yz6, p

XL Zk 6,zZ{7 ZkZy fZ]c*Zy vy XZy i0+ ~Z Z,WXZ# Zy6,Z0+Zzg4z2VZy !*ig &b~XZOA Zz


38/105

LLgu]z{**q ]Yzh+Zzgc* g x@* %iZ{V~ Zz*:X{V%iZ mZzgZgz{Z ZzguZ

g "um,gnp X7C

%iZZgz-Zy Zi+cZg- ZZzguZ gzczs [WU*gZ{ 5 Eh+7481Y ~Z- XZg v xZpZy DXz{ZgTu!*g *

~xg3 ZzgW Zg+~ZZq- xxqZXZke~Pj y5XLLZg ZZkZg Z{yW ZgzZg+6zg Wi zZZzgr# iZgWzZXZyaZgZg+ XuZg%jx tw!*9 Z{V

Zg~LLp} ZKZg+ xCg Zg**x i0+{gpp aZk tS X8C ZkZgp}z Yx V)b gzi%{ x 0DXL L Zg

~yZ@*g]qgZ] f H Y@*X{mgZkZg~y7g @*g]qgV6, p}DX

tZg9481Y ~uZ{V zs zz HX6 **gZ{V :LLu g~5i# BBel,|',k ]~WU*gZ{ 5 Eh+Z+?xZzg.

zF,KM &+Z]pZq- i', g**)Zzgu )zs [ @*; z1 iXZ+q~ ** uZk~Zq- zZgZg ZZg] Z ZxgXG97Zwt {V zw

u )zsZzgZg s":L ZgZX9C Zgz{up}Zkz zu}ZgzVZz|E@z){~ DX

uZ{VZgz Zq- *gcZzg5i} Zzg Zq- u bZEwH XZ(7 Z,VZLZku zzL gz /Z XZy 0Zq- y~tZq- {mZzgZLZk ~z{7g~b x[XZy Zg+ Zg Vh+ ZzgZgzZg+ ~Zq- ZxH X

zZgZgg=yg5Bg~4881Y zqZXZkZg Z ) ~uZ{V Zq- *yLLZgZ] e ZXZkZg ~xZzqH Xt~r#

~u #0pZrVZLZg z]u*y Xt*yZZgbg6, ZXZk*yC @* u0*kZki~Zg+ ZiZzgZq- Z Zzgz zg]Zg+ sZ7b H X~V6,z{*yZzg~

xZ 7 g;VX



39/105

gZWLLg=y LLg}W3,"5 GE[~Z{Vr# Yg~ qwx ',Z{%),g :qgzfs*y c*XTZ0+gZ` #- . 5 GGESZLZi+Wgs >V $4 - ? EGE DXTEZzg.

[@zbZk6,p**qZi+ ZC),g :C c*Zzg{*y 6,TW,gZka XZkaw]tZZ DZzgzZ| D t4- A - . XGFGi6,pZL** u6,4Zzg ZZzgxZZZy%Z 7gZ ~ x[n ',Z{g~Qyp{gX@* Tb[@zbZLIgu ;VZk6,p &+c:y)C~(g3 XtZk. c* g] p!g nZzgZ ', }.Zz0+ *Qk /Zzg gzZV~', }X)xZ(

ZgZq- .e${fg=F, >Zx gpZm p x @Ze$Zzggc* Z) X1 Zkzu}U6, YCXZg6fg=Zy>V z(fg=',ZV Z\k gZoZ

nZgzV .e$Z`XZ,ZgzV Zzgic*{F,ZgzV7,"zZV:o~z**pZ0+ Zkg# zN~~0*

Zg7," :Zzgz{Zg7," Zz]Zzgw " WX

yz*ygzZV 75 4

1 GHGZg m7Xq Zy 6,zZ{ 7XQZg7,Zz]:ZzgH ?gzB lxqX

xZzg XZ /Zk x zZ gz9 s" ~:: x YZzg:z{ xYXZg g{:Zk{ {7X1 +Zzg** +c*v[z**v[o~Zk',@* ~ tXF,M c*Co~Z, xX x VmXx VZ+} nKYDT~gzB fZCZ+{

qX)1 (**v[o~ Z,Z% Tx V ]X/ZkgzB fZCZ+{ w7H Y@*X Zk$+C ZgZq- {fg=z{ZL >V~Z+

zV ( VZyfZCZtzZ]mgBb X m7XL z{ZyZzs~({ ZzgL Zy W~ZK6,Zi~Zzgg]WgZC 3 **XZgyh+zZV ZbZzgZg zZV ;i;YCXX{ZgzVZzgZI gzV YZ,Zg

%7YZzgtZLw~& ~.e$ 0X Zq- eg{ xH X Vpl ZzgZgyh+Zg(,J Z,p}Zzg



40/105

Z3gZ]YZt6,.e$$+ZW,aZ DXn ZgZq- Z+q pW\~ZK WsX p[ C

? w n

zVZN[gZH = g}oZgzV~[Zg {X~Zy 2{ZB E7H 1 ZZZzg{H VX

.e$p !*] Zy{ZgzV~Zq- ZzgZgLLg=y) (Z@*XT EZk,ie})wy( *aZzZXg}b~xZX f;-$]T!~]Zzgg~gzczsZkZg sX }.ZZy z{ZgZyx:VBZ~Zzg3Z, EZ`

ZzgTgeo Z+{ XZzg}.Z!Z( !!W}!!!X01C )gZX ZXxZ /|(tZks HpZ7gZr Zkazg~ Zk*yuZ{V Dt

Z tW@*XuZ{Vw~ x ****ecZgzi%{q] z) )b Yg~ecXz{yZy~ x[YXe-ez+gZV$ZK [~

:"The first duty of press is to obtain the earliest and most

collect intelligence of the events of the time, and instantly bydisclosing them, to make them the common property of the

nation." (The Times 1852)

It is news paper's duty to point the news and raise hell.

(Chicago times, 1861). 11

Z7!*V ZZ',~ZLZ0+Zi~ :LLZq- gcz** wgrXz{gc7xzo]zq]Zzg jw ZzgJg$+%Zzgh grX21C Zki~Z# W b:].h+Zzg:Zgag7gR,DXu

Z{VZgz K6,7gZZ@*gZZzgZL~7g~b x[Xqgz!**ytC @* uZ 7g~zZ/ZzgZq- 7gZZwT6, Z,VDu W(,Jc*X

ZZgt+ WiuZ{yzqH X!*Zzgc*C ZC2gZ ) c*XN*U$ z] Xg~Zzg].h+ZV zrc*XZg~

LLuDg6,ZgzgzgZzgZg (,Jc*ZzgZgz 52 Zzg



41/105

Z|[gs zZc*XuZg WiZ~ZXz{B DWiZ~%v ZLZgzw~zaZ7 MhXZa"!*u Zzg"v Zgw @*G D WiZ~6,ZkZ0+Ziizgc*X31C

uZ{yZke~p LL Zzwot gY9{VZgzV WiZ~ oZwxZ~t }Zzg' ZZg WiZ~sVZy Y,X41C

uZ{VZ,6,W[zg~Z# V6,C sizZwWc*ZXx y pZ[ ZzgZLD VZKq- Z7gZH XeZ Zv X

LLu ~z!*'(,~Zzg@*!*gBb XZzwZy h+{iRN*U$ Zzg XZkpZyZg{F,c*C-g\ZdZgzVZzggV b 7XzxZyZgZ] qXZgZ]~zZu]z5]6," v gZT~(,~E|z]Zzgy~H XZyzV

~u mwZ4Zzg] ].h+Zzgi0+ SZzgp}d Zk 7gZ7gZZk0*c*Y@*Xt[Zzgc*CZwu Zg+{8W`J- ZgzZg+~aZ:eX51C uZ7ZV6, gg{ ~ZCZq- gcH ZzgW` Zgu

ZV6, g ZgzyZy~6,_ gX

v vv v ^ ^ ^ k kk k ^ ^ ^ ]]]]u zu}zg zgig,c*Zy Zzg MhXu

Zg~TWi gZzgzu}ZgZ]~ gpQZ,VZCZgzqH ZzgyZy~ZK KyZc*XZy Zg+~ZgzV gc ~~X

Zke}Zp :LLuZgZ]]ZzgZW,Z],~~Z'wg&y

ZzgiZg~c*VgXZz|E@Zz|ZgZzgZgZZgZ] ;H Zzg~zgzV Z%


42/105

XZ+q~uZ(%W@9 Z@*ZzgZ m,zVt7 @* yZkz]f)Zg7X

ug!Z[z]y ZzgZ m,zV z] z;]C XZV gzkzZk,ZyS h# Zy CVmZ m,zV]~p~ XZk!*] U*"$H VZ m,zVs ZyH ZzgZke~!*2V

:z{XuZKVw~Zzg ~yDZ m,q* V g~gZ]P}Zg~ XZy !*Vz{uYZ:L t XZk!*g}~

Z?xpg :LLZy z{yutZ~.H Y Z:L t B Ek

~yz*7aZzgZkbZ m,xZVyz*EV_.!*]zZ]

"gXW\u 0*z{CN X Zzw:Xgc* .gc*# zm, # Z,WM zZ*Yg~Kyz*EV Z]_.7X zx:X

x:X# gc*Zq]ZzgrT$**zZgXXgx:X# Z+!*'F,u ,XX zg~XQ:X $+ZOW\ V t!*'ic*{** ZgXY V xZizZw6,Zy "g%Z] X71C Zyz;]sC @* y bZkz]f)Zg7XZkg

uzP] bC { Dze$5Zzgyz*# Zm \VgzZ:X XZke~Zq- zZg **4 Xg!Z[z]y Zk \V:sze$CZk Zq- 8 gWsZ&+c* Zgw ~XZk6,uZq- yzz gZZkZ7tg{IH :

Zyx 1V zpZ{(Z{ZKYy Y V}~eZwgXZk6,uZ[c*z{Zy "@ZzgzWZ

- G

E Zq- gz?XZ,V : LL~Zyx!*V g6,C **oZzgxZzgp g pZ&VX:Z /Zq- Z, x6,Zzggc*zVa /0+ Zg{X81C u tZ+ &Z m,zVtZq- Dz] **x}MhXuZ

z 1 Zkgzggk}',W7fZzgZkbZZ]gXZkaZk~Zq- kxZV zg]XZ,VZk!*]6,7g~ WyV6,ZZxY VZzg}Zqz{V qiZg y gXZkq $+%aZ[

Zq- g zg]XZ?xpg :



43/105

LLZkg]qw 4,Z Ck DuyZy~Z4XZy t VZzgZ m,zVgxy zg pZg]KYN XV Z m,~Zzgf!ExWH YX@* Zy6,u g~5iVgzZi} ZzgZ(: z{(Zg]0 g{YN XWKzZ6J- aZkz zZufg= XZkauZkfg)7gZ7gZZ+{ZVc*XtZ Zy q- p[(,SZzg^YZzgZk g}',x~ X91C

^ ^ 9 99 9 ^ ^ 9 99 9 o oo o u w V Y(Zzg?0+ Zkz J- zg7$ Z# J- Zq-

q- c*u ^~ : YXZzgZ( aZx]~ZyZ]~p~**iXZy o{ 6]ZzgZdq 6,4ZzgZ0+} !*C YYXV6,Y?0+ } } zg azg~ Zq- Z YXOZ7 gnp 3681Y ~i~7g~4 z] XZk *9Bg~ i~7g~ZXH ZZuZLky6,H XZk!*g}~Z,VZq- k,LLZk{# ) yyz*yg!*[ZIy~Z g{ c* V (g]qw $+%azg~ iZZ]KYN X

*Zkzg~T~ZKi0+ gXozg z{i: Z# Zk6,/p*yp DZk -Z70*D LLZ+$+hq gZ{$Zzgg}zlVyz VZzgV~D

;ZzgF,aZq- Hg**X?m,@*XT t XZzwl **ZzgYCg}*V{ 1V zu}Z m,~i!*yZzgi!*VZ+ 1V F, Z**ZzgYC aVX02C

ZwZ# z{i~7gZ /|W4ZyBBZ /|v Xyz*y~Zkz 6,W[zg~Zq- **Zzgz{Z+^x].h+ZVZzg4V6,X',Z',XZke~eZ ].Z X LLZk p!t z{:s66 xZy V aZ V b

7 **p[W@*Xz{ y Z /|~Z4ZXZk qg]pZkV5ngzVt;B;c*XMD Zg Zq- yqg]w mZzgzWZq4 ^~eR HX12C

Zk .e$ZdT~ZK n7XLZyExZzg.y 1V X Z m,~i!*yc*zu~) i!*y~ zzyz*

77,|MhZ+i!*V~F, Z**yz*EVxZEw~VXZ*



44/105

V [Zzg% 1V l F,**ZzgYCX I [uz g7 X22C uZK @V x[c*C 5V Zx **p}X6,) DXz{

{mgV zF,M mDXbq6,) aZq- Z m,eZ KXZq- 7gZo x @*XW~6,}Zz){ZzgZ!*9Z~YCX**q]Yzh+~ X

LLusZKfZC ZzgT6,Z" ZgzZgZzgz{ezVZzg:P{bb Z+{c*XZCfZC6,Z,VWJD ZggzBya $4 5 4 GEGEZxYL yh+ZZzg xgzZ+Z,ZzgxZ m,~ZzgZgz Z]ZZZ6,~ XZ# Zx s y

6, Zq- x*~ j}c*X32C g~@*guY@*g @*g,b-g\W]Zk,Zy@*g0*w@*gZD]]DigZg!g!*[vu gsz){XZkz g 1VF,3KXZk_.s51

N XZ# ~Z/e: 1V!*g}~ X42C 41B zg~6681Y Zg z]XtZgzZgp~~z!*g3

XZkZg ZZgtup DXZkZgZgz~Zq- *y~t7H XZkZg~ZdZzg(C bp} XBzV (~YCX 51BZ~ 7681Y u Z /|gkn! HXZygkY4 f)Zg~ 1gZzZ ZkZVc*XZzggZzr# " z@*; V (,~uJ- Yg~g3 X~uZ# yA$Z,V ~ ZzgZk u /V~7g~bBgyZrVF yz*yC@* Zy 1V F, }X

12B zg~4781Y gZzZ ZkZ!W!*XZy~Zv{VZk f)Zg~ZVXZy z~i+Z$++ZzgH]gZJ h~c* HX52BZ~ 4781Y

~Zv{Vz!*g{ N gN zq ~X2B#7781Y J- ~Zv{VZzgH] gZJ zVZkh~gXuZ /|zZ:W`Zzg V~z8zq c*X**Zd {u4XZkz 6, n m|[Xu Qgz/ a62Bm8781Y zV~p~ p )q~

7WX8781Y ~uM WYpZz- h~c* HX}} qZzgyZ[C XMZy Z Zzg!*7',Z', X6881Y ~s&MZy6,XWy g 01B7881Y g3ZxZ /|~

c* HX4!*g}~Z/ :



45/105

LLZk:sdZzg(}.]Zx,Zk @ oZ]~ZZzgN I XZLZLI~ x CXZg ZgzZzgzu}+ZgZ]6,ZYZW,7,ZZzgz{(ZzgCZzg(

)b 6, c X52C dZzgZ! zV6,**q]Yzh+~ XLLsZyZXatZkZzg:Z+}:

syz*yoZ V Xyz*y~VJ- x ZXkc*>f . XZk7XQ52',k~TgVZZzgN xo~ z{ ZkZ g~N X62C

uZ{V& V f)Zg~ZLuX


46/105

ZJ- 7g~bzZ7XuZ{VZLZg4Zgz~Zq- 5z] ZzgZK Zq- gZq- Z7c*TZgzi!*yzZ[xzo}Zzg

V~(,~pVgzN XwZkXLLYxV WZgzZgzVJ- ZgzF,F Zg`K Xp /^Zgz~Z}.]Zx~XZy f Zgzgc

a** /k, Xz{ZgT WiZ~gZ O-$ZzgzZu] pVZiZZzg!*zg CeZXz{c*CZgT (,}e6,JqqXZkZgZyZ'V F,M X g**V c*g}Z[ 2w

X82C u w Z m,~# F S:]ZzgF ] qXZy] x VJ-

aZzgZ m,~Zzg6] x aZ,VZkZg zqH Zzg (,| t tZgTWiZ~BZggZH X03Bga6681Y yZg4Yg~ yXZgzgt6,Zgz

@*XZg**x The Aligarh Institute Gazatte ~4Zzg4Z],}~Z m,~ZzgZgz~Zg I@*X

LLWiZ~Y? XZq- (,Z n g ZzgZq- Z-Zzg


47/105

z{7Zy XX03C VJ- tZgzZg_g;p~tgzi{ HXZg Zq- Z m,~~ZzgZq-

Zgz~@*Xp}ZgzZzgZ m,~zVi!*V~ KYDXuZ At o z(,~~Zq- zu}ic*{ d$WN Zzg!*bZ~xz gZiX kVZg~(,~p~gzXm6781Y ~gZz IZC6,ZzgZ m,~ZgLL6,z /k4 ,$c*Zgz~LLZg4Z /|T~Zg6,z /k H

YXpy7781Y ~Z m,~ZzgZgzzVi!*V~Zk **xLLZ /|ZXk^ / c* HZzggM Z:qa YXLLT~Zg6,z /k HX

tZg!,] @*Zzg- yZk Z ) aHgXp~z!*gZq- l ZzgzuZ 3XzZZg21 @*Xup X

LLzZ Zg',ziD _Zk lZgWJzgt! XZk~b zgt!*g{Zg0ZzgzzgtZ3gZ]apZ /Z3gZ]zzgt Vc*:VZy~Zgc*p}Y\bYDXZg ',ziD_

Zk lZgbzgt!*g{XZk~zzgtzZWZ3gZ]q1 /q:c* Z3gZ]Zy~p}c*Y\XZ /Z3gZ]zzgtic*{DlZgV ic*{(,J~YCX1 Tg,] p}a

XZy~L 70*CX13C

J- tZg4_g;pZ# ~g6,$ zg 7881Y g3Zx >ZOZk !*gZV**zqH XZg ZZg] Z Zz!V~Z VZxbp|t uZk ZgzbgzZVXZi+ xt **Zg }ZzgY?{J- YZzg WJ- f)Zg~XZi+ Zk h7 z{

us gzu c* }X5XLLZgzZgZi+ xt zV ,. g XZy g`

**ZzgF,Z m,~VH Zk Ziu{g]~g Zg~r ZkaZk!*] wgxec 8T Zks l c* aY? ;Bg H XZ Y?{: {:~:Yz} \VX Zi+ZL

~Yz,X23C VtCbzg~ uu g~5i# ~ZkaZy **xgZi+ 7

YXZk!*g}~q XLLZkZgZi+Wgs ZxZZZJ- ZZyZc*xZ# uZ /|~7gXZ7

;B~g;X33C ZgZi+c*g{VXZy~Zf)ZZg]{ X#7781Y ~u



48/105

Z# Z /|Wz{ /ZZi~Zi+X~8781Y ~Z,Vtf)Zg~gh~XZk!*1g 6, pZz-Zzg~Zv{V / ZZg] XBBuZg~p}ZZgbZzgzV6, ZU* DX6981Y ~d$Zt /^~ 1 HXu

pZk!*g}~ X LLd$ZtTYL~z{g~zYV gz[Zg~ ya7@*Xz{Z zw z|# 7@*X:zC ZvyZLsZz] Zzg2gzBya ',Z 7 MhXZkagZZgZ{ gpyZk ,XeBZo *yd$Zt~ Z /|ZXk^ /^~/YgXZzgZkwZ /|ZXk^ / *ZyXZk~ed$ZtCc* HXY Zkz gZZg{d$Zt X1 a WygpyJ- Zkyh+ZgzV7~XZkaWygpy J- Zk Yg~g Y,ZX43C

ZXp V~ uZ{V z] /Zy i0+ ZZg]~ HXQ21B zg~1091Y /].h+zg Wi@*XuZ{Vz / 0*~z !*g}~q X

LLZk !* tqw z{A',k',Z',Yg~g;XZk~ h+ Z( ZK@*g6,:X53C

Zq- Z,zg~:].h+6,Zzg:zg~zb Z x!BZq- EJ- Zgz ZgsgxZLW\~',Z',XZgzZkZgZ R V. gXqV , 1X uZkZgZgz~YyY7- ~ZzgZq- i~Zk

**q tyb"Y: XLLZgZ]4Z /| Zg3o~Yg~XZy

ZyZgzVBH YXZkYg~ZzgZgc*G+d$Zt DZy Zi:ZyZgzVc*GeVH YZk X

ZksxY ZgzZgzVZy6,aVH $qH X Z /pu v ?ZgzZ X1 ZgZzgd$Zt{m Zk~F, gzbY XY Zyp} DZzg

~F F i /gDZzgtA',kJ- ',Z',Yg~g;X63C ZkZgN*U$ zrqZXZkbu/g g **eT

XZzgZke~Zg-V Z7gZZkX}w~tI g ZLiz{Zgz x2V K6,6,3 ZzgBBZK @V~ x!0*X



49/105

f ff f 7777 ^ ^ ^ uuuu Zg% ZzgZ@* V gzi%{ zV zzZu]Zzg

qU*]zZ Z**tI ic*{4 zZu]ZzgzV CZzgZyg6,Zg x! Zg@*X V VZgq,Zzg*q]xDzZyzyqYDXzu~sZgZ]Zzg o~Z3gzcZzgnz',!*~;

z{# $+%Zzgz] Z# 0MhXW`].h+zb v Zic*{k`Zzg * Zz0` Z7** 6,**ZgecXZ m,~isWgez$4 5 EGZK [~

"The newspaper does its best to get to your Breakfast

table before you turn on the today show or leave to driveto work". 37.

WZgZ]g}a** z0`X%ZgZ]**4 X} !*C Yg}q]W YCXC isWgez$4 5 EG Zk!*]Zg7H YYXW`Z / ZgZ] _: ,Z(4 wgXW i:Z[ ZZgzV i:0[Zzg7gZoZq- ~ps HZzgZ( ~ (,Z;BX

uZ{VZkz Zy!*V pgnp ZLZg~zV (~X / ~pThe u g~Zg@*XZ(ZgT~# m, CVX*Zg ~uV ,~YCZzgZg**x~ /^ZXu pecking Gazette

zgZ0+7& / GG Z,V**xH o OXZXk^ /XZ(ZgT~ZXk ,~YN pZk~zu~,~YCXC x V pZgZ]~

Z# xq]zzZu] Zg~yc* Z+,~YN x VmgBb X}#V(6,sJg!*gl#V(6,i!CkGc*QZkb , #V(Zjw Zbg;z){z){XuZy!*V Ck DZL!,]6, /^~tg~!*'

pgO ZzgZkz Zq- g~Zg Vt7H X;Vtzg /^~4 zV6,{yc*Y@*XZk :LLZXk^ /^~zVfs~ZzAZ4 zV ~YCX

O /g{~ZVg{6,XZk~& zVZzggzZ+Z bX zVZyZIV gzZ+Z,Zg~%xCX

CXZyzVxp , !*Z ;~zyg`CX83C 7g}ZgZq- a{~zV (~YCXZq- a WJzZZgbaX



50/105


51/105

V}}ogXuZk!*] {mwgnp /^~ b gU:0*XZ / g{YC

zu}g}~Z m,~Zg @*g} ~YCX54BZ6,s6681Y g{T

62Bg~6681Y , X Overland Mail ~ZXk^ /^~,ZyZ m,~ZgZ]YCXZzgC0*-.! { 5 EGH /^WsZ&+c*yEiZy~N*ZyZeZg--yzc* hWsZ&+c* X Zz|

/z){. f XZyz{+ZgZ],YCXX~Zz|Zg~ g**)~ Zg1ZgZgZgJ>g zgi$+>ZgZgH]gkZ) Zg!Zgggzd Zg%ZW!*zg ZggZgz ZgZ g /^Jz){. f XZyz{Z+ VZzgZXk^,ZzgZyZkzgzZ+Z ]q YCXV Zzg?0+ zg **u (,ZXZzgZk aZ,V5881Y /^~Zq- zq c*XwZk:

ZgzZgZ]~ ic*{TZg].h+ gm,~~c*Vz1z{ /XZkZLi].h+Z.{ aZq- fztzz!aZ c*X5881Y /^~ug !*g~

,ZyZq- x @*XZyzV ZIo ugzZu]!*g X XZ /ZyzV F,KM H YZki:ug Zq- @*gZzgeZ], ~%A$$

24C

ug ~g 1V(W](p}Z3gZ]',ZZE+{ Zxn!g bz){ ,~YCXuVZq- sZg WiZ~pZ;Vzzu~stpZ # yz*ZgzV WiZ~}XZ m,~Zgyz*ZgzV WiZ~ !*I7 DXZ h+~Zg4ga7781Y jZ X

LLZZk Z m,~Zgyz*y~Zkg **gZn7Tg z{yz*ZgV WiZ~XZkzzZ,VL yz*ZgzV6,p

ZZxc*XL z] ZZxc*XL yz*gZY V KZg~ w{xc*

X34C /!*g}~xg6,tg tZg# pZ{XZk!*]~Vh~CztI 9 VZ# # yz*EV wWiZg~ c*Zxs 0*ZCZkZgZke~Dz]H X5tXZpV5i}~ Zyt

X?m, XH XH LL Zt Zkn fu g

g > -V~zegZVZzgzeg6,ZgzVZzgzegh',ZgzVZq- z-VZzg(,}(,}Zq- ziZZ+7 gzV f Z(5/Z:



52/105

Yz} . Zgc*Zk:L (,ZyasYz} T g',Z 7 $ g~Z~Z, V fZzZzZzg c*aZZzg 7x@*ZzgZ, V fz{ c*ZOx ZF~ (,Z

Z0+6X44C ZbY6,ZgZLZ0+Zi~ g6,a @*XLL xZk6,Y V:Z(ZOx 1VJ- "$:ZzgyZ!Z[z{:CXg~gZ~Z,6,Z /ZZwY/p!ZOx 1Yz}X54C Z m,zVZ# byz*EV m6781Y ~O c*Zg4Zkb

Z m,zV6,N XLLtb,O XX~bd$yz*>wZzgbr# gL ZzgZy] l]~Z[J- tx7Z VH Z~.{ZXH d$yz*Zb xWz, r# V VZzgVZzggzV2$ Yy,XZ /Z(

: X64C Q gZ m,~~Yy h+9ZyzVsg6,tC Y@* uVZ m,~# pZ{zyz*EV

m,gnp XZy tw Z m,~# Wyz*yghzZ7ZzgZ m,zV yz*7 MhXZz;] 6,z{VZzgyz*EV Z m,zVV g S D

XZXk^ /!*g}~Zwt tu Z m,zVZzgyz*EV Zq- Pgx6, X!*bgzZ* o ~d$Zt (,Z;Bg;XZ h+~ tZkws/ws9W@*X

LLgZ)6,ZW,Z0+ZiZzg V] h i', 6, qXZk7tI "Y: o YDZzg (,~f)Zg~6,h+CXZk n -Vgxyeg} c }X!*b Zzg

> ZOZzZy b~}XZ /|ZXk^ /ZZY /Dz t!*]uf~XZzgZ# ZgYg~ Ht xZkl! Zxc*XZzgZku Zq- Z+T xX74C

Z /|ZXk^ / zV |6,{myc*Y@*XzV ZN[Zy Z C6,H Y@*XZk x~ c*-$Zg~ZzgZZyZg~',CYCX**q / S:]ZyZp~y DX

LLZq- ZzgSZkZg Zk !* Z +ZgzV~ZzgZk zV .e$xfgV1Y**Xz{"Z]VZzg"uz0*zVZ HXZk zV ~.xZzgRZ m,~ZgXL **x )Z YZv(



53/105

Zk~7 X*C Zq- (,}zZ zqZJ- Zk~x,ZzgF,KM zZgg`CX84C

"Z,ZyZq- ZZgb~ugM DXLL 7 /g@* T~zeg, Z+7xY'g]}.Z ZyCXZzgZ# Zy~ ) g9D &

7CX:w **ec Zgzg~& fg=XZ\k Z[Zk"{Zzg"ZzV x1Y@*X94C t!*]s zV Yy H Y@*pZg x !*i~ @*XZka

t R XZXk^ /m0881Y g}~%iZZr~ z] pzu}g}~Zk mg](,}d:Zzgv[Z0+Zi~uZkb X

LL .e$gzZ\k e$Zv{V@*gZr z] /w ZIZyZg}0*kXz{Zg~ XZ) Zg ( {5 z{a}.ZZy i0+{gX1 Zkt Z**Xi0+ ~] Z: Xi0+{z9zs# X

gZi~/ yY@*X}.ZZ( }1 Zktg}bZr tzgWc* v Zy t g DZzgZ%** /k, 7WzZXZ# Zy 7Wz} v Zy bc* ,X05C V6, gLLZr ZEw !*] !* XVZr 1 C

ZtZkc* H z{ gz=wXpVu / Zgzzu}2V iCXZg4c*ZXk^ /^~u D zV N Z0+Zi{@* z{gq

zWZZzgggnp XZq- CZgz0YZxZzg# gxy+V }ZzgZk x~uzu}ZgVWWDX

]]]]]]]]mmmm1 11 1 ]]]] ^ ^ ^ n nn n ZgZ]~zV Tb ic*{Z~YCXZbZgZ]~Zq- zgtc*Zq- ZZgbam@*XZk ~Zgq]q{6,{7 @*ZzgZ Zg 0*

X ZgZ]ZZgbZgZ] YyDZzgv ZgZ] sZkayh+D ZZgb 7,|XZZg-V t@* VJ- ! ] zZg]~c*YXZnz{ V

zV6,Zq- - { Zc*Y@* v Zkx]!*ZzgZq- 6,VX*XZgZ]~ZZgbDZzgZZgbtzZ D Zg tH X,X

ZgZ]~Zq- $ pZZgbZq- 7MhXtZZgbZq- Zg zu}ZU*"$ DXZzg Zg x!c*** ~ZZg-V Z Zg@*XeZ Zsi~



54/105

X*C ~ZgZ] Wi zZq- ZVzZ&bXZZ~C Zg ZZZ+Wzg,H T ozx Z&bZx gZzggZ) X',R0*u zy~uZ{V**ZC **];**Z1 xWiZ**;Z{V**Z x{VZzgZ,zu}iqZLZgozx Z&bWiZ~ ].z4 x[Zzgx~Zg~aZ nYg~G

XZyZgZ]~ZZgC,] C~ZzgZzAZqCY V ZyoVZgz]] g]~ZZgC,]6, DX15C

-VZZgt+ ZZuZXk^ /^_ p!*g6,ZZgt ZgYuZgZXwZk:

X /^ZxH X / LLZkIZgzZgZ]~ZZgb gzZx: Z Z ) a / ZZYZXZka /ZZg-V~:u)&~QZzg:"YlzyzlpV ZPxqzZ/Zkg ~C Zy F,h+ **Wy7@*XZyZZg-V~! GEWza7Xczsg8 - ~Z!g8 - lH YA X25C

ZZg-V~xgxi!*yZEw YCXic*{ZXY@*Xq]q{Z,)b 6,W YCXX Zx',Z{gZ m@*X"YIWgZ/V H{!*i~

XY@*XZhZZgtg~azg~ Zx 6,.EVZzgZy)b 7g~Yg~Zg ZgZLZZgb=wYXLLgZg+'ZDwg~ :L%i~ZzgcZ0 ~ xhezZZgZ]ic*{k,J- 71M MhX

d$Zzg &+ZgXZq- C ZZgtgH p[ :egrf$',Z',Zq- z ',Z',Zq- w&cZ /Zs',Z',Zq- b

ZzgZyx Zq- ZZgb g]~%Zg@*X35C uZ{yZyg~!*V p{g3 Zzgq} y~7g~7g~ X

Zx5] # J- ~uZ{yZgZ ZgZZH XZXk^ / ZZgbic*{F,up XZyZZg-V~# Zzgxyz* V d$ z# 6,H HX

LLuZkZq- ZyZk@f$Z!W!*Zq- yz*Ug @*ZF,zZ Zku6,g Zc*ZzgP4J- Zk Zb9 Zg3 XaV z{Zq- yz*ZzgZk ]Zzg"C ZW,xx6,@*XZkzzzgZ0+ V ZkGg.e$Z\kZ XT!' ZZfZKZ~Zkw ZK# yg~Z~z{ZKx gwzZs q7Zzg h+z{ZKZk!' ZY:L



55/105

g**g5iV~g:n XZkZf h+ZL4,q- yz*y~ZKZ ZZwH T zg: c*Xzg: ZsZk gzZ :7

YX45C

ZkZkC @* u Zk!*]H )ZzgZ,VZkd$yz*Ug aWzZiZVXZq- zuZZk5ZkZZgb ZyLLi',4 sxXLLZz]t H diZzgpyz*Zzg z{p c*GG6,Y V:Y@*ZzgZ /Zr# g=pYDVZzgz{yz*r# sx r# C /Zk

sx78zgZy Zk"6,zZs7U*"$@* r# ZzgH' ZYtx@* yz*.e$f?YDZzg h+z{ ]Zkz J-

7Z# J- z{yz* ({\ZK%O6,:z,Xg~ g:Y yz* ZKZkf T Zgf!.e${WtH z{Zk!*] )@*X55C

ZkZZgb~u# sJN XuZZg-V~V# s!*] XzzF,M yz*EV i!*yZzgzu})b f @*ZzgL L u

V a(,~_.!*CZzgZW,Z0 k,, DX}tZZgtZ,VV z)b 6,k,H X

LLZKx !*g;C` Z# J- ypZK 1W\7ZVz,Zkz J- Zy fZy Z!*gzg7YXZkg}w &_ Zzgg!* z{zZXx qzZZzgg~W\ Vt9 ~X

Zkg}w 3 c*XZkg~Zzgwpp Vag3Zx 1ZVc*X1 Z\k h}WVZkBg~ Z}V!d z Y@*X Hz Q;B7W@*X? 6, n g3Zx 6,z zXsZk gzB g gX zZX:

zZzgP{ZZ zX65C

Vuxt Z f H XpZZgbzu}{~u Z0+Zi #: HZzgz{ k,~Z0+Zi~Z}V P} gpZ DXVu zgZ0+7WC Z,VV F,~b Yq zg iCDg3Zx y zg~wH ZzgZkxaVZh X

V F,aZq- ZzgZZgb Zk5:LLZ\k X!VD+V F, Z(g Zk Z%s

XZy D+T6,z{ZhVizg}gt g Va{mge$KzwX.~ZkZ,Vi', gpZ 7



56/105

Zzgqw~Z3 VZkn gpZ 7 XZkD+ I7 DXgZZw_5 G45 XGF6,FFXeT ypZKF,aW\ ,X75C

ZXk^ /ZZZg-V Z!*] tWCz{t uZyZZg-Vfg)V


57/105

LLZy i0+ 54V~7g~Z,~~ zuZ'Z(7TZ~Zic*{p}ZB# ~Z /ZVpV~ZZdZZ+~ZM ZzW? X16C

uZ{VZLZgfg= z{ZgZ]Yg~g Xzu} ZgZ]Zy 5ZzgZgz6ZuZgzgiW {XeZ ZvgZiX

LLZ /| gs**Z>g v[Zzg(,~uJ- w Ziz){u Dgxz !*V g3 XZg+(,}(,}%g}t7K

XZy~Z'wiZgZzgg c*VxqXZ'wg~_.!*Cg~ "Vw gXZ'w ~_.!*CZzgZCcsh+{iRZzg

ZxZgZk uZgZ]U~(~Y$ X26C uZLZg~BB]ZzgZO~zF,C1V f H Xz{yz*EV 7g~bF,pZ;VXz{ZZ~F,BBZZzgF,6,izgXZ,V(,} d$gz q] x@{H Z# ZyZL RgZgzV ~Ox c* HZzg "$Zzg@*gO Z0+}~c* HX7ZzV6,Zk# &~ZZ]ZzgxgZZkb k,, 6,6gH X

LLZq- Z[iZ} Zg~n{ZX Z h+t zlXZKYZv{V7D Zzg Zy qZzgg]C /Zk!*] :@* Z,**g ~Z(Y?!* {iZ}A F, 6,ZzgV zV6,ZhZZzgrzV ZZZzg y D Z :gnp ZzgZ# D pZZs **7,@* txn{Y

X36C Zyq] uzwy wgzi g6zb ZzgigZ) 6hV6,

izgc*ZzgZLZgfg)g]c x XZLZgfg=VZ,V} Z&bZzg?0+ zg zZq- F gzwZZ g ', Zg g3 XZy p}6,ZZi Zg+ Zq- gN* H YYXZg4Z /|01Bga6781Y g}~>ZyLLZ m,~Zgyz*ZgzVBH DX X

LLZ /Z m,~ZgZk!*]6,**i , z{ gz i!*ytZy **i "Y71 Z%Zk**i6, Zy c*wFFzg"YZzgZkpZKx g6,**zZZ# sZg~ ZZx **X46C

Zq- zuZZk5XT~Z,V+ZgZ] Z&b X



58/105

LL!*gyz*ZgzV Z&btZipgCgCCYCq0*',kZgzV Zk~gZbZzg g ggzZV6,g-- **qw~zqZZzgZk

aZk~t **ZzgsZwDZtzZ2I WY** !*]7

XDZwZtzZ2ZzgDZOxz( ygzi',ziyz*EV~@l Y@*Zzg VVZk F, XZgzV gZN 75 4 1 GHG!*Vic*{F,T$z9CYz, ZzgtZ[ ZipgCgCgYz} pZ / g Zg~gZ~ic*{]aZ X56C

Zq- Zzg( :LLgZt7 ZL)Zi+ZyZgZ] gZ6,N ,eT

yz*Zg!*zwgZzg0*gV:!*g{X66C uZ{VZK~ZVL gz /Z7 ZzgZK!*] 7 aXgV c*ZgzZ[X f H XZq- (x} f Zkb DXLL Zg!*[ w~ Zq- {m* beZT **xx{XZk At Z~ ZLzw sZV~z:gO Zzg

sZ6,Zi6,:3gXZ[J- y~%z`z{].h+iTu ~@r# WiZX v Z(g ,ZzgC np}i!*y~C p ,T:L Zgzi!*yZzgi!*V gWZzgi!*yU*"$X76C

VWZq- Zgzu}Zg 9 7eLzuzu}ZgZ] p DWDZzgZy k, ]6, S DXLL Zk JZ gZZq- )ZK!~Zzg].]' Z`Zzg]qCp XZkZkyZwH X Zk **x g

x@*Zzg t!*] g@* zY> Z{yr# zgZLLZgZtc*WDZzgtZzgH ZkVZw X ZLz

MhX86C

uZ{VZgz !*Zzg~(,Z xH XZ,VZZwI~Zzg# 0*V +BBo W hZZH Xu @VZq- s V~x(Zzg(gaZH Zzgzu~sZgzi!*yzZ[ Z&b Zi0+ W}H XuZ{V zl$+zlZgz Zq- *Zq- tZZzgu D @VZgz7581Y pc(,~!~YX

Zq- f)Zg~C z{Zx g~ x!*V!*gZzgZkz{zu~wV6,Zg g zg~@*XuZLZg~Zy!*V p{g3 Zzggzi%{ x~WzZ!*V6,Z,Vp} zg~Z:]XI 3,c@*g', w`Oy w



59/105

gzi g+b **42 . XGJWb ZzgZkbzu} gWZzgWi{uZg~WYDXL L u ZzgBBZCtc*ZCw7 c*Xz] c***

W ZZ,Z0+Zi~7H XZgzZ Zk** W )Xt5X

LL01B{qw x ~i!Wc*Zzgx@* zgJ- Zk ZW,Zg}Zq- g3&+.$ y ',zZyJ- Zk )Zzgx6&+g=@*g',xZ z;VZkgJ)Z x /7,}XZzgx!*iZg~.e$ZF~ X Zk .e$ZX96C

News at a uZg~Zq- ZzZu]**x&W DZb~ MhX5Bga9681Y Zg~ 5VX glanceXXLL g}Zg7,"zZZkGgplf g}r#

4 5 4 3 EHGEEH g3,guz@gr# gzgXZq- YZ+ZZq- kD Zggz[ ;B

XXXLLxZ%


60/105

~Z{Vr# ggZWc{~Z zw X56!*iZg gyIyzZZ yX27C uZ{V Zq- (g bZEwH ZzgZ,VVi0+ zu}V

ZW,Z0+ZiH zZgzuZyZ7$ Xu zZ2gZ

) 7 XwZkXLL].h+Exz.y Z ZkaZq- Z2gZ ) zg]WiZ~gZZ)b ZzgWiZ~ wXpZy] Zq- gc6,eZ%ZzgZy

y~ xhezZ r# x 7XuZ# p~Z4Z,VZgz {V ic*{qZzgic*{]Zzg x

H XZ,V /fg=s7H ZkZCZ[ ? Zkg~ZzgX37C fg=Z,VZq- 6ZCZ[ c* Zkzgq] 4?uZkZg zu} Zg~Z(7X}

UZ(7T!*g}~ /^: XZ?xpg XLLu (,~/t z{Zx] F,)"!* BpZkbZ

X D !*]0YCXZzgZb# Zg!*[ic*{6,.y7DXZyZg Zq- (,~p!zV ZzgZ"gXZkiZgzV~s,P XF,] @*ZzgwWgZic*{ YCXZXk^ /^~]6,F,3 VQpZ7 g] Z*YXZypV ZXk^ / yz*y Zgz~zwqZ y~W~N*Z qX47C uZ{VZLD^~ ZzgN*U$z){ {mwg3 XS) s_~Zzg

@Zy} !*V6,Zy gSXZygKgK!*V f~gnp Z,VX yZy~ZK x! ;Zc*

Zq- x[WaZk zq**zg~7f6ZZE Zzgj,q~ZZq- x[CX Z!*]t Zq- z{ZY&+gZzg"!*u 0Y XZgz @*g~uW**xZ,AVZzgZy~Zq- Z**xuZ{V 2y

:


61/105

jjjjZZZZ

1XeZ ].ZX*yuXx)LZ71Xg{Z& k 5 4 j

GHEI

E5Xc0002 YXmX47 2X**Zs@qX]Yzh+XF,Zgzgz5X9791Y XmX873X6,zWZXu Zzg)].h+2XZF,Zgzy5X6991Y XmX034XZ/X_uZ{VXZ ,- ; kZ /|5X1002Y XmX395XZZXXg g ZkX"5 5 4 j FEGGIEezn,y# yX2002Y XmX566X**Zs@qX]Yzh+XF,Zgzgz5X9791Y XmX56X467XPjXyz*Zg+v ~XZF,ZgzyZ /|X7591Y XmX8728XZsXmX872 9X**gZ{VXZgz @*gXZ ,- ; kZ /|X7691Y XmX23101XZ\. 5 G0*X]uXig,Wg6,gX2691Y XmX711Xe-ez+gZV$XxzXgz0*Zg~gzegc*m 5XmX921XZZ',~X@*gZgz)Zzw(].h+6,6,X2691Y XmX02

6991YXmX94 31XZg~X*yu Xx)d$ZtZ /|XZ6,s41Xt@XkKM uX hk,- ; kZ /|X0691Y XmX6451XeZ ZvX*yu ZW,Z]Zgz6,XZ /|G+X55X45Y XmX07 61XZpXZgzZ[Zg~Z!r VZzggDV zXZF,6,ZgzZ ~ X6991Y XmX04271XZ?xpgX0* yzy~X gzZVgX6691Y XmX30281XUgZ/X*yuZzgyXd$ZtXZ ',8891Y XmX1691XZ?xpgX0* yzy~X gzZVgX6691Y X20202XeZ Zk)Zk{# ) yyg!*[F,ZIy(u XZF,ZgzyX5791Y XmX2512XeZ ].ZX*yuXx)LZ71Xg{Z

& k 5 4 j GHEI

E5Xg~1002Y XmX58 22XeZ ZkXu XZF,ZgzyX5791Y XmX3532X**Zs@qX]Yzh+XF,Zgzgz5X9791Y XmX52142X~Z/X_uZ{VXZ ,- ; kZ /|5X4991Y XmX54152X~Z/X_uZ{VXZ ,- ; kZ /|5X4991Y XmX84162X**Zs@qX]Yzh+XF,Zgzgz5X9791Y XmX79272XeZ ZkXu XZF,ZgzyX5791Y XmX1582XZsXmX37



62/105

92X6,zWaZXZgzZKebc*XxX ',Z zrZgzi!*yX7991Y XmX19503XZg4XZ /|X31Bm7681Y 13XZXk^ /X52B#7781Y 23XZg4X31Bm7681Y 33X**qX]Yzh+XF,ZgzgzX5X9791Y43Xd$ZtXJ gpy4131|53X**Zs@qX]Yzh+XF,Zgzgz5X9991Y XmX78163XZsXmX16773XisWgez$4 5 EGXeZd Wsk "5 4 j EGGIEX /ZI"5 5 4 j FEGGIEEc*gu X2991Y XmX41183XeZ ZkXu XZF,ZgzyX5791Y XmX00193XZsXmX201 04XZg4X8Bg~9681Y X',zi-14XZs24XeZ ZkXu XZF,ZgzyX5791YXmX60134XZ h+~X*yuX*yd$ZtXZ ',8891Y XmX2444XZg4X22Bm6781YX-54XZsXZBc6781YX-64XZsX51Bm6781YX- 74XZ h+~X*yuXx)d$ZtZ ',8891Y XmX6484X**Zs@qX]Yzh+XF,Zgzgz5X9791Y XmX68194XZg4X03B#3781Y 05XZXk^ /X11Bm0881Y 15XeZ si~XZZgt+X%/~Zgz1geg0791mX9225XeZ ZkXu XZF,ZgzyX5791Y XmX91135XZDwg~XgZg+XF,Zgzgz5X0002Y XmX492 45XZ /|ZXk^ /X71Bga6781Y 55XZsX5B#6781Y 65XZXk^ /X7Bga2881Y 75XZ /|ZXk^ /X2BZ6,s2881Y 85XZsX9Bm2881Y 95XZsX31B zg~4781Y 06XZsX21Bc2881Y



63/105

16Xqg~XZ*y@*gZgzXm,~6,W /{X7591Y XmX36326XeZ ZvX*yu ZW,Z]Zgz6,XZ /|G+X55X4591Y XmX1736XZg4X7BZ6,s6781Y 46XZsX01Bga6781Y 56XZsX72BZ ',6781Y 66XZsX72BZ ',6781Y 76XZsX9BZ ',4781Y86XZsX51Bm2781Y96XZsX22Bg~9681Y07XZsX5Bga9681Y17XZsX5Bga9681Y 27XZsX71Bm9681Y

37XeZ ZkXu XmX92247XZ?xpgX0* yzy~XmX812X912



64/105

uuuu ZZZZ{{{{VVVV ::::dddd$$$$ZZZZtttt-VuZ{VZgz Wi[ZzgZyJ- WDWDZgzZq- gzZe$ Z(g _ XpdZ!Zzg].h+ ~c*]z] bZg0 Zy 6,pLd$Zt

Z# x6,Wc*ZgzZq- !*5gZ{Z(g Xd$Zt:sZq- 6,ptZ!VZzgZkz c*C5VnZ gzgrXt6,p:sZzgZdg F,)yZq-

~ZzgZ&kg!XZyZkg6~Zq- 5gzbY7- ~Xyz*yC s[ z /~ DYgZq- !*gQ6lzyzlB szXZkg! -VF g~S:]p Z!*]Zk~t Zkp}xZzgX Zg~ZZDZzg (,| t x }f6Zz[ng~ D6 **ZZ',~ X

LLd$ZtwdICZzg()b V~(,~ c*


65/105

**g**!* 6,ZO il ZZx~ /g 1 HZzg~ g~ X**@WiZ /g~eggz7lXZgz6,gZW,Z]

Z0+Zi{ZZX Zk!*]c*YYZ,VZgzZgZ]m XLL058145X3581Zzg8581~gGZzg KZgZ] z Y,} N X3581 z ~53ZgZ]**xX~51**x0581Y z zZX8581Y z _.Zkz s21ZgZ] gX~siZgZ]45X3581Y zZz XZy!*g{ZgZ]~sZq- Zg k,yX3C ZZXZkwsC Y@* ZgzZgZ]Vy DYgZzg7581Y

tZ 21V tI s Zgzig6,_ XgZgZ]# 0*-VZzg# [ egZq- ZZwIZ:gztZ(g 1Zzg# s Zg ~ *y ** HXgq]yz*Vn@*gO Zzg ~- W

z{[zx " Zzgeg~ gZ{~xgXZke~@*gZP XLL7581Y z]T kB WiZ~ Y@*XV (Zzg

Y 6, }gh}XZkzZV ;] ZkgOW,H Zy az Jg}W`ZyZ0+3V@*,WD 7581Y z]aZG

z] Xa z]Z m,zV ] K:y0ZkngCg6,

}Zic*{',Z **7,}X7gZ Z0+zV~y ZzgZ(x@* Zy ~nZzg',!*~z{ 7X4C V Zq- 5 W} ZzgZy~].h+gZg nuZ{V

gZ1ZzgZKZgZ /|ZXk^ / z] XZgxyuz@gWs Zzgt [yz*yV XuZ{VZk [ Zq- H~ :

LLzg]Zk!*] Zsx ||x6,C YZzg!V K0+ YZk [~!*Zsx K~ X;;Zsxz{7Zk'

XW\v Z{g Zk [ Z[ ZgZ{~ [VXu [ Z[ nZK lzq ,pZZk!*] Zk H t Zzg xXZ m,~ 1VZ Z **ZzgZyjZn

Zq- Z m,~pZ[ 5ixg3 X ZX 1V Zb XZZ0+Zi{ H 7581Y z]~z{F 6,Z^ {n{XVt $ XZ[u0*kZq- gZ3X ze$ H YZzgz;V z@g [ Z[ YXze$~ Zzg6,.*Vp bZ,Vze$Y

ZOxH ZzgZLzVVBZ6,s9681Y gkgw}Z



66/105

agzZ:VZyai6,Zg**XV kZ6,s ynZi~( XZq- {Z * gDiyXyV Z',i*$k,~Z&+c*W~ {Zzgzu~$k,-V gcH Zzg

[ zq ~XZq- u~Z XLL~ zgzik, [~ ~zsV xghc*# g @ XZO F,KM p} [ZO Z[ZZ] g:t xZzg HX5C Z# uZyz*yyngzZ:Zq- ZZytt y

i 4,q- YX< XEZ [ x Z,V `-Eg; Y gKKg~!*V _H Zzgyz*V (g]qw Zb -Eg;

H XZLZk(Y,} ZrVZq- { %A$H Xyz*y Z m,~Zk Zi:H Zzgy~Zq- Z m,~ H T~yz*iv**] f H HXZ,V a1 V (g]qw4n Z# z{Z m,~ sgZfX {V

YyzgZyZ&4 5 HGHZzgZ]4 5 4 2 . FGHGH**xzgAXtg9071Y3171YJ- Yg~ZzgZy6,aV!*g}~g Zy k,zVZ m,zVZtzZ]gzgzZZzgzu}V~Zz[',0* HXZygV Z ) ',6 qz+Tb

q]yz*y* ggX a u


67/105

xU*"$ **zuZV YZzgZ&bZzgZ xV ].h+W} **XZLZy a xV Zyp=Vag **ZzgtA$Y

Z# VJ- ZK!*] c*YXZk xaZq- g4Zzg fg=7YXZq- Z(g!V~Zq- q- aZ }Zl}6 ',6 V~

&4 5 HGH

ZzgZ]4 5 4

2 . FGHGH

H XV Z&bZzgZy YZy XZ,Vg!Z[z]y Z m,zV kB WiZ~ z;]CN ZzgV Z m,zVzX:ZxX XQV Z&b

ayZy~Z4 H XZ,VV~].h+Exq zg] gaZ nZg4zqH Zk~,CXZk',@ d$Zt

} Z&bZzgtg!sZzgs6aXyz*yWZg!*g}~ZL~J Zw0781Y ~ XtZ


68/105

~Zq- !*gc*z!*g6 ~p} } X76,pzW:Zzgw&W: 1 yh+ZgzV &gzB7ZzgZq- gzBWJW:!VX

Z / {m6,pyh+**e Zk 6,pegW:7ZzgZq- W:wb

XMzV 7t6,pA ZzgZy Zk 7T eZ(g XZk6,p ~Sp}0d$Ztz]VJ- z{V0Zzg qg`7 X8C OZw7821|~zZzgf{7821|~&6,d Xx9821|~tg]

~ ps Zzg6,aV~ZkbXtp~Wy~S~ XLLZk6,p~sp}{V0Y?DZzgZk:L ZgZrgzc*gZk~qg`7DXZk6,pZZYt V

]Zzgd$ F,ZzgZxIZkF,Zzgg|z{


69/105

LL nd$Zt t z{V x~&4 k 5 - EGIEH waZ }ZzgZ# J- twg~x~aZ: L ZZF,Zzgd$gJ- 7VnX21C

~Z/ Zkk,d$Zt~ 6,ZZ /| |gzwH H

XZk!*g}~C & X LL!*!*Zgz Zkk, Zki~.e$g { HXZ*y6,~Z/ ge5 4 h GEHzVzZZ|gzwH HY ty eZ], ~~zwY 4981Zzg!*,fs~zzy D{Z[*y 6,k,H HX31C

Zk*y~Z/u~!*gd$Ztzq 6,Igu !*~ZzgZYg~gpp pZC X

d$Zt zgJ Zw7821|.42c0781Y J gpy3921|.02m7781YXzg~t6,p]wYg~g;XZk!*g}~u X LLJ',kJ- &+g=Zk6,dx }.# XI"YlT

YgZkZgH X41C @*gq- /~z{k!*g}~~f YZv*y Zq- Zk5 Z

LLZ,VZk+M Zk6,p Yg~H XtZq- Zzg!*] z{ 4,q- Z!*!g + WZZzg 4,q- z{Cd$ZtXz{1031t~7031t~WyJ-

Yg~g;ZzgQ HXZk]w~ZkDznZzggV V tx

~aZ HX)d$ZtXZw6921.0131t~(X51C **Zs@qzg bw X61C Zv{Vp$h GIY zgWy~6,d @*g02m6781Y XZ# Wy~6,p02m7781Y Xe 7781Yps 6781Y HXZ?xpgbw]{ X71C p[tsY@* zg6w9{ g;X]w7g}~s&!*Zkaug6,]w X

d$Ztzgp} Z~Z%s0*c*Y@*Xqp} Z622 X81C Zv91C ZzgZ?xpg02C 622 Z# Zv{Vp$h GIY 12C

p} Z262 XZ# eZ %!*22C ].h+_.p} Z252X}w ~qZzgZ?xpg Zic*{xY d$Zt~ {Zq- Z:qZk!*] L L tp}6,7,YDXJ gZzw0921|d$Zt~ tZ:q5 N X

LLZ\k D ZI- g}*VX ofs;X;9X ~ YC

002 821 821

102 921 102



70/105

302 031 2024 131 30201 231 402

11 331 50241 431 60281 531 70202 431 802

Z6,zsg~zV7* g@*Z\k !i*V~tg{YCX32C eZ %!*Zke~f H X

LLzg~Zq- *yZyZzgZk6,*y352g`Z# 152**eX42C zg~u 211p} X

Zq- Z!*] s~z**eV d$Zt~L L %Zs]Z:qP{zZ z gzZ+ZZzgH6,*y X bp}i%}~7gYMhX551gZzw0921| d$ZtT~*y241~P{g3Zx**ye$03BZ6,s3881P{].h+ HZzgQP{zZV Zq- z Xt b*y7 YY

Xd$Zt : Zq- zu~Z!*]ttWC p}c*%Zs] {mq6, Zy6, 7Z# Z7p} MhX LLd$ZtJ gpy0921|~LLj-$zF,M fyg3ZxZyZq- z{y ZpZk6, 7Z# Zk*y361gzZ+ZZk6,ZzgJ Zw0921|~LLu~Z) 6,*y461c* HXL Z(H H Z:qc*Z

*yB H HX5X f ff f NNNNNNNN

n nn n 6 66 6 n nn n ]]]] _ __ _ o oo o ^ ^ ^

Z[ %y~Z[ iZxZzg~ kWqZ@ r# [Z[r# g.zZI7- i7,JX-V~r# ~Z{Vr# gr# iZ{Zzg%iZ}.ZZr# ^ DzZWy~zZgZzgv X:tZq- Z+TV pl**ecX52C



71/105


72/105

Wh};V1XzZ{g}~ ~Z+P] ZzgzZ{g}u c~d$ZtQYg~ Zy gZ~ ZzgZq- :* g~ d$ZtQ

Yg~ 3 c*X23C

Zk!*g}~u~ZZq- *y>Zy%jxd$Zt z!*g{i0+{** X7Zk Zq- ZkXLLg}**~2+k,Zr# ZyZKzk,zVZzg6,izgk,zVZzg"

n) gzVZzgdZzgZZzgI?Vx6,H z{ Y1 d$Zt z!*g{Yg~ Z**Z zXZ,VZ[ *~ZKYz V Z(-Z: c* C d$Ztd$ZtgZzgegzVsZkz!*g{Yg~ g HX33C

d$Zt Zzg&w6,X}zg z]J Zw1131|_.7BZ6,s 4981Y CZzgWy~6,pJ gpy4131|_.2B zg~7981Y XZkb}zg &wCXWy~6,dd$Zt ZCe{z7g;ZzgZZXk^ /^~ 1

HX HZzgZXk^ /**x~d$Zt Zd$Zt}zg p} Z541Zzg&zV~g}

X}zg~37p}u X

3 33 3 > >> > ]]]]aaaa n nn n ^ ^ ^ lllltg!{V F,azqH HZzgZk~sVmp}

DXZk6,d :7zgZzw~eggzBzgzx~heggz[Zzgzgx~bgz[XV~06gz[:!}z{M0Y@*XZ,MZy t6,p%Zzg 7ZZG c*Y@*ZzgMZy tZ(g@* z{T e6,p!*.$MhX6,p7g}gu

Z~Xz "$Zzg6,d~|p}ag~f)Zg~Z7**xX zgZzgwgZzw2921|g}g`fs!L{6,d z]~g`@*Xqg ] ]m ^ m o ] ] ] ^ m o o ] ]m

x ZZy bzZKx u~ @*gZZkZL+ u~ XZk!*g}~u k,5X

LLZ:Zv Zkz /z[axr# !Zgg}0*kI ZgT **xLLZZ& HZpXZkL{g}w Z c*Zzg ZL{



73/105

Z( x F,6, H Z /7,_Z# Z(:@*Zzgz{L{Zkug ] ]m ^ m o ]e ] ^ oFo ] ] Zg ItX

"Z(gg}we; ZkI ZkZg8 - BZzgPwV p~ m Zk ZLZk**q6,p IZzgZLw ZBXOZ(H ZzgW{ qgzfsL{g}Zk**q6,p id$ZyZ } Xr# ZxZZy3$i G

ZZi)Z$i GZZiX43C uZ{VZ# 6,pzqH C /C /t7e 6,d~Ic ZzgZs

p}VXutZ ZzgZi+D6,dZ]4 5 4 2 . FGHGHZzg&4 5 HGHX~IcI}7Dpyz*cZzgVVq]Z6g c* Z+ 7,,XuZ{V X

LLIc Zq- Zq- gK!*]6,c (,}(,})b Zzg Zw


74/105

Y@*XZk!*g}~u y5XLLZZgZZgZ{ gZd$Ztwt~ [Yg~gZzgZw

Zk zqw1 Zki:~ZZ6,pd$ZtZLZq- lku

tp 'A 6,S 7,}z `XZ,V:**Zzg ZY|]t !*]/z 5mW@*ZzgT6,Z)qZ# [Z g ecX6w H zg]XeggZ ':ZzgZ,Vd$Zt

zV } Xs& g{ Xz J- gXZ[ xZg6,pd$Ztg};B~ZkaZC*ZgZ{7gZ DZzgJ

ZwgziG5zq DX63C u Zkk,C @* wt~ u~uzgt6,bzqH Zzgzq6,aV

~s? E~@*guWCX

iiii` ` mmmmg gg g ]]]] 1 11 1 ^ ^ ^ n nn n o oo o n nn n k kk k d$Zt ]Zkp}Zzgd$Ztp}}~#

"YgxZzg {gzZc*]sq- xH XZyp}~i0+ gLgL5]WDZzgZZR6,ZLW\ Z ( g}ZzgxDu Zwi0+


75/105

1 qwi:~.e$ gh**ecXZ[zVgZ-V~ Zq- gZ s bXVZ(g~Z /z{ZLi VZzg* v[VZLv[ 3 ,X83C

Zk*ygzgzZZzg**x Hu *yX*yLgzgzZ~Z,V "Ygx WiZ WzZiZVX

aaaaf ff f o oo o ^ ^ ^ n nn n u t V


76/105

7MhX04C z x[~Zy/VtpZxZx,!*g}~Zkbr zZZLW\~Zq- zP] xX

Z+k,Zx!*g}~ uz{ Zzg7 YZzgVV Zq- (,Z

ZZx}XZkb k,**gZn HZzgusizgWizq ~XZk!*g}~ Zx@ tx!*g XLLZy )u(Zq- Zg~t


77/105

]6, XZy _u ZLi (,ZIt **7,@*XZWyZzgZxzV_zp}h+Z%s ZgH H1 t'7,} Zy ?WzZZ[6, ZZW,eZX34C ud$ZtIZzgZsp}~ WyZzgug$z{Zs@*g0 p} Xu@I5]~ZZzg6,izgc*pZyp}7,"Z0+Zi{

@* Z,V Z6, Zzg ZgzeZZzgzZZyZyp}V6,{pZ{ZW,eZX

iiii` ` mmmmf ff f o oo o ]]]]]]]] uuuuo oo o ^ ^ ^ n nn n d$Zt t ZqY 6,d~Z,VZy c* V

~d$ZzgcaZk6,d Wig;Xd$mF p} X 5]~d$zg~Zk6,izgc* HX3 W!*g}~gKgK!*V u Zzg C A~d$.e$zg~XZKy]ZKy Z]ZzgZkZ+Zk x!~Z ZgZZ DXuZL]ZzgZ+ $+% S X].h+q V Zk5p~W} Zazg~ Zy {] h+ YX

Zq- ( XLLlZzg[~ ZzgwzhZc* z{H qTq a=

sW!w~Wc* z{qDTpZ$

h 4 EG

EA$~ Zzg YgzVic*{ **z{sx!*V Zgc* **X44C up}Z&k t(,Z g**) Zyp} 7,| yeg #b

e$ZzgF, sb XVZ0+gZ] ZkZgZXRZzgCZ&b6,u92]6,Zq- 6,z /Zxc*XZk6,z /Zxuyz*V i0+ gLgL 6,g XWiZ~gZIZ+ g\o"Ygx WiZ~ZV

Zzggzi%{WZ[z){XZ,VZL6,z /Zx~(~Xu Rg} }


78/105

Anz', ]Zn Z**eTXpz{Zk!*] L Zl7 D *z~#b g**x6,o{ZzgZZyBM7H YYX54C

d$ZzgZ&b6,6,d~',Z',p} DgTX* gZZi:~z g

ZzgZbcz Zg **i ZgZkv S DX LLTgd$~F,CZgZk Zg~ CX} W@ $+%Zzg**u > mJZzg~~6,* gYCX1 Zy ~ : g V

0*c*Y@*X:ZKy ix ZLz2V V bcz Zg 6, }X64C

d$Zt1 HtZkC @* uX gKZzg!*] ZiZ0+Zi~ {gnp Xp Kpzyz!*yZzg]Zzgz){]6,p} Xu

z{zu}*ygzVu~ZZzgZ


79/105

WZ[i0+ gLgLU Vgzk Zc*Zzgtd$Zt (,Z g**)X

iiii` ` mmmmg gg g ]]]] 1 11 1 c cc c ^ ^ ^ n nn n d$ZtZzgZXk^ /zV~zF,M 6,izgc*Y@*XV zF,

u @V "gXd$Zt~(p} XVV Zq- (,Z].h+q H zu].h+ V F, 2wc*XZ m,# o azg~Zyxx5 YZzgtYZ# y].h+ sgq ,XC ZKyz BB x!Zzg** ) g@*Zzg}}z ggZi0+

D pZq- z Z(W@*Z# z{Wy~6,gzZ:4 XZ,z ~Zk@* i0+ ~H H ZzgH gh YgX h+u ZkWy~z ZkZzgZ,Vag3 VJ- n x ].h+ sgZ zZzgZk~u x!BX

d$Zt(p}~


80/105

b F X Vg X5Zy*yLL* ZzgX ]~Zq- Zk:LLDY~C Zq- V e{e{i:H XZk gzi}

4]Zk1zZ?Zz6,i}@~ zh',k~

ZzgZk[W` zh',k* z0*c*Y@*XZk Z z{ W[ Z>TI i} }.ZZ x7X)Z0bxt!*] * X /Zsx #7

~*z C Zk t D1 gZZk!*] y ** Wy~byyZZk H ZzgZ# J- Zk :yH Yz} Wyz]Ex].h+{~_ **7 YYXZX15C

Zk*yZku /ZzgbpXt9 ZyZ0+gZzg[ _./ZzgZ,VZLDZzg_ C6,Zk*y k,H Zzgzk,fg=*W N XpZk[Zywzr6,Zq- 6,{eZwc*XVz{twYD Z(k, WypZzgZv xZg gXZq- sZk!*] Z Zg ( !*V }.Z Dpzu~s}.Zlk xZg~X}.Z 5]}.Z4Y}Zzgtzg~7

ZZK=ZzgbF,Ziz~w YXZbz{zZcZZzgZ',Zz!zzZu]Zg DX

d$Zt p}~ p}}m,xD6 owb]Zsx E~',Q D45 XG]C ',Z #;z){d$Ztp} Zq- k,7 D ZzgZ(Ck4 g!7,|gX7~e$ZvZq- *ytZkX

LLe0+ i:~i} Zq- ZZzgz{Zkz Z# i}!i IGZkI ].Z HZzgZk /6 UZ[z{!* uZzg%{pZki:~Zk R#VyZzgWv $4 - > GEXi}6,', DZ# Zk g]ZzgZk

',k~ZkZKu] gC zg{ gZ3 g CgSD ZgzVgCs eZZzgWy~ gu' ZZzgigg] 0 HXg~gZ'ZkgzC ptgzZzgQ~CY Zk z{CW[Zk BZzg

~Zy gzJ- (A FX)X*gzV~g} {"Zzge0+A |7Xz{gZtZzgg~W@ Zk xqzV ZkbN $ c*z{gN*X75C tz~e$ZvMV}zgd$Zt f)Zg~eZzgd$

Ztuzgt6,Zi+e$Zv ZXZyVuZ{VZ /| Zzg Wy 7g~ ~zsXe$ZvZk*y~(,~, e0+gZzg* 6,V6,{H HXt



81/105

*yZyD YI Ho]Zzg (,| *y{ZzgxZ|[Zk pzgCz!* ~XZ(4 *y:7,| {s gZzgtd$Ztp}

(,~SXd$Zt p} ZKZ {XL Zs@*g f

L Exz.y @*gZzgL z' @*g]Z0+Zi~Y,{7H HX ZxZ {zZv****~z){q]i0+ , ZkbyH H Zy ZzgZy ssC Y@*XZzg(p}ZzgZgzZ[mp}d$

Zt~XX(p}~V mZ m,~# gztzy ~( ZzgV # zZg6,izgc* HXd$Ztp}V Z-Zy( zgg tg{c*Zzg Z m,zVx gpZ Xp}~VZzgyz V

Z6,izgc* HZzg H tzVyz*y Zq- xZzgyz*yZyxXZ!p}~z ~ zVq]z){ yZgzi!*yZg6,*yXZKuZK ZzgYZzgZyZKLZy pL* gZZi:W`i!*yixX~Z/ X

LLu fztZ[Z(ZY Z /z{zu}2 zV~:7,YZgz(,}Zd$DZ[Z /Zy ??Zzg"gk,zV~sZ!Zq- ZN[H YtZN[g~i!*yzZ[ " g X85C ~Z/ Zk!*]8 Zg7H YYtI Zzgic*{9 uW`Zgz

(,}Zd$ZzgZgzi!*yzZ[ d$Zt(,ZZ+{ZXZ]6,Z,p}Zgz~7[7X!*gd$Ztfg= VJ- X# F 0*Vxv 7Yz{ d$Zt (,Z Zgg;XZkz{Zxi!*y~ VJ- !*] T~v !*]A

DZki!*y Z+{ZZzgxZ|[gZZXd$Ztp}7,_'Z(Ck@* V\ggX.eZ.$gc*QZ*b X V

g;Xnt d$Ztp}ZZ(,| Zz[',0* HZzgyz*V WZzgKaZq- *fc*Xd$Zt ^~V Zq- *5Tsx Z&b ~ 7gh~X6,zW{QH p[ X

LLup}Ci0+ Z] EZzg6,ZW,k,,ZzgZy k,zV~u jgsZzg@*g]Ff6Zg~ZzgZ&bg8 - }Zy W`7XuWgZZzgd$Oi0+{Zzgq

d$ ggnp XXXXXXu t Z,Vg~Yi0+ Zkz fhZZ# Zg~ g(g VZzg**}.Z Vf~7g~bZZ7Xu ZzqZ~ Z,Vyz*y( Zq- Z,6hWH T ~( gzZVZK2w X95C

d$Ztp} ZZkp Zkp}o~Zq- {



82/105

dZzgZ!gxZTVZLw 4 zq ~ZzgZy~p~WZzgxX%]~ZkZW,Z]A X

iiii` ` mmmmg gg g ]]]] ]]]]]]]]v vv v ^ ^ ^ k kk k d$ZtVi0+ C 6,ZW,eZz;VZgzZkZW,Z0+Zi%7g{mXd$ZtZq- Zg: h+{ZzgZk~,7CdZzgZ&kp}DXtp}@Zge$g~pQe6,7 }ZF,DX k,ez{~~ Yc* YZq- tg YCXC k, Zq- @* Zzu}B 7,ZzgZkk,nVZzg zZ!*]Zzg**]7,"zZV Z+{XZ!*] ZDwg~ X

LL ~@*!* c*P Bc*ZLZ]Zzg_.!*]C zZZK zl 6,v @*ZzgZkB Zk{6, Yg;z{v zVzg* g} X zZtY} Zk k, ZW,',Z{gZ c*

!*Z v VZzgV6,zZX06C uZ{VZV 0*Zg~ DZLg F,KM c*ZzgZgz

@*g~ZC**x}Zp~ Z1X',**ge gk!XZdZ[Zzg0*tZ!\> IX0*g}g|X',**ge Zky gz~Z /u All l great literatures are journalism X

&]{mgd$Zt~ {p} Y,{BZk VZyp} 0*t Z!wqz;VDt ZqX Zw k,xZzg 7,J ZKyWnXZ Zzg

Zi+DgV t{m!*] Zy k,~Zp H{!*i~7k, w ZqXZo F,c*xaZEw7 DZq- Zq- Zq- g XZyk,zV tg uxi!*y~k,, H Xu tZ|[k,Zgz y~~gH YYXu tDZ0+ZiZgz~W Zq- 6 z]Xu xZgz *x ~ 7gh~X$+j X LLDp}q]ZzgzZu]Zg **x7z{ZyZgz] Zg D

**xXD 2VZyzZu] c*X gZ g6,W p}a** /k, z{CZ s Wyi!*yzyZp ZEwZzg)]6,FFVXZ+k,,w zZ: ~ 7Xk,~gzZZzg"$Z ]4+gZ]X16C $+jZkZkZ /up} Y,{BsgC Y@* d$

Ztp}~:)]Zzg:Z+k,,w zZ: X~t9



83/105

Zxc*Y@*pZ /ZZZgzV6,eZYZk News ~YCXuZb f~g3 ZzgzVic*{Z Views ic*{Z News

zV} ~XWZgzZgZ]@ Zdg7 gVpZyZgZ] zZc*zZ 7XZ# ud$Zt6,d~ZLgYg~ z;]C

XLL&+g=Zk6,pVJ- nV+* >~ ,Zzg

vy~ :3 V1 )~Zy l![ ZyZy i ,Zzg{!*'Zy~Zy~F, Zy gz,X26C 7d$ZtVZzZg~ZV6,Z,V6,d e$zZ Zzg

d$Ztp}mWg H XJ x9821|6,d~ X LLg}Zk6,p /Z',k ZzgF,j*yZk~|Z[ Oec ZkF,q H X36C

Zks*y~Z,VQd$Zt zZH Zk*y {Zkk, DX

LLt7 Zk 6,dfg=yz*y~z{ ,Z ZzgZi+DZ y~H t VJ- YXZC n7gZ DzZvgwZi -

GzZxZv\X46C uZLp}fg= Z[gzk Zc*ZzgZygxy zg~ c*Xu k,,ZgzBBZgzZ[~{Z qXd$Zt Zdg7H XW`J- Zgz zuZg!Zkg 7XZ X

ZreZXZ LLgZd$Ztz{g!TZgz~ ZdgzVF,)yXZ,VZgzAV Cc* CZ gz~Zzg Zq- Zi0+ **ecXZkz{Z,VZgw WiZ~6,izgc*Xz{ CZzggZ) F,)y**eTX56C Z t!*] uJ- g u d$Zt~Zkp}

m*y H ZzggM gZ z{ bp}Zk~I DXLL:Z,z2VeT z{ e, qw Ld$Zt g8 - **

ecZzg np}Zk~qg`o ZzgxaZzgzg~VJ- g~[eZk Z&b6, ,X66C d$Ztx*ygzV~Z[Z IX

0*g}GXuZzgZygNYp}xDZgzZW, Z@*XY x



84/105

ZygzVw~x gZZzgtv x f i0+ w F,Zzg x! sY**eTX6,zWZ X

LLZ{yZ d$ZtXZy (6,z /Zx! ZzgzWXZk6,pZC xH Zzgx :spZ[ /ZVZgH Zy Zq- {mZ0+Zi c*Xz{ f!**xlZr0*CZzg6q] xZz;x@*gz7~Zzgz~ZL5]6,g ng:XZk~Zq- f6Zz[Z6,p

Wc*X76C fg=d$ZtZW,Z]xz{zu}ZgZ]zZZ+JwKT!*g}~u

Z{VZKZq- k,~f H XLLd$Zt 6,pZZY~ZkzZWYg~H H yz*EVw%{

Zy~ q- YXyz*y qZq- 0* Tbb vyZzg] Z0+6XZkzZWZq- zg] z{Zk h}XZkZC xH XZ[q- aZ Xyz*EV i!*VZzgJVF,Zzgg~

Zp3XZgzV~>ZzgF,ZpWgWTtY@* Zk6,pZC x7gZH X86C d$Ztp}~WiZ~gZWCXp} ezZg7H Y@*@* 7,"

zZV p', ZggXL L Zyp} Z zzZ:qZzgyh+Zg~z){ Z:] 7CX5J @y2131| 6,pT~LZ>*y6,pzqH HXgM h}gpp a Zw&&zgDzgZCD gN 7,"zZV Zgc*h+}hc*YZzgZz{*yg~Zc*zu}Zzg z ~ZLh+}~gnp ZbuZLg~z "$ g3 Zzg%ZwDZy

X5X Z[c*Y@*Zzgz{ DLLg}0*koZzgp}"**xzKyWDXo~Z]D

XZzgL )b 7iYDZzgtgpZ C d$Zt~AZ!*]Y\bYz,Zzgp}Wz{g~Zzgg}g3Zx e$Zzg g}#5Zzgg}fZCZdwZZ]#5 F,h+~ZzgtgpZ

d$Zt~Y\bYz,XZy ),g V 2VZknopZ{p}w]ZZ DZzg /:L :x**xzKyZy Z[7MhXZkaxk,Z[ g D!*g;Zy ' Z`**d$Zt~Zk~ PggZ2g7 "**x*yd$Zt~Y8Zzg2 Z(*yg}fZCZdw e$~ ZL6,pd$Zt~YCI

7X96C



85/105

tZkC @* x >z{zu~ q,d$Zt~ 7CXfZC!*' 7Xzz d$Zt~ %Zd$ZtsZzgus CgXtu ZLg~ZLs !*V z7

XtZy ZzgWZgZ] tqw Z /Zq- ZysZ 7 Zk*yg W{ *y 7H Y@*Xu WiZ~gZzu}WWzZAV gZ33 c* gZ{6,aH H S:]zg~X

LLugH Zk 9ZgZ]7g3 Xd$Zt Zq- c*VSZk~g~p} Z ) T:sf~V $+Zy F,M XgzdzgZzggzZe$z] $T! Z0+ZiuZzgZygNYp} V 7,Jc*Zk~ VWZ0+Zi$+wX**zw

ZKZYZzWZzgXOW,X07C Z /t Y h+9 up} C~x >Zzg#b: Zgzi!*yzZ[ Z&bd$Ztp}~] zy c*Y@*XZq- S z{ZpZzgk, pzgCZL] F,eLXZq- S z{ZpZzgk,

pzgCZL] F,eLXZkb Yd$ZtZgzg~~ZZ0+ZgZ: gH ZzguZq- F hZZH X

ZZ',~ XLLd$ZtwdICZzg()b V~(,~ c*


86/105

LLd$Zt**yy r3w Exq


87/105

{V{ Zzgud$Ztfg=t U*"$ c* fg=Zd xaYMhZzgo Yi0+ psH YYXu t6,p: s: L@*g]Zzgu V d$zy ZgZzg} Z&b ~ZgzwZZ

H XZnz{i!*yzZ[ Zk Z+{ZXZg~ X LLd$Ztfg=uZgz !*pZzg!*BBZgzZ[Zzg ~gZzgzg~ZH XZkzg ZgzZ[ZzgzVLd$Ztqgz-VOW,ZZzgZkZ[Zzg~5gzbY7- ~X

TOW, ZgZLx)L&yZ6,s1091g}ZZgb~t 6,6g ZgzZ[~ I~ *ZtaZZz{ Ld$Zt**gZi+ZzgZk*ygzV @V X87C

Zg~ t!*]!*9ZzgZgZ]d$Zt ZzgZkZ0+Zi ZCc*X xt uZ{VZ /|-Eg; Zzg"g>]gX ZzgZ /ut :H @*A$u xZgz @*ZzgZgz @*gZy**x% 70*CX

Zgz @*g~d$Zt ZkaZxc*Y !*g{~ WiZk6,d@*XW|Z]Zkc~sZzgsbaWDZ# Wq]Z, u lZzgZy ic*WCXW`o z,q]g7ZzgQ

uZq- zg]ZdgBBoZzgx Z&b ZZVnXuTbx Z&b ZzgBBZ2L szgi~7 XtGu gV!*[Zzgd$ZtZy -Z*g{T*yW`g}V

X /Zzg"Z(gu lc*WYC

iiii` ` mmmmg gg g ]]]] 1 11 1 ^ ^ ^ n nn n ]]]]]]]] 1 11 1 ]]]]f ff f ^ ^ ^ ]]]]lllluZ{VZL6,pd$Ztfg=}~#e ZV {

pt xZ 7,ZXuw~V *z~F,~ (,~g z^z{ ZzgIZ+ Z0+Zi~'XZaZ,Vd$Zt~Ip} KZzgZyp}~ Z+!*' eZBxVZ+sX] 9pc~%h+~K~@*X iZI [B] Wy x]z){e~Z,V[Z+wU*"$ Dp} KXZ# Zknp} zq# Zq- c[Z7,Zp#ZkyuZzgZyZ~lZrZZzgu~Z< Z7B4 y zq ~X

d$ZtZyp}VVZq- (,}6 **gZWz Z,v



88/105


89/105

VZhZYCX08C d$Ztp}VVIZ+6,W DzZ[d$Zt~

g3Zx y !*' Y' Zzg V~ZZZzgu s"gqZzg(,fYgX

~ZZZu #~WWZzgZ,V zgg~1781Y gZZgZzggZst03B Z~ 3781Y **6,dzqKXZy6,aV~d$Ztsp[p[ Y@*ZzgZyzq uZzgd$Zt # **XZygVd$ZtZzgZkqV

Z**xgXd$Zt*ygzV J yC t Y@*Zzgu **xi0+&-yZzgo~g3 HXZk!*g}~Pj X

LLu (/d$Zt # ~W:$etI h+: d$Zt!zHp}g3Zx # gZZgX Xt

@W zgZ


90/105

: V6,$,VZ|N Zzgg} 6,g}**b[~qYZZZr# Zq- g!Y\c*zgZZZstZk **xg3 XXXZgzV~gZZgZCg~',g;1 ZkZq- Zzg6,pZyy ZY!g + /gZstZZI

Z[~X Z3 EE

taZZ.e$NZzgg}Zk6,dd$Zt Zkp}[qY~ZZZr# gTiZxD1 v Zyp} 0* CDX38C u #BBZs@q7$nZzgZy!*g}~ H z{ 7

X5XLLVZgZ]~o-VsyZVz;V**qZy]s Y**zqZXT~,~ZzgZz|E@ z1ZzgZz|E@77g;X

VZk **qcou;B6, 6,gz;VZy6,ZyzZZn XZZnt Zy ~ |xT z{ ~Bz{BeZzg~ ~ zg# {XZ%s zu~zzt **qZL

l)~Zzgs] ~ TgVB~XZy M z~ ZY x1XT iAZz|E@4,q- t ~ zV X)%:p}7 4 i FEG(48C

Zq- s ZgZ]d$ZtZzgu # gzu~s ZgZ,u B}gXuZz|Zg p ZzgZkgziZ: Y~X LLZz|Zg.e$!*zwZgZzgZ[ I 7X Zy g}

)zgZz|Zg ,Zzgw g tZy Zy Zg(,}(,}!*zwZ m,~ZgZ]gziZ:Yg~Z } Zzg}.Z }Z(

X58C uZ{VZ+6,Zz|Zg~p} Xx{V p[kZzg

zV~z "$CXZw g~ZgZ XLLw guZ{V Z&kq- qX(5]~zV J- ZXZz|Zg~u e$~p}Zzg%Z DXZ&++

D xzV(c*]~Z%sgzZpzVz*:]~ 7WXw gZy ] DXZy #~p}

z%Zs]Zz|Zg~Z ) aWDZy /m, DZzgX **zg~@*ZkBZz|ZgZi+Zk #c*F,h+~ k, X68C

d$ZtJ )~Z{8821|g}~Zz|Zgk,x{V Zq- Z



91/105

!*g}~ ZXZk~x{V XLL~.e$Z\kZzgg @*V 7Z |Z]W\!*sgZN

F,h+~L :L X:z{Zzw Y8YCZzgY8YCZy

gZ}~YCZzgp}zZ:YDXZ g~aYDXZKYZv 78C W{Zg pg Xg*iXxZi+Xd$Zt WiZ~gZ Vw7 Cz{Zkz zu}ZgZ]~7X

d$Zt~3921|~uZq- *zqH ZzgZk~ZZgZ]ZZ]zZ] DBd$ZtZ!*] KYDXZ\. 5 G0* X

LLyz*yZZgZ]ZZ]u6, Dc*Zy0 gZc*w Zg Dc* u !*] zs# exZzgZyXik,c0Zy gZ7r# ZyZZnc*gZc*w

+C 4 p E

EE

Zk Z[c* Zy k,Z]6,ZKgZc*w Zg DX88C Zkb *yd$ZtJ Zw4131|~T~Zgk,d$

Zt #~ZZgtk,H Zzgd$Zt~Zk Z[c* HX5XLLg}z Zi+ZgZN*z{Zq- Zi+WgsWgd$ZtZzgZkzV

Z Zi+Wgs Y Zy lki!*y6,Wc*1 .e$pZk $ 4 0 EGE DXd$ZgzVyh+ZgzV7,"zZVg

zZVw zZVgZ(: zZV zZVzg zZVpZ[~ Z*zZsy>Y X98C Zbd$Zt~gZst6,*y ZXZbZZgZ]

d$Zt B6,]tZZH HXd$Ztsp}c*%Zzu}ZgZ]~ DL Zy~u (,}ZiZ0+Zi~7H Y@*L yZ[i!*yZEwCXW /{Zgd$Zt ZyZg~X

LLW /{Zg *pW3,"5 GEuZ{Vr# g]BZk (,}gkuX}.ZZy g~GgaVs# gXZ[ %d$Ztg;Zk]~z{].]7Zzg:]~

z{V] ; - XH4Z /|c*d$Zt~CXZy Zzg? 7X:ZyoZ]~pH {u X09C

d$ZtZzgZkZgZ]gzb _ tsC Y@* zVZKZK(6,g X6 ZZ',~ X

LLd$ZtZzgZk#ZgZ] _ } Z6, tzV6ZKZK((+M Zzg4XV #7XiZzg



92/105

ZZ%sX19C ZZ',~ t!*] uJ- g XV~Zkz txw0*c*Y@*

ic*{zg~Zzg*z~q {m7 MhY *z~q ~ Z+!*'7,7,, g}


93/105

~d$Zt zV XVX~W`d$Zt Z /~ZZZg3Zx @*G~wq-

zV Y ~gZ~[ZZZ{VgZW wg3Zx @*G **/Yg~gd$Ztxaic*{X49C nt d$Zt TU_H YtZg"U*"$ XW\p}Zgz

~Zk Zgc*#5Zk gzttXq,d$Zt Zgz~Zq- Zx6,CXd$ZtZL#5V %Z:zZg DU*"$ c* yZy Z3 h{7V ;gZzg A CtZ(yZyV;gZzgA p7gBb Zk;gc*A ZW,}Zzg6,H 7,Zt Z!*]Xu # V $+ yg $+ yZ,u U*"$N uxXtu A Zzgd$Zt A Xgzi**)ZOgW!*02Bc5002YZLg}~q X Zgzzu}zg WiuZ{VH XuZZzggZzg

~ Inside India V Z&bZzgZy YZy X{{Zd${ u U YZ(x@* Zq- (,Zyz* ZsI}0*~.c* HXZk,ZVN z{Z[J- w ~pZ{Zy z{:guI DX59C rt d$Ztp}V# yZ7,ZXZk!*zuZL

Z&kL 7hZZzg#V %Z:zZg DgZzgt#} :} Zya U*"$Y F Z,5]xy7Yz{d$Ztfg=ZytWZzgz{ZLg6,Mh zV#5~C6, yXd$Zt~I5]6,

Hz{o]6,FF@*ZzgZ]Zzgug$ 1V jZ!@*XZkaxZKytZsZ+ZzgF Z,I)b 6,p}WX6, V7XZkbd$ZtZL#

ZgZ]t{ZzgU*"$x %:7 @*XZkbd$Zt Zq- g~6,d z ~ xc*YYX



94/105

jjjjZZZZ1XZZ',~gzbX C Z{Zgz!*iZgX6X8691YmX152X*y7581Y Zggzi**)ZOgW!*X02c5002Xm3XZZXXg g ZkX"5 5 4 n . FEGGIEEezn,y5X# yX2002YXm274XeZ @*gZPX*y( gD**]5091X7581gzi**)ZOgW!*X02c5002XmX5XugZk&Xou6,$+Z-VX-84291YXm66X+X*yZZd$ZtZzgZkZW,Z]Xx)d$ZtZ /|Xg~6991Xm167XZ{VX**)) ZyyX%Z0*X>F,Z[' gzeg1691Y Xm3628Xd$ZtJ Zw7821| g{9XZsXJ ZZx0921| 01XZsXJ Zw7821| 11XZsXJ gZ# 0921| 21XZsXJ gZ# 2131|

31XC &

X*

y!*

!*

Zgz gc*

k,

Xd$Zt

Z x) z

X '

,Z zrZgzi!*yX5002XmX76

41Xd$ZtJ gpy3921| 51XZsX51Zw6921| 61X**Zs@qX]Yzh+XmX66171XZ?xpgX0* yzy~X>F,Z[gX3691YXmX82281X**Zs@qX]Yzh+XF,ZgzgzX5X9791Y XmX661

91XZv

XZZ/J-

X**

i; k5Xm251 02XZ?xpgX0* yzy~X>F,Z[gX3691YXm822

12XZv{Vp$h GIY

X]uXD6,kv Z /|X2591YXmX6122XeZ %!*Xd$ZtXzW~_WgZ zZgZX4002Y Xm20132Xd$ZtXJ gZzw0921| Xm8342XeZ %!*Xd$ZtXzW~_WgZ zZgZX4002Y Xm20152Xd$ZtX51f~Z7821|

62XZZ',

~X@*

g]ZgzzxX].

h+

6,

6,

YKX6X3691XmX573



95/105

72XZ?xpgX0* yzy~X>F,Z[gX3691YXmX92282XZv{Vp$h GI

Y X]uXD6,kv Z /|X2591YXmX41

4002Y Xm701 92XeZ %!*Xd$ZtXzW~_WgZ zZgZX7791YXm251 03XPjuZ{VZq- (_X Ye

. 5 4 5 G

HGHYe 5X 13Xd$ZtXJ Zw1131|

23XZsXJ Zw1131| 33XZsXJ f{1131| 43Xd$ZtX51gZzw2921| 53Xd$ZtXJ xZZx9821|63XZsXJ Zw3921|73XeZ tZXu ~}.]XZ ; kXX6X5002YXmX99 83Xd$ZtXJ Zw7821| 93XZx@X*yZ /|q- ZUXZ /|G+Z /|X% 7X45X3591XmX0304Xd$ZtXJ Zw6921| mX23114XZx@X*yZ /|q- ZUXZ /|G+XZ /|% 7X45X3591X

mX13

24XgZjX*yZ /|zqwX zXXZ /|X2691YmX031 34XeZ ZvXu ZW,Z]Zgz6,XZ /|G+Z /|% 7X45X3591YXmX44Xd$ZtX51Zw7821| 54X6,zWZ1Zx*yu RgXx)d$ZtXgaZ6,s8991XmX0264Xd$ZtX01#0921| 74XZsX51)~Z{X8821| 84XZsX51f~ZX7821| 94XZsXJ )~Z{8821| 05XZsXJ )~Z{8821|15XZsXJ )~Z{8821|25XZsXJ #1131|35XZsXJ gZ{2131|45XZsXJ #2131|55Xd$ZtXJ Zw1131|65XZsXJ f{1131|



96/105

75XZsXJ gZ{X2131|85X~Z/X_uZ{yXZ ,- ; kZ /|X1002XmXmX58X4895X6,zW{QX*yuZLZgWNW~Xx)Z-ZyZgzXg~3002XmX5106XZDwg~XgZg+XF,Zgzgz5X6X0002YXmX372 16X$+jXZ[ZzgX.8 - ZO XgW!*X4791Y XmX5726Xd$ZtXJ Zw7821| 36XZsXJ xZZx9821| 46XZsXJ xZZx9821| 56XZXZ{yX"5 5 n . FEGIEEezn,yC!; kX5Xy1791YXmX7966Xd$ZtXJ gZzw2131| 76XZXu Zzg)].h+2XZF,ZgzyX5X3991YXmX29 86X) zV X%uZZ+XZs6,gXmX14296Xd$ZtXJ gZ# 0921| 07XZpXZgzZ[Zg~Z!r VZzggDV zXZF,6,ZgzZ ~ 6991YXmX04217XZZ',~XgzbX C Z{XZgz!*iZgXX6X8691Y Xm1527XZsXmX2537XeZ tZXu ~}.]XZ ; kXX6X5002Y mX8947X6,zW @@XZ#]XZ ; kXX6X3002YmX98 57Xd$ZtXJ xZZxX0921| 67X**ZZ',~X@*gZgzXxX].h+6,6,XYKX3691Y mX06477XzV Z%


97/105

98Xd$ZtXJ Zw1131| 09XW /{ZgXei:*yd$ZtZzgX126981Y19XZZ',~X@*gZgzXzzX].h+6,6,XYKXX6XmX263

29XZsXmX583 39XPjXuZ{VZq- (_X Ye. 5 4 5 GHGHXYe 5X7791YXmX96149Xd$ZtXJ ZwX3921|

5002Y 59X*ykB WiZ~7581Y gzi**)ZOgW!*02c



98/105

!!!! ZuZ{V zgyz*Vgzw z] 2wXuZK ZzgZK @VTzg~',0*H z{CZzg(Zgyz*@*g Zq- ZzgXm

6,_yz*y6,7g~W[z@*[Zgz/izZwZzgyz*( 6,',~ Z0+{ Z@*Yg;X-g\ QZz[Zzgzu~f!yz*W[zZ6, ZZW,ghg

XZyXp=V JJZW,i!*yzZ[6,7,ZZzgzu~i!*V z{ZgzZkOW,XZ,z ~uZL gZ ZgzZzg*yg~ Zq- 5

gzk Zc*XuZyPgz zZV~2Vyz*}ZzgZ m,zV ( Z ,$1Xu } :} tZk[Zzgz{z 2 g Z / yz*x5!V5p=V6~**]Zzg5ZZg 7g~b7ZCc*Zy i0+ "Y Zzgz{i0+ C ~g{YN XZkazg~ Zx~YZg~aZ YX

Zkz Z[~t&A !*:i0+ ZzgZkaZzZ-$6)b Zq nXZ+g]~u ZCgc*ZzgZkfg)ZgzZ[ZzgBBZKi0+ ZzgZk ** V)b 6,TWi XwZx@:

LLZkg wuy WXz;VZ,VZ]4 5 4 2 . FGHGHZzg&4 5 HGHA XZyZ&kZzgZ!p}ZOW,H ZzgZZKq- `aZq- F,)y zg] XZkbLd$Zt].h+ WzZi0 HXZk5 =6,4ZzgZ&bgxa

gZZgX Zzgz{Z]ZVTZ[6,W{ dZzgZ!F, ZgXd$Ztfg):sZgz zr5ZgzZ~zWC Y

u *yg~~i0+ C mgpp zZ]XXBBZkxZzg{Z|[ V 5gzk Zc*XZ,V6,V /m,H Zzgx xH X*yg~ ',Z{gZ f!Z[WZzguf!Z[Z.{H 6 eZ Zv wX LLZgz~*yg~ !*uXZ[ tT Z m,~**xLZ,X-g\q X-g\~Zk Z!qzZZq- Z~Zd$"5 4 EGGEXZ y~Zk

=wzZF Zd$T~"5 EGEZzgegZyZzgW Zi+DZzgZ Xzup}~ Z]4 5 4 2 . FGHGHZzg&4 5 HGH*Z[~]xZzgzZxq `X

Z m,~*ygzVZW,Z]Zg7H YYXZ ZzgZi+D ud$ 9 ZzgZyp}~V |# ',\)gZ0+ZixZ|[Zzgp} Zzg - p[p XOd$Zt+Z]4 5 4 2 . FGHGHZzg&4 5

HGH 7gZgzwZZH Xf!i6,ud$Zt~ Zzg



99/105

Z&k xc*Zzgi0+ (,}(,})b (,} s# jZ0+Zi~7 X

g!d$Zt~ZV 0*Zg~WCX@Z,V,z){:

VpZVL 7XXgM p wgnp d$Zt~C n p} KXZ /L *ysY@*Zzu}g}~mzZg H Y@*TgM 6,d "~ZOggLX*y Z zzL L Z,V6,d0zg~Z:]

7 Xd$Zt~Vp}6, ic*{yc*Y@*zd$Zt Zzg 4c*YnZk6,g YCZzgWyd$Zt~g @*gZzgZkp}Zzg

zZVq D@* v Z /eZzg4p}Xd$Ztp}6,}KYDZz H Y@*XXv Z7,_

Zzgu Z ZLg~ZLs %Zc**y **zZ(,Z x XxgZgzV~zu}. ZgZ] ,7 YCpd$Zt~Zk

',@ zu}ZgZ]mp}Zzgq,WYDXL uzu}ZgZ] Z-$ ]t DL Zg F, DZzgzZggziZ:~ps pZ DX

Zkbd$ZtZKZZgU*"$ c* ZzgFZV C Y$ X

d$Zt~L Zgc*#5Jgzb s)v[Z0+Zi~7 HZ# #5Z xuzV hc*ZzguZzgd$Zt*ygzV i0+&J-y!*]Zic*pu. p Z,VZzgZ4w ZL ;BY7c*Zzg#5 # DZkgZzg} 0*kg3 Zzg]ZzgZf H X

L L Z# Z m,# J- V F,Zzg0 Z!*]**CA$d$Zt~ZgzBBZ m,~~z{gzZ+Zc*H ggzZ YC@* Z m,xW

Z7,|Zzg# ^nXd$Zt~L p} (6,H ggzZuZzgzu}Hg+ k,, YCXZk sZ ZxZZzgW Y k,~L!*WyZzgx@*ZzgZkbZxZzgVmH YY

Z# p}~ZV p{gnp Y@*XZaZ# L V F,Zzgaw *c*u 6,z /ZxZZz H HXZk~7,"zZ Z(4 utZzgZkttg~!*' gXZL#:Z0+ZiZzg.}~g

X',ZgZ5zZ:gXF,Zzggz W Z g{ gXgM 7,_z ZY4 Zzg!*]A tL*yg~ic*{4ZW, @*X

d$Zt6,2+k,Zk, XZkk, Zb H HXZk



100/105

k,~2+k,ZuZ6,p[ ZzgQzq tg{c*Zzg2+k,Z Zkk,u d$Zt~!*gzq 6,6g c*XZkbd$Zt*ygzVZzggM WiZ~gZ

7gZwH Y@*X

u Zq- cg7ZCc*ZkZq- Z xhe ZzgZk~ x[ XtZ xV ].h+gD**] sb **ZzgZYqZzg?0+ Z0+}ZV d$zF,ZYJ- **XZ# Zq- tg zq C Zk~Z&bZzge$ sic*{izgc* HZzgxZg~ZW(,| Z,)b Zzgp} H XV F,ZzgZy x! 7{Xu ~Zy Zy ZzgZg+

@*!*Zzgz{Zgz @*g~ WDXt9 I5]~uZ] ZgH Zzg


101/105

]]]]

1XZ0*)%(]uXD6,kZ /|36X2691Y 2XZ0*)%(p}uX)1@*61(XD6,kZ /|5691Y3XZgj)%(ZN[p}uX Ye. 5 4 5 GHGH5X2791Y

7891Y 4XZg~)%(ZgzXZgzZ ZZ',~X@*gZgz)0*,(].h+6,6,ah~zZyX3591Y 5X6XZZ',~XgzbX C Z{Zgz!*iZgX8691Y7XZkXu XZF,ZgzyX5791Y

Zk)%(ZN[p}Z /|ZXk^ /ZF,6,ZgzZ ~ 2891Y 8X9XZs@qX]Yzh+XF,Zgzgz5X2891Y01X6,zW @@XZ#]XZ ; kX3002Y11X6,zWaZXZgzZKebc*X)x( ',Z zrZgzi!*yX7991Y21X8)%(Zz[7581YX ',Z zrZgzi!*yX5X389131X6,zZ:gz~XZgz Z8XX; k5X4991Y41XW,c*@XuZ{VZzgZy XZ ; kX651XYzh+]XIc*]X WiZX 61Xq@g~XZ*y@*gZgzXm,~6,W /{X7591Y71XZXuZzgZ /|q- XZ ,- ; kZ /|X3891Y81XZuZ{y)F,Zk("5 5 n . FEGIEEezn,yC!; k51791Y91XZXu Zzg)].h+2XZF,Zgzy53991Y02XgZjXZ /|zqwX-EgZ /|X0791Y12XZ{VXWU*gZ{ 5 Eh+XZgzZ X0002Y22XZ{VXg!Z[z]yX-Eg;DiZ /|X8591Y 32XZ{VX@*gu ILg)%Z@(0+z>Z. { 3 4 EEGEX3691Y

1691Y 42XZ{VX**)y)%Z0*(>F,Z[gX52XZ{VX**)[)%ZDwZ(Z ; kX9791Y62XZvXZZ/J- Xm,- e7XZgz!*iZgX672XZvXuZ{VZzgZy**ggNYXZ ,- ; kZ /|X1002Y82XZx@XZgz X ',Z zrZgzi!*y5X3891Y92XZx@XZgzZ[ W~@*gXF,Zgzgz5X3891Y



102/105


103/105

16X%!*Xu ~iZzbXTy"5 5 4 n . FEGGIEEZ!W!*X5002YXgZd~XuZzgyz*yXZ ,- ; kZ /|X1791Y 26XgZd~Xty -Eg;J- XZ ,- ; kX6002Y 36

46X2+gZ0+z~Xf!zc*ZzgZkZW,Z]XZgZx0+z>Z!Y~ X1002Y

ggggb bb b zzzzZZZZggggZZZZ]]]]6891Y Z~ ;: 5 1XW 5791Y zg~ ;: 5 2XW 3991Y # ;: 5 3XW 5002Y g~ ;: 5 4XW 4991Y ga ;: 5 5XW 9991Y m ;: 5 6XW 3002Y g~ ;: 7XZ-ZyZgz0002Y Z~ ;: 8XZ-ZyZgz0002Y y ;: 5 9XZgz*5002Y 02c gW!*gziZ: 01XZOZ: ~z!*g 11XZXk^ /Z /|

~z!*gZ: Z /| 21XZg4)u(Z /|Gg{gzi{ :7821Y 4131Y 31Xd$Zt

7891Y ;: Z /| 41Xd$ZtZ ',8891Y ;: Z /| 51Xd$Zt

8891Y ;: Z /| 61Xd$Zt6991Y ga ;: Z /| 71Xd$Zt6991Y Z6,s ;: Z /| 81Xd$Zt0991Y g~ ;: Z /| 91Xd$Zt0991Y Z ', ;: Z /| 02Xd$Zt

{mgaZ6,s8991Y ;: Z /| 12Xd$Zt8891Y c ;: Z /| 22Xd$Zt

12B4002Y gziZ: Z 32XgZtgZ{m55X45X3591Y : Z /| 42XZ /|G+



104/105

5691Y Z ', Z /| 52X z4691Y g~ Z /| 62X z5002Y ;: 5 72X z

5002Y c ;: 5 82X [2002Y 71Z ', gziZ: ` 92X^9991Y Z~ ;: ~ 03X*zg6002Y g~ ;: ~ 13X*zg

)Z}Z*-(Z~ 2791Y ;: 5 23X}q- Zgzg~6891Y ;: 5 33X}q- Zgzc0002Y ;: 5 43X}q- Zgzg~1002Y ;: 5 53X}

aaaa pppp j jj j ^ ^ ^ eeeen nn n 6 66 6 "5 5 4 n . FEGGIEEezn,y# y2002 1Xg g ZkZZX2X WzDgzV wc*zf 6, lZR2991Y

y~ gz-h+|Wc*x)Zzw(eZ zh+6,@*\zh+u y~,- Wn52991Y 3Xy~ g gz\g )zzx(Z+[ g 4X

4 i E

IDie7~R,k5 4 GIg~gZ`g6, 5 5Xzc*Zzg English Books1.A History of Muslim Philosophy part II M. M. Sharif, Low Price

Publications, Delhi. 110052, 1961.

2. Aligarh First Generation, David Lely veld. Princeton, Jew Jersy

3. The Dynamix of Mass communication, Joseph R. Dominick,

McGrawhill, New York, 1992.4.

urdusehafataursirsyed

Documents