urinary system - muncysd.org · urinary system •pair of kidneys •produce urine •pair of...
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Urinary System
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Excretory vs. Urinary System –
what is the difference?
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Urinary System – 3 functions
• Excretion
• Remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood
• Elimination
• Micturition
• Discharge of wastes to the environment
• Maintains homeostasis of the plasma
• Electrolyte balance
• Water balance
• Acid-base balance of blood
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MicturitionProcess that expels urine from the bladder
• Stretch receptors activated as urine accumulates (at 150 mL); fullness continues to intensify
Detrusor muscle contracts
• Forces urine past the internal urethral sphincter
• External urethral sphincter is under voluntary control until 600 mL
Micturition reflex center
• triggered by distension of the bladder
• located in the spinal cord
Neural and emotional factors may lead to incontinence
• Inability to control voiding
• Normal in infants until they learn to control external sphincter
Automatic bladder
• Complete loss of voluntary control over urination
• Catheritization
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Urinary System
•Pair of kidneys• Produce urine
•Pair of ureters•Use peristalsis to pass urine
to bladder
•Urinary bladder• Temporarily stores the urine
•Urethra• Sends urine to exterior
•8 in. males; 1.5 in. females
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Urinary System
HW Check
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Urinary System
HW Check
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Kidneys
Characteristics
•Reddish brown in color, bean shaped, smooth surface
Location
•Either side of vertebral column
•Positioned retroperitoneally
•Posterior wall of abdominal cavity
•Near back muscles in a depression
•Adipose and connective tissue
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Kidneys - Structure• Lateral side (convex)• Medial side (concave)• Medial depression (hilum) leads
to renal pelvis Two distinct regions• Renal medulla (inner)
• Renal columns• Renal pyramids
• Loop of Henle• Collecting Ducts
• Renal cortex (outer)• Glomerulus• PCT• DCT
Capsule• Fibrous membrane
surrounding the kidney
• Pelvis
• Basin like area of kidney; joins the ureter
• Calyx
• Extensions of the pelvis that drains the apex of the pyramid
• Renal Columns
• Cortex like tissue that runs through the medulla
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Kidneys - General Functions• Remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood to
form urine
• Filtration, reabsorption, secretion
• Regulate metabolic processes
• Maintains electrolyte and water balances
• Maintains the acid-base balance of the blood
• Secretes erythropoietin for blood cell formation
• Use of renin
• regulates blood pressure
Renal Disease
• Kidney transplant
• result of end stage renal disease
• Hemodialysis
• Direct with blood
• Peritoneal dialysis
• Within abdominal cavity
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Kidney Vessels
Renal arteries
• supply kidneys with blood
• enters at the hilum
Renal veins
• carries blood from the kidneys back to the heart
• Exits at hilum
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Kidney Vessels
or cortical radiate arteries
or cortical radiate veins
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Nephrons
“Functional unit of the kidney”
Renal corpuscle
• composed of a glomerulus• cluster of blood capillaries
• surrounded by Bowman’s/glomerular capsule
Renal Tubule
•PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT• increase SA & efficiency of
the kidney
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Urinary System
HW Check
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Nephrons – Urine Formation
1. glomerular filtration (glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule)
2. tubular reabsorption (PCT and Loop of Henle)
3. tubular secretion (DCT )
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Glomerular Filtration
Water and dissolved substances are filtered out of the glomerulus
•Diffusion & active transport
Glomerular filtrate
• Similar to plasma
•mostly water, salt, glucose, amino acids, and urea
• Sent into the proximal convoluted tubule
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Rate of Filtration• Related to pressure
• 125 mL/minute
• 180,000 mL/24 hours (~45 gallons)
• Most of the fluid is reabsorbed into the plasma
• Glomerulonephritis• Protein in urine and
edema
• Shock• result of bp dropping• causes pressure in
glomerulus to drop
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Regulation of Filtration
Increases when excess fluid is present
Decreases when fluid needs to be conserved
Renin
• acts with angiotensinogen angiotensin II
• angiotensin II maintains sodium and water balances and blood pressure by vasoconstricting the efferent arteriole
• Also stimulates release of aldosterone for Na to be reabsorbed
Too much renin results in hypertension
• Ace inhibitor to inhibit angiotensin II
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Tubular Reabsorption
Primarily in the proximal convoluted tubule
• Contain dense microvilli
Substances are transported out of the filtrate and back into the blood
• Glucose, H2O, amino acids, albumin
R
ole of Na+ in transport of negative ions• chloride, phosphate, bicarbonate
Glucosuriaglucose in the urineIndicator of possible diabetes
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Tubular Secretion• Certain substances leave the plasma and enter the renal
tubule
• H and K ions are usually added to filtrate
• Occurs in the PCT and DCT
• Increases some urinary excretions
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Osmoregulation (begin at 3:45)
• What organ do we use for osmoregulation?
• What is inside our kidneys?
• What happens on the descending side of the loop of Henle?
• What happens on the ascending side of the loop of Henle?
• What hormone regulates water reabsorption in the collecting duct?
• What is responsible for urine’s color?
http://www.bozemanscience.com/osmoregulation
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The Entire Process – This diagram will be VERY useful in Lab
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Components of Urine•Blood composition dependent on diet, cellular
metabolism, and urine output
•Urine content dependent on diet and exercise• 180 liters of blood filtered producing 1-1.8 liters of urine produced daily
•95% water, urea, uric acid, amino acids, electrolytes• 3 main components urea, uric acid, creatine
Regulation of Urine ConcentrationADH (antidiuretic hormone)released when concentration of water in the blood decreases
• water retaining hormone; water leaves the collecting duct
• If too low polyuria
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Regulation of Urine ConcentrationAldosterone
•hormone that stimulates additional reabsorption of sodium from the collecting duct
• Increases bp
•Can be released in the presence of angiotensin II
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Urine Content
Uric acid
• Nucleic acid catabolism
• 10% excreted
• gout
Urea
• Amino acid catabolism
• 50% reabsorbed
Urine Production
1-1.8 liters/day
Volume influenced by
• fluid intake
• environmental and body temp.
• emotional condition
• respiratory rate
Water loss determined by kidneys depends on …
• Evaporation of water from lungs or perspiration on skin
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Start Lab
Turn in what you have finished before leaving
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Changes in Urine Production
Polyuria
• excess production of urine
• > 2.5 liters in 24 hours
Oliguria
• scanty amounts of urine
• < 500 ml in 24 hours
Anuria
• absence of urine
• < 70 ml in 24 hours
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Prostate Cancer Kidney Stones• uric acid, calcium, or magnesium
• collecting ducts and renal pelvis
• pain from ureter stretching
• 60% pass on their own
• Sound waves (lithotripsy)
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Cystitis
•bladder infection
•bacterial or from residual urine
More common in females – Why?
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Urinalysis• Reveal diseases
• diabetes, glomerulonephritis, chronic UTI
• Paper or plastic dipstick
• Microscopic observations
• Uric acid crystals – normal
Begins with a visual observation
Normal:
• Pale to dark yellow
• Clear
• 750-2000 ml/24 hour
Not normal but not disease
• Turbidity
• Excessive cellular material or protein
• Red or red-brown color
• Food dye
• Increased RBC
Uric acid crystals are increased pathologically in
urine in gout and in leukemia being treated with
chemotherapy
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UrinalysisDipstick screening:
pH
•6 is normal
•Range is 4.5 – 8.0
Protein
Glucose
Ketones
•diabetes or starvation
Nitrite
•Presence of bacteria
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Microscopic Analysis:RBC
• Should not be present
• Could indicate: glomerular damage, tumors of the urinary tract,
kidney trauma, urinary
tract stones, renal infarcts,
UTI infection
WBC
• UTI infections
or associated
STI’s
There are white blood cells,
bacteria and mucus present.
The number of white blood
cells could suggest the
presence of a urinary tract
infection. If the white blood
cells were not present,
the bacteria could indicate a
poorly collected or
unpreserved specimen.
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Microscopic Analysis:Epithelial Cells (black arrows)
• Present in small numbers
• Indicates tubular degeneration
CASTS
• Formed in distal convoluted tubule or the collecting duct
• RBC cast indicative of glomerulonephritis
• WBC cast indicative of end stage renal disease
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Microscopic Analysis:Crystals
• Calcium oxalate (blue arrow)
• Triple phosphate
• Cystine• Severe liver diseases Calcium oxalate crystals (shown above blue
arrow) can be present in urine when oxalate-rich
foods such as tomatoes, spinach, garlic, oranges,
and asparagus are ingested.