urinary system. functions of the urinary system filtering blood & excretion of wastes regulation...
TRANSCRIPT
URINARY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
• FILTERING BLOOD & EXCRETION OF WASTES• REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME & BLOOD
PRESSURE• REGULATION OF SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS &
OSMOLARIY OF THE BLOOD• REGULATION OF p H• REGULATION OF RBC SYNTHESIS• ERYTHROPOEITIN &VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS• GLUCONEOGENESIS
URINARY SYSTEM
• KIDNEYS
• URETER
• BLADDER
• URETHRA
KIDNEYS
• RETROPERITONEAL
• POSTERIOR WALL OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY
• CAPPED BY ADRENAL GLAND
• RIGHT KIDNEY LOWER THAN LEFT
TISSUES COVERING THE KIDNEYS
• RENAL CAPSULE
• PERIRENAL FAT
• RENAL FASCIA
RENAL HILUS
• INDENTATION
• VESSELS ENTER AND LEAVE KIDNEY HERE
• URETERS LEAVE HERE
RENAL SINUS
• HILUS OPENS TO FORM THIS SPACE
REGIONS OF THE KIDNEYS
• CORTEX
• MEDULLA
• PELVIS
CORTEX
• OUTERMOST LAYER
• JUST DEEP TO RENAL CAPSULE
RENAL COLUMNS
• EXTENSIONS OF CORTEX THAT EXTEND INTO MEDULLA
• CONTAIN BLOOD SUPPLY FOR CORTEX AND MEDULLA
MEDULLA
• DEEP TO CORTEX
• UP TO 18 RENAL PYRAMIDS
RENAL PYRAMIDS
• PAPILLAE EXTEND TOWARD RENAL PELVIS
• PROJECT INTO MINOR CALYX (13) WHICH EMPTIES INTO MAJOR CALYX(2 OR 3)
• MAJOR CALYCES JOIN TO MAKE RENAL PELVIS
FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF KIDNEY
• NEPHRONS
• OVER 1 MILLION PER KIDNEY
• JUXTAGLOMERULARY NEPHRONS
• CORTICAL NEPHRONS
ANATOMY OF A NEPHRON
• RENAL CORPUSCLE
• RENAL TUBULE
RENAL CORPUSCLE
• BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
• GLOMERULAUS
ANATOMY OF THE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
• PARIETAL LAYER– SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM– BECOMES CUBE SHAPED NEAR
PROXIMAL TUBULE
• VISCERAL LAYER– SPECIALIZED PODOCYTES – COVERS GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES
ANATOMY OF THE GLOMERULUS
• FENSTRATED CAPILLARY
• FILTRATION SLITS
• FILTRATION MEMBRANE– ENDOTHELIUM– BASEMENT MEMBRANE– PODOCYTES OF BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
GLOMERULAR BLOOD SUPPLY
• AFFERENT ARTERIOLE– SUPPLIES BLOOD TO GLOMERULUS
• EFFERENT ARTERIOLE– CARRIES BLOOD AWAY FROM
GLOMERULUS
JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
• SMOOTH MUSCLE LINING BOTH ARTERIOLES
MACULA DENSA
• SPECIALIZED TUBULE CELLS
JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
• COUPLING OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND MACULA DENSA CELLS
RENAL TUBULES
• PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
• LOOP OF HENLE
• DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES
• COLLECTING DUCTS
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
• 14 MM LONG
• 60 MICRONS IN DIAMETER
• SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
• MICROVILLI
• BASEMENT MEMBRANE FORMS OUTER PORTION OF TUBULE
LOOPS OF HENLE
• NEPHRONIC LOOPS
• DESCENDING LIMB
• ASCENDING LIMB
DESCENDING LOOP OF HENLE
• FIRST PART SIMILAR IN STRUCTURE TO PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
• LOOPS THAT EXTEND INTO MEDULLA BECOME VERY THIN AT END OF LOOP
• LUMEN OF NARROWED LOOP BECOMES SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
ASCENDING LOOP
• FIRST PORTION THIN– SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
• LATER PORTIONS BECOMES THICKER – SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
• SHORTER THAN PROXIMAL
• ARISES NEAR MACULA DENSA
• SIMPLE CUBOIDAL– SMALLER– LITTLE MICROVILLI
• CONNECT WITH COLLECTING DUCTS
COLLECTING DUCTS
• SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
• LARGER DIAMETER
• MAKE UP MUCH OF MEDULLARY RAYS
• EXEND THROUGH MEDULLA TO TIPS OF PYRAMIDS
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE KIDNEYS
ARTERIES
• ABDOMINAL AORTA
• RENAL ARTERY• SEGMENTAL• INTERLOBAR
ARTERY• ARCUATE ARTERY• INTERLOBULAR
ARTERY
ARTERIOLES AND CAPILLARIES
• AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
• GLOMERULUS• EFFERENT
ARTERIOLE• PERITUBULAR
CAPILLARIES– VASA RECTA
VEINS
• INTERLOBULAR VEINS
• ARCUATE VEINS
• INTERLOBAR VEINS
• RENAL VEIN
• INFERIOR VENA CAVA
ANATOMY OF THE URETERS
ANATOMY OF THE URETERS
• MUCOSAL LAYER– TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
• MUSCULAR LAYER– PERISTALTIC CONTRACTIONS
• FIBROUS LAYER
ANATOMY OF THE URINARY BLADDER
• RETROPERITONEAL
• ENTERS BLADDER ON POSTERIOR LATERAL SURFACE
• TRAVELS OBLIQUELY THROUGH WALL
• VALVE LIKE FOLDS AT ORIFICE PREVENTS BACKFLOW
URINARY BLADDER
• HOLLOW MUSCULAR ORGAN
• STORES URINE
• RESTS ON PELVIC FLOOR
• RETROPERITONEAL
• ANTERIOR SURFACE BEHIND SYMPHYSIS
MALE ANATOMY
• IN FRONT OF RECTUM
FEMALE ANATOMY
• IN FRONT OF VAGINA AND UTERUS
BLADDER ANATOMY
• SPHERICAL WHEN FULL
• INVERTED PYRAMID WHEN EMPTY
• MUCOUS MEMBRANE– TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
• THREE LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
TRIGONE
• TRIANGULAR AREA WHERE MUCOUS MEMBRANE FIRMLY ATTACHED
• URETERS ENTER HERE
• URETHRA LEAVES HERE
VOLUMES AND PRESSURES
• AS FILLS INTITIAL RISE IN PRESSURE
• REMAINS RELATIVELY CONSTANT UP TO 300-400 MLs
• RISES RAPIDLY AFTER THIS
• MAXIMUM 600-800 MLs
URETHRA
• MUSCULAR TUBE
• MUCOUS MEMBRANE
• INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER– SMOOTH MUSCLE
• UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM
• EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER– SKELETAL MUSCLE
FEMALE URETHRA
• 4 CM LONG
• RUNS ALONG ANTERIOR SURFACE OF VAGINA
• EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE
• BETWEEN CLITORIS AND VAGINAL ORIFICE
MALE URETHRA
• 20 CM
• EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE
• PROSTATIC URETHRA
• MEMBRANOUS URETHRA
• SPONGY URETHRA
PROSTATIC URETHRA
• PASSES THROUGH PROSTATE
• RECEIVES EJACULATORY DUCTS
• USED FOR BOTH REPRODUCTION AND URINE TRANSPORT
MEMBRANOUS URETHRA
• SHORT PORTION
• PASSES THROUGH UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM
SPONGY URETHRA
• LONGEST PORTION• FROM UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM TO
EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE• DILATES IN GLANS PENIS TO FORM FOSSA
NAVICULARIS• RECEIVES BULBOURETHRAL GLAND
DUCTS• PASSES THROUGH CORPUS SPONGIOUSUM