urinary pics a
DESCRIPTION
Human anatomy and Physiology, Elaine N. Marieb, Katja HoehnTRANSCRIPT
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2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 25.1 The urinary system.
Hepatic veins (cut)
Esophagus (cut)
Inferior vena cava
Adrenal gland
Aorta
Iliac crest
Rectum (cut)
Uterus (part of female reproductive system)
Renal artery
Renal hilum
Renal vein
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
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Figure 25.2b Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall.
12th rib
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Figure 25.2a Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall.
Peritoneum
Renal vein
Renal artery
Body of vertebra L2
Body wall
Anterior
Peritoneal cavity (organs removed)
Posterior
Inferior vena cava
Aorta
Supportive
tissue layers
Renal fascia anterior
posterior
Perirenal fat capsule
Fibrous capsule
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Figure 25.3 Internal anatomy of the kidney.
Renal
hilum
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Major calyx
Papilla of pyramid
Renal pelvis
Minor calyx
Ureter
Renal pyramid in
renal medulla
Renal column
Fibrous capsule
Diagrammatic view Photograph of right kidney, frontal section
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Figure 25.4a Blood vessels of the kidney. Cortical radiate vein
Cortical radiate artery
Arcuate vein
Interlobar vein
Interlobar artery
Segmental arteries
Renal vein
Renal artery
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Renal medulla
Renal cortex
Arcuate artery
Frontal section illustrating major blood vessels
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Figure 25.4b Blood vessels of the kidney.
Aorta
Renal artery
Segmental artery
Interlobar artery
Arcuate artery
Cortical radiate artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus (capillaries)
Efferent arteriole
Inferior vena cava
Renal vein
Interlobar vein
Arcuate vein
Cortical radiate vein
Peritubular
capillaries
or vasa recta
Nephron-associated blood vessels (see Figure 25.7)
(b) Path of blood flow through renal blood vessels
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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis
Ureter Kidney
Renal corpuscle
Glomerular capsule Glomerulus
Proximal
convoluted
tubule
Cortex
Medulla
Thick segment Thin segment
Nephron loop
Descending limb Ascending limb
Collecting duct
Glomerular capsule: parietal layer
Basement membrane
Podocyte
Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus
Glomerular capsule: visceral layer
Apical microvilli
Mitochondria
Highly infolded basolateral membrane
Proximal convoluted tubule cells
Apical side
Basolateral side Distal convoluted tubule cells
Nephron loop (thin-segment) cells
Principal cell
Intercalated cell
Collecting duct cells
Distal
convoluted
tubule
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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (2 of 7)
Glomerular capsule: parietal layer
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2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (3 of 7)
Basement membrane
Podocyte
Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus
Glomerular capsule: visceral layer
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2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (4 of 7)
Apical microvilli Mitochondria
Highly infolded basolateral membrane
Proximal convoluted tubule cells
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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (6 of 7)
Nephron loop (thin-segment) cells
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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (5 of 7)
Apical side
Basolateral side
Distal convoluted tubule cells
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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (7 of 7)
Principal cell Intercalated cell
Collecting duct cells
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2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis
Ureter Kidney
Renal corpuscle
Glomerular capsule Glomerulus
Proximal
convoluted
tubule
Cortex
Medulla
Thick segment Thin segment
Nephron loop
Descending limb Ascending limb
Collecting duct
Glomerular capsule: parietal layer
Basement membrane
Podocyte
Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus
Glomerular capsule: visceral layer
Apical microvilli
Mitochondria
Highly infolded basolateral membrane
Proximal convoluted tubule cells
Apical side
Basolateral side Distal convoluted tubule cells
Nephron loop (thin-segment) cells
Principal cell
Intercalated cell
Collecting duct cells
Distal
convoluted
tubule
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Figure 25.7a Blood vessels of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. Cortical nephron
Short nephron loop Glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla junction Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries
Juxtamedullary nephron
Long nephron loop Glomerulus closer to the cortex-medulla junction Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus (capillaries)
Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Peritubular
capillaries
Ascending limb of nephron loop
Kidney Arcuate vein
Arcuate artery
Nephron loop
Efferent
arteriole
Descending limb of nephron loop
Cortical radiate vein
Afferent arteriole
Distal convoluted tubule
Efferent
arteriole
Vasa recta
Cortex-medulla junction
Cortical radiate artery
Collecting duct
Afferent
arteriole
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Figure 25.7a Blood vessels of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. Cortical nephron
Short nephron loop Glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla junction Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries
Juxtamedullary nephron
Long nephron loop Glomerulus closer to the cortex-medulla junction Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus (capillaries)
Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Peritubular
capillaries
Ascending limb of nephron loop
Kidney Arcuate vein
Arcuate artery
Nephron loop
Efferent
arteriole
Descending limb of nephron loop
Cortical radiate vein
Afferent arteriole
Distal convoluted tubule
Efferent
arteriole
Vasa recta
Cortex-medulla junction
Cortical radiate artery
Collecting duct
Afferent
arteriole
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Figure 25.8 Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) of a nephron.
Glomerular capsule
Efferent arteriole
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Juxtaglomerular
complex
Macula densa
cells of the ascending limb of nephron loop
Extraglomerular
Granular cells
Afferent arteriole
Parietal layer of glomerular capsule
Capsular space
Foot processes of podocytes
Podocyte cell body (visceral layer)
Red blood cell
Proximal tubule cell
Lumens of glomerular capillaries
Endothelial cell of glomerular capillary
Glomerular mesangial cells
Renal corpuscle Juxtaglomerular complex
mesangial cells
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Figure 25.9 A schematic, uncoiled nephron showing the three major renal processes that adjust plasma composition.
Cortical radiate artery
Afferent arteriole Glomerular
capillaries
Efferent arteriole
Glomerular capsule
Renal tubule and collecting duct containing filtrate
Peritubular capillary
To cortical radiate vein
Three major
renal processes: Urine Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
1
2
3
1
2
3
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Figure 25.10a The filtration membrane.
Efferent arteriole
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular capillary covered by podocytes that form the visceral layer of glomerular capsule
Parietal layer of glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Glomerular capsular space
Cytoplasmic extensions of podocytes
Filtration slits
Podocyte cell body
Fenestrations (pores)
Glomerular capillary endothelium (podocyte covering and basement membrane removed)
Foot processes of podocyte
Glomerular capillaries and the
visceral layer of the glomerular
capsule
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Figure 25.10b The filtration membrane. Filtration slits
Podocyte
cell body
Foot
processes
Filtration slits between the podocyte foot processes
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Figure 25.10c The filtration membrane.
Capillary
Fenestration (pore)
Filtration membrane
Capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
Foot processes of podocyte of glomerular capsule
Filtration slit
Slit diaphragm
Three layers of the filtration membrane
Foot processes of podocyte
Filtrate in capsular space
Plasma
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Figure 25.11 Forces determining net filtration pressure (NFP).
Efferent arteriole
Glomerular
capsule
Afferent
arteriole
NFP = Net filtration pressure
= outward pressures inward pressures = (HPgc) (HPcs + OPgc) = (55) (15 + 30) = 10 mm Hg
HPgc = 55 mm Hg
OPgc = 30 mm Hg
HPcs = 15 mm Hg