urinary system for male & female reproductive system for male
TRANSCRIPT
Purpose of the Urinary System
• Regulate composition of the extracellular fluids of the body
• Removes harmful substances in urine
– Nitrogenous wastes
– Excess electrolytes
Purpose of the Urinary System
• Hormones
– Kidneys secrete Erythropoietin
• Acts on bone marrow to stimulate production of red blood cells
How it works
• Renal Artery
– Carries blood that contains waste to the Kidneys
• Renal Vein
– Carries clean blood away from Kidneys
• Urine
– Formed from the waste left by the blood
How it works
• Nephron
– 1 million nephrons
– Constant adjustment & regulation of contents of blood plasma
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-Ub0Df44Wk
How it Works
• Renal Pelvis
– Urine is moved here once clean blood leaves Kidney
• Ureters:
– 10-12in long, use peristaltic waves to move urine from Kidney to Bladder
How it works
• Bladder
– Temporary reservoir
– Rugae-expand as bladder fills
• Urethra
– Women 1.5 inches
– Men 7-8 inches
How it works
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJVbFIIycKo
Male Reproductive System
• Purpose
– Produce, maintain & transport sperm
– Produce the male hormone testosterone
Anatomy
• Scrotum: external sac
– Holds two testes: secrete testosterone • Each has numerous small
tubes called seminiferous tubules which produce sperm
Anatomy
• Epididymis: single tightly coiled tube laying over the superior surface of each testis
– Stores sperm once it leaves the seminiferous tubules
Anatomy
• The Vas Deferens joins the seminal vesicle
– Nutrients to maintain sperm viability
– Produces approximately 60% of the seminal fluid
• Ejaculatory Duct: at the end of the seminal vesicle & Vas Deferens
Anatomy
• Ejaculatory duct passes through the Prostate Gland
– Secretes alkaline substance, accounts for about 30% of seminal fluid
– Protects sperm from acidity of vagina
Anatomy
• During Ejaculation
– Sphincter at base of bladder closes
• Preventing urine from being expelled with semen
• Preventing semen from entering the bladder
Anatomy
• Penis
– Glans penis: enlarged tip of the penis
– Urethral orifice (meatus)
– Prepuce (foreskin)
Vocabulary
• Andr/o
• Balan/o
• Epididym/o
• Perine/o
• Prostat/o
• Spermat/o, sperm/o
• Varic/o
• Vas/o
• Vesicul/o
• Orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o
Hypospadias
• Developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis, or in extreme cases, on the perineum
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
• Repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse
Hydrocele
• Accumulation of serous fluids in a saclike cavity, especially the testes and associated structures
Phimosis
• Stenosis or narrowing of preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis
Testicular Torsion
• Testicles become lose and twist on themselves cutting off blood flow
• This is an emergency
– Surgery within 5 hrs to save testicle
Specialties
• Urology: branch of medicine concerned with male & female urinary disorders & diseases & male reproductive system
• Urologist: Physician who specializes in genitourinary disorders
Specialties
• Nephrology: Branch of medicine concerned with diseases of the Kidneys
• Nephrologist: Physician who specializes in diseases of the Kidneys
Cystitis
• Bladder infection
– Often caused by pooling of urine in the bladder leading to a bacteria breeding ground
Pyelonephritis
• Bacteria invades the renal pelvis and kidney tissue
– Often resulting from and untreated bladder infection
Symptoms of Pyelonephritis
• Pyuria: Large quantities of white blood cells in the urine
• Hematuria: Red blood cells in the urine
Nephrolithiasis
• Stones (calculi) may form in any part of the urinary tract (urolithiasis), but most arise in the kidney
– Dissolved urine salts begin to solidify
Nephrolithiasis
• Colic: intense throbbing pain caused by the movement of the stone through the urinary tract
• Urine backflows into the renal pelvis causing them to dilate (reflux)
Nephrolithiasis Treatment
• Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): calculi are pulverized using ultrasonic waves
• Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): Cut into skin and use a nephroscope to remove stone
Cryptorchidism
• Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac prior to birth
– Often descend by the end of the first year
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
• The tubular portion of the nephron is injured by a decrease in blood supply or after ingestion of toxic chemicals
Bladder Neck Obstruction (BNO)
• Blockage at base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
Chronic Renal Failure
• Renal failure that occurs over a period of years, in which the kidneys lose their ability to maintain volume and composition of body fluids
Dysuria
• Painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a “burning sensation” while urinating
Urinary Issues
• Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine
• Frequency: Voiding urine at frequent intervals
• Hesitancy: Involuntary delay in initiating urination
Oliguria
• Diminished capacity to form and pass urine, resulting in inefficient excretion of the end products of metabolism
Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)
• Screening test that assesses the rectal wall surface for lesions or abnormally firm areas that might indicate cancer
Electromyography (EMG)
• Measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
Testicular self-examination (TSE)
• Self-examination of the testes for abnormal lumps or swelling in the scrotal sac
Urethroscopy/Cystoscopy
• Endoscopy of the urethra or urinary bladder using a specialized endoscope, typically for lithotripsy
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
• Test that determines the amount of urea nitrogen, a waste product of protein metabolism, present in a blood sample
Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)
• Test that determines the causative organism of a disease and how the organism responds to various antibiotics
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
• Blood test used to detect prostatic disorders, especially prostatic cancer
Semen Analysis
• Test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility, and morphology to evaluate fertility or verify sterilization after a vasectomy
Urinalysis (UA)
• Battery of tests performed on a urine specimen, including physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
Voiding cystourethrography
• Radiological examination of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
Dialysis
• Medical Procedure used to filter toxic substances from the patient’s bloodstream, such as excess electrolytes and nitrogenous wastes
Peritoneal
• Removal of toxic substances from the body by perfusing the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution