urinalysis and body fluids crg unit 2; session 6 urine casts
TRANSCRIPT
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Urinalysis and Body Fluids CRg
Unit 2; Session 6
Urine Casts
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Urine Casts
• Overview of Urinary Cast Formation• Hyaline Casts• Cellular Casts• Granular Casts• Waxy Casts• Pseudo Casts
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Microscopic Sediment – Casts
• Definition: Cylinder-like structures with parallel sides, formed from gelled muco/glyco protein (Tamm –Horsfall protein).
• Cast formation• 1. normal nephron • 2. epithelial cell cast formation• 3. WBC cast formation• 4. RBC cast formation
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Urinary Cast: Formation
• Formed in lumen of the kidney distal convoluted tubules and Loop of Henle.
• Molded in the shape of the tubules• Tamm–Horsfall mucoprotein comprises the
matrix• May contain cells that are present in the
tubules at the time of cast formation.
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Urinary Cast: Formation
• Factors of cast formation:• urinary stasis • Acid pH• high solute concentration• abnormal ionic or protein constituents• May be indicated by the presence of urinary
protein.• However, casts can be present in the
absence of protein.• Microscopic examination is important.
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Urinary Cast: Identification of Casts
• Casts:• have parallel sides with rounded or
blunted ends• vary in size and shape according to the
tubules in which they were formed• convoluted, straight, or curved• are cylindrical in shape with no dark edges
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Urinary Cast: Significance of Casts• Cast are always renal in origin •Casts often indicate pathologies:
• glomerular damage• tubular damage• renal inflammation• renal infection
•Cast Size•indicates the diameter of the tubule in which it was formed•Broad casts & Narrow
•formed in pathologically dilated or atrophied tubules or in collecting tubules•indicate renal trauma / failure
•
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Fine granular casts and WBCs
Urinary Cast: Broad & Narrow
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Urinary Cast: Classification
• Based on appearance and contents:• hyaline• red cell• white cell• epithelial cell• granular (coarse and fine)• Waxy• Fatty• mixed
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Urinary Cast: Sequence of Degeneration
Sequence of urinary cast degeneration
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Urinary Casts: Detection
• Low power and low light to find; • high power to identify
• must use low level of light or will look right through them
• Cylindrical body with parallel sides and rounded ends.
• May be confused with cylindroids, mucous threads, and rolled up squamous epithelial cells, also artifacts such as fibers. • **cylindroids - have the same clinical
significance
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Urinary Cast: Enumeration• Counted on low-power (100x)• If using the slide & coverslip sediment
preparation method, casts are more frequently seen along the edges of coverslip
• Reported according to type and range seen• Follow Urine Standardization Guide (rare,
occasional, 0-2, 3-5, etc.)• Example:
• Hyaline casts 6-10/LPF• Granular casts 2-5/LPF
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Urinary Casts: Hyaline Casts
Hyaline cast and red blood cells.
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Urinary Casts: Hyaline Casts
• Can be seen in even the mildest kind of renal disease.
• A few hyaline casts may be found in the normal urine.
• Frequently present• following physical exercise• physiologic dehydration
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Urinary Casts: Hyaline Casts
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Urinary Casts: Hyaline Casts
Hyaline casts. Viewed with an 80A filter
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Urinary Casts: Hyaline Casts
• Hyaline casts using phase contrast microscopy
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Microscopic Sediment – Casts
• Cellular Casts• Very significant• Is there a matrix?• Can you identify the
structures within?• Support?
• Patient history / diagnosis• Physical & chemical results• Other microscopic structures
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Urinary Casts: Red Blood Cell Casts Red cell cast and RBCs
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Urinary Casts: Red Blood Cell Casts • Always pathologic• Hematuria is present• Conditions include:
• acute glomerulonephritis• lupus nephritis• Goodpasture syndrome• subacute bacterial endocarditis• renal trauma• renal infarction• severe pyelonephritis• right-sided congestive heart failure• renal vein thrombosis• periarteritis nodosa
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Urinary Casts: Red Blood Cell Casts
Convoluted red blood cell cast
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Urinary Casts: Red Blood Cell Casts
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Urinary Casts: White Blood Cell Casts
White cell cast and WBCs
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• Can be present during renal infection and inflammation.• acute pyelonephritis• interstitial nephritis• lupus nephritis• glomerular disease
Urinary Casts: White Blood Cell Casts
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Urinary Casts: White Blood Cell Casts
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SM-stained WBC cast
Urinary Casts: White Blood Cell Casts
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Urinary Casts: Epithelial Cell Casts
• What kind of epithelial cells are found in epithelial cell casts?
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• May be present after exposure to:• nephrotoxic agents • viruses (e.g., cytomegalovirus, hepatitis
virus)
• Due to damage that accompanies glomerular injury
• Also present in the rejection of a kidney allograft
Urinary Casts: Epithelial Cell Casts
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• Formed in DCT = small, round cells
• Fibrils forming cast pull cells from damaged tubules
• Majority of cells are on the cast matrix
• Differentiate from WBCs: stain to show single nucleus
Urinary Casts: Epithelial Cell Casts
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Urinary Casts: Mixed Cell Casts
Mixed cell cast, WBCs, and RBCs.
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Urinary Casts: Mixed Cell Casts
SM-stained mixed cellular cast.
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Urinary Casts: Mixed Cell Casts
SM-stained hyaline cast, granular cast, mixed cellular cast, and partially degenerated renal
tubule epithelial cells
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Urinary Casts: Granular Casts
Finely granular casts
Broad coarsely granular
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Urinary Casts: Granular Casts
• Usually indicate renal disease.• But may be briefly present after
strenuous exercise.• These casts have remained in the
tubule for enough time to allow for the degeneration of cellular components.
• May be confused with casts containing bacteria or crystals.
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Urinary Casts: Granular Casts
Coarse granular cast
Coarse granular cast
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Urinary Casts: Granular Casts
Bilirubin-stained granular cast
SM-stained granular cast
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Microscopic Sediment – Casts
• Granular casts
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Urinary Casts: Waxy Casts
Waxy cast, WBCs, and bacteria
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Urinary Casts: Waxy Casts
• Found in urine from patients with:• severe chronic renal failure• malignant hypertension• renal amyloidosis• and diabetic nephropathy• acute renal disease• tubular inflammation and degeneration• and during renal allograft rejection.
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Urinary Casts: Waxy Casts
• Waxy cast and amorphous urates.
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Urinary Casts: Granular to Waxy transformation
Fine granular cast becoming a waxy cast.
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Urinary Casts: Waxy Casts
Convoluted waxy cast.
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Urinary Casts: Fatty Casts
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Urinary Casts: Fatty Casts
• Present during fatty degeneration of the RTE cells• *degenerative tubular disease• nephrotic syndrome • diabetic glomerulosclerosis• lipoid nephrosischronic • Glomerulonephritis• Kimmelstiel–Wilson syndrome• Systemic Lupus Erythematosis • toxic renal poisoning
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Microscopic Sediment – Casts
Fatty casts
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Urinary Casts: Other Casts
• Mixed cast.
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• Bacterial Casts• May be pure bacteria or mixed with
WBCs• Resemble granular casts• Look for free WBCs and bacteria• Confirm with Gram stain• Seen in pyelonephritis
Urinary Casts: Other Casts
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Urinary Casts: Pseudo Casts
Cylindroids.
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Urinary Casts: Confusing Artefacts-Mucous Threads
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Urinary Casts: Confusing Artefacts-Fibers
Fibers
Debris from a diaper
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Urinary Casts: Confusing Artefacts-Hair
Hair and a coarsely granular cast
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Urinary Casts: Confusing Sediment - Yeast
SM-stained yeast with pseudohyphae and WBCs
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Urinary Casts: Confusing Comparison
A. Fine granular cast B. Fiber.
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Summary
• Casts, comprised of a Tamm–Horsfall mucoprotein matrix are formed in lumen of distal tubules.
• Casts are classified by their contents.• Several artifacts may be misidentified as casts.• Reagent strip tests for protein may or may not be
positive when casts are present.• Casts may be present in physiologically normal
conditions.
• Casts usually accompany renal disorders.
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Lillian Mundt & Kristy Shanahan, Graff’s Textbook of Urinalysis and Body Fluids, 2nd Ed.
Susan Strassinger & Marjorie Di Lorenzo, Urinalysis and Body Fluids, 5th Ed.
Meryl Haber, MD, A Primer of Microscopic Urinalysis, 2nd Ed. Zenggang Pan, MD, PhD., Dept of Pathology, U of Alabama at Birmingham
http://www.enjoypath.com/cp/Chem/Urine-Morphology/Urine-morphology.htm
Department of the Army, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center http://www.dcss.cs.amedd.army.mil/field/FLIP%20Disk%204.2/FLIP42.html
Simerville, J.A., Maxted, W.C., & Pahira, J.J., Urinalysis: A Comprehensive Review. American Family Physician. AAFP. 2005, March 15, 71 (6): 1153-11562.
http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0315/p1153.html
http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/URINE/URINE.html
References