urine analysises

8/12/2019 Urine Analysises

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"URINE"A urinalysis(or "UA") is an array of tests performedonurine, also known as R&M (Routine andMicroscopy), and one of the most common methodsofmedical diagnosis.[1]

The target parameters that can be measured orquantified in urinalysis include many substances andcells, as well as other properties such asspecificgravity.

A part of a urinalysis can be performed byusing urine test strips,in which the test results can

be read as color changes. Another method islightmicroscopyof urine samples.

Target parameters

In addition to the substances mentioned in tablesbelow, other tests include:

a description of color and appearance.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routine_and_Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routine_and_Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-pmid15791892-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-pmid15791892-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test_stripshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test_stripshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test_stripshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-pmid15791892-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routine_and_Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routine_and_Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine


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Ions and trace metals

Target Lower

limit

Upperlimit

Unit Comments

Nitrite n/a

0 /

negativ

e[2]

The presence of nitrites

in urine indicate the

presence of coliform

bacteria. This may be asign of infection,

however, the other

parameters such as

leukocyte esterase,

urine white blood cell

count, and symptomssuch as dysuria,

urgency, fevers and

chills must be

correlated to diagnose

an infection.

Sodium(N

a) - per

day

150[3]

300[3]

mmol/

24hou

rs

The sodium levels are

frequently ordered

during the workup of

acute renal failure. The
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrite


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fractional excretion of

sodium, abbreviated as

FeNa is an important

marker indistinguishing pre-renal

from post-renal failure.

Potassium(

K) - per

day

40[3] 90[3]

mmol

/

24hou

rs

Urine potassium may

be ordered in the

workup ofhypokalemia. In case ofGI loss of potassium,

the urine potassium will

be low. In case of renal

loss of potassium, the

urine potassium levels

will be high. Decreasedlevels of urine

potassium are also seen

in hypoaldosteronism

and adrenal

insufficiency.

Urinary

calcium(C

a) - per

15[4] 20[4]mmol

/

24hou

An abnormally high

level is

calledhypercalciuriaan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-foley.26boccuzzi-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-foley.26boccuzzi-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalciuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalciuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalciuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalciuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-foley.26boccuzzi-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-foley.26boccuzzi-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium


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day rs d an abnormally low

rate is

calledhypocalciuria.

Further information

and more detailed

ranges: Urinary

calcium

100[4]250[4]

mg /

24

hours

Phosphate(

P) - per

day

n/a[3] 38[3]

mmol/

24hou

rs

Phosphaturiais the

hyperexcretion

ofphosphatein

theurine.This

condition is divided

into primary and

secondary types.

Primaryhypophosphatemia is

characterized by direct

excess excretion of

phosphate by

thekidneys,as from

primary renal

dysfunction, and alsothe direct action of

many classes

ofdiureticson the

kidneys. Additionally,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalciuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalciuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalciuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-foley.26boccuzzi-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-foley.26boccuzzi-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-foley.26boccuzzi-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-foley.26boccuzzi-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalciuria


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secondary causes,

including both types

ofhyperparathyroidism

cause hyperexcretion ofphosphate in the urine.

A sodium-related parameter is fractional sodiumexcretion, which is the percentage of the sodiumfiltered by the kidney which is excreted in the urine.It is a useful parameter inacute renalfailureandoliguria, with a value below 1% indicatinga prerenal diseaseand a value above3%[5]indicatingacute tubular necrosisor otherkidney damage.

Proteins and enzymesTarget

Lowe

r limit

Upper

limitUnit Comments

Protein 0

trace

amounts[2]

/ 20

mg/d

L

Proteins may be

measured withtheAlbustix Test. Since

proteins are very large

molecules

(macromolecules), they
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparathyroidismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparathyroidismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparathyroidismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_sodium_excretionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_sodium_excretionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_renal_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_renal_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_renal_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliguriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliguriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerenal_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlMedlinePlus_Medical_Encyclopedia:_Fractional_excretion_of_sodium-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albustix_Test&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albustix_Test&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albustix_Test&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlMedlinePlus_Medical_Encyclopedia:_Fractional_excretion_of_sodium-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerenal_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliguriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_renal_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_renal_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_sodium_excretionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_sodium_excretionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparathyroidism


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are not normally

present in measurable

amounts in the

glomerular filtrate or inthe urine. The detection

of protein in urine,

calledproteinuriamay

indicate that

thepermeabilityof the

glomerulus is

abnormally increased.

This may be caused by

renal infections or it

may be caused by other

diseases that have

secondarily affected the

kidneys suchasdiabetes

mellitus,jaundice,

orhyperthyroidism.

Further

information:Proteinuri

a

hCG

In non-

pregnan

- 50[6] U/LThis hormone appears

in the urine

ofpregnantwomen.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_permeabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_permeabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Ajubi2005-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Ajubi2005-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Ajubi2005-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_permeabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuria


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t adults Homepregnancy

testscommonly detect

this substance.

Blood cells

Target

Lowe

rlimit

Upperlimit Unit Comments

Red blood

cells(RBCs

) /

erythrocytes

0[2][7]

2[2]

- 3[7]

per

High

Power

Field

(HPF)

RBC casts n/a

0 /

negative[

2]

White

blood

cells(WBC

0[2]

2[2]/

negative[

2]

Further

information:Pyuria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlmedical.history.interview:_Lab_Values-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Power_Fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Power_Fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Power_Fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Power_Fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_cast#Red_blood_cell_castshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_cast#Red_blood_cell_castshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_cast#Red_blood_cell_castshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Power_Fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Power_Fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Power_Fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlmedical.history.interview:_Lab_Values-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_test


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s) /

leukocytes

- 10 perlor

mm3

"Significantpyuria"

at greater than or

equal to 10leucocytes

permicrolitre(l) or

cubic millimeter

(mm3)

Blood n/a

0 /

negative[

2]

May be present as

intact RBC which

indicates bleeding or

discoloration. Note

that a very small

amount of blood is

enough to give the

entire urine sampleor the foley bag a

red/pink hue, and it

is difficult to judge

the amount of

bleeding from a

gross examination.

The urine color mayalso be red due to

excretion of pigment

such as myoglobin

and hemoglobin, in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlitrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlitrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlitrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlitrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlitrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlitrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlitre


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which case the urine

dipstick shows

presence of blood but

there are no RBCseen on microscopic

examination. Always

check INR/PT/PTT

and send a fresh

urine sample for

urinalysis when

blood is detected. A

case can also be

made forurine

cytology, especially

for elderly patients.

Further

information:Hematu

ria

Target

Low

er

limit

Upper

limit Unit Comments

Glucose n/a 0 / Glucose can be
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_cytologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_cytologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_cytologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_cytologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_cytology


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negati

ve[2]

measured

withBenedict's Test.

Although glucose is

easily filtered in theglomerulus, it is not

present in the urine

because all of the

glucose that is filtered

is normally reabsorbed

from the renal tubules

back into the blood.

Presence of glucose in

the urine is

called glucosuria.

Further

information:Glucosuri

a

Ketone

bodies n/a

0 /

negative[2]

When there

iscarbohydratedeprivat

ion, such as starvation

or high protein diets,

the body reliesincreasingly on

themetabolismof fats

for energy. This pattern

is also seen in people
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_Testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_Testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_Testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_Testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1


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with the disease

diabetes mellitus, when

a lack of the

hormoneinsulinprevents the body cells from

utilizing the large

amounts

of glucoseavailable in

the blood. This happens

because insulin is

necessary for the

transport of glucose

from the blood into the

body cells. The

metabolism of fat

proceeds in a series of

steps.First, triglyceridesareh

ydrolyzedto fatty acids

andglycerol.Second

the fatty acids are

hydrolyzed into smaller

intermediate

compounds (acetoaceticacid,

betahydroxybutyric

acid, and acetone).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyzedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyzedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyzedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyzedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyzedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin


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Thirdly, the

intermediate products

are utilized in

aerobiccellularrespiration.When the

production of the

intermediate products

of fatty acid

metabolism

(collectively known as

ketone bodies) exceeds

the ability of the body

to metabolize these

compounds they

accumulate in the blood

and some end up in the

urine (ketonuria).

Further

information:Ketonuria

Bilirubin n/a0 /negati

ve[2]

The fixed phagocytic

cells of the spleen and

bone marrow destroyold red blood cells and

convert the heme

groups of hemoglobin

to the pigment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration


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bilirubin. The bilirubin

is secreted into the

blood and carried to the

liver where it is bondedto (conjugated with)

glucuronic acid, a

derivative of glucose.

Some of

theconjugatedbilirubin

is secreted into the

blood and the rest is

excreted in the bile as

bile pigment that passes

into the small intestine.

The blood normally

contains a small amount

of free and conjugatedbilirubin. An

abnormally high level

of blood bilirubin may

result from: an

increased rate of red

blood cell destruction,

liver damage, as inhepatitis and cirrhosis,

and obstruction of the

common bile duct as
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_bilirubinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_bilirubinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_bilirubinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_bilirubin


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with gallstones. An

increase in blood

bilirubin results in

jaundice, a conditioncharacterized by a

brownish yellow

pigmentation of the

skin and of thescleraof

the eye.

Furtherinformation:Bilirubinu

ria

Urobilinogen 0.2

[2

] 1.0[2]

Ehrlic

h

unitsor

mg/d

L

Creatinine-

per day

4.8[3

] 19[3]

mmol

/

24hou

rs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urobilinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrlich_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrlich_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrlich_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrlich_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrlich_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrlich_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urobilinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclera


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Freecatechol

amines,

dopamine-per day

90[8

]

420[8]

g /

24hou

rs

Freecortisol

28[9]

or

30[10

]

280[9]

or

490[10]

nmol/

24h

Values below threshold

indicateAddison's

disease, while values

above

indicateCushing's

syndrome. A value

smaller than 200

nmol/24h (72

g/24h[11]

) strongly

indicates absence of

Cushing's syndrome.

[10]

10[12

]or

11[11

]

100[12]

or

176[11]

g/24

h

Phenylalanin

e

30.0mg/L[

13]

In neonatal screening, a

value above upper limit

defines

phenylketonuria.[13]

Other urine parameters
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlUniversity_of_Colorado_Laboratory_Reference_Ranges-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlUniversity_of_Colorado_Laboratory_Reference_Ranges-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlUniversity_of_Colorado_Laboratory_Reference_Ranges-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlUniversity_of_Colorado_Laboratory_Reference_Ranges-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlUniversity_of_Colorado_Laboratory_Reference_Ranges-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlUniversity_of_Colorado_Laboratory_Reference_Ranges-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlUniversity_of_Colorado_Laboratory_Reference_Ranges-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-mass-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Gorges1999-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Gorges1999-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Gorges1999-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-mass-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-mass-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Gorges1999-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Gorges1999-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison%27s_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison%27s_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison%27s_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-molar-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Gorges1999-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Gorges1999-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Gorges1999-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-medlineplus-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-medlineplus-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-molar-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-molar-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-molar-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-medlineplus-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-molar-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-molar-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Kim2010-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Kim2010-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Kim2010-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Kim2010-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Kim2010-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Kim2010-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Kim2010-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Kim2010-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Kim2010-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-molar-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-medlineplus-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-molar-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-molar-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-medlineplus-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-medlineplus-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Gorges1999-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-molar-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison%27s_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison%27s_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Gorges1999-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-mass-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Gorges1999-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-Gorges1999-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-cortisol-mass-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlUniversity_of_Colorado_Laboratory_Reference_Ranges-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlUniversity_of_Colorado_Laboratory_Reference_Ranges-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-urlUniversity_of_Colorado_Laboratory_Reference_Ranges-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholamine


16/38

Test

Lowe

r

limit

Uppe

r

limit

Unit Comments

Urine specific

gravity

1.003[

1][2]

1.030[

1][2]no unit

This test detects

the ion

concentration of

urine. Small

amounts of

protein

orketoacidosiste

nd to elevate the

urine'sspecific

gravity(SG).

This value is

measured usingaurinometerand

indicates whether

you are hydrated

or dehydrated. If

the SG of your

urine is under

1.010 youarehydrated.If

your urine SG is

above 1.020, you
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-pmid15791892-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-pmid15791892-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-pmid15791892-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-pmid15791892-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoacidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoacidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoacidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoacidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-pmid15791892-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-pmid15791892-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-pmid15791892-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-pmid15791892-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_specific_gravity


17/38

aredehydrated.

Osmolality 400[3]

n/a[3]

mOsm/

kg

pH 5[2]

7[2]

(unitles

s)

Bacte

rial

cultur

es

by urinati

on-

100,0

00

colony

formin

g

unitsper

millilit

re

(CFU/

mL)

Bacteriuriacan

be confirmed if a

single bacterial

species is

isolated in a

concentration

greater than

100,000colonyforming unitspermillilitre of urine

in clean-catch

midstream urine

specimens (one

for men, two

consecutivespecimens with

the same

bacterium for
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydratedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydratedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydratedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmolalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmolalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmole_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_forming_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-southwest-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmole_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test#cite_note-uppsala-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmolalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrated


18/38

women).

Further

information:Bacteriuria

bybladde

r

catheteris

ation

- 100

For urine

collected

viabladder

catheterisation,

the threshold is

100 colony

forming units of

a single species

per millilitre.

Further

information:Bacteriuria

MethodsWhen a doctor orders a urinalysis they will requesteither a routine urinalysis or a R&M urinalysis. Thedifference being a routine urinalysis is everything but
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_catheterisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuria


19/38

the microscopy or culture, whereas the R&MisRoutine and Microscopyurinalysis.

Urine test strip

Aurine test stripcan quantify parameters such as:

Leukocytes- with presence in urine knownasleukocyturia

Nitrite- with presence in urine known as Nitrituria

Protein- with presence in urine known

asProteinuriaalsoseeAlbuminuriaandMicroalbuminuria

Blood- with presence in urine knownasHematuria

specific gravity

pH

Microscopic examination

The numbers and types ofcellsand/or material suchasurinary castscan yield a great detail of

information and may suggest a specific diagnosis.

Hematuria- associated with kidneystones,infections,tumorsand other conditions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routine_and_Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routine_and_Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test_striphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test_striphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leukocyturia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leukocyturia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrituria&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrituria&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuminuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuminuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microalbuminuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microalbuminuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity_(kidney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_castshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_castshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_castshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_castshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity_(kidney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microalbuminuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuminuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrituria&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leukocyturia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test_striphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routine_and_Microscopy


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Pyuria- associated withurinary infections

eosinophiluria- associated withallergic interstitialnephritis,atheroembolic disease

Red blood cell casts- associated

with glomerulonephritis,vasculitis,malignanthypertension

White blood cell casts- associated withacuteinterstitial nephritis,exudativeglomerulonephritis,severepyelonephritis

(heme) granular casts - associated withacutetubular necrosis

crystalluria-- associated with acute uratenephropathy(or "Acute uric acid nephropathy",AUAN)

calcium oxalatin- associated withethyleneglycoltoxicity

[edit]Other methods of urinalysis

Urine culture - amicrobiological cultureof urinesamples, detecting bacteriuria.It is indicated whenaurinary tract infectionis suspected.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophiluriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol_embolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol_embolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol_embolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_casts#Red_blood_cell_castshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasculitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasculitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasculitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_casts#White_blood_cell_castshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyelonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyelonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalluriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalluriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_urate_nephropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_urate_nephropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxalatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urinalysis&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urinalysis&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urinalysis&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxalatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_urate_nephropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_urate_nephropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalluriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyelonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_casts#White_blood_cell_castshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasculitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_casts#Red_blood_cell_castshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol_embolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophiluriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyuria


21/38

Icotest - The test used to detect the destruction ofold Red Blood Cells (RBC) in the urine.

HemoglobinTest -Hemolysisin the blood vessels,

a rupture in the capillariesof the glomerulus,or hemorrhagein the urinary system maycausehemoglobinto appear in the urine.

Urinary castsare cylindrical structures produced bythe kidneyand present in the urinein certain

disease states. They form in thedistal convolutedtubuleandcollecting ductsofnephrons, thendislodge and pass into the urine, where they can bedetected bymicroscopy.

They form via precipitation of Tamm-Horsfallmucoproteinwhich is secreted by renal

tubulecells, and sometimes also by albumininconditions ofproteinuria. Cast formation ispronounced in environments favoring proteindenaturation and precipitation (low flow,concentrated salts, lowpH). Tamm-Horsfall proteinis particularly susceptible to precipitation in theseconditions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collecting_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collecting_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamm-Horsfall_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamm-Horsfall_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamm-Horsfall_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_tubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_tubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_tubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_tubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamm-Horsfall_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamm-Horsfall_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collecting_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin


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Urine color

Normal urine color ranges from pale yellow to deepamberthe result of a pigment called urochromeand how diluted or concentrated the urine is.

But the color of your urine may not always benormal. B vitamins turn urine color an eye-poppinggreen, for instance. Carrot juice can tint it orange.

And porphyria, a disease that affects your skin andnervous system, earned its reputationand itsnameby turning urine the color of port wine.

Most changes in urine color are harmless andtemporarythe result of certain foods, dyes,supplements or prescription drugs. Occasionally,

though, unusual urine color can indicate an infectionor serious illness. Talk to your doctor about changesin urine color that persist or don't seem linked tomedications or food.

Symptoms

Normal urine color varies, depending on how muchwater you drink. Fluids dilute the yellow pigments inurine, so the more you drink, the clearer your urine


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looks. When you drink less, the color becomes moreconcentratedsevere dehydration can produceurine the color of amber.

But sometimes urine can turn colors far beyondwhat's normal, including red, blue, green, darkbrown and cloudy white.

Symptoms of urinary infectionMost color changes are painless and occur without

other signs and symptoms. But if the color change isdue to a urinary infection, you may have:

A strong, persistent urge to urinate

Burning pain with urination

Frequent urination

Fever, chills, sweats

Abdominal pain that comes in waves

Strong-smelling urine (normal urine should have littleor no odor)

When to see a doctorCall your doctor if:

You have visible blood in your urine.


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You have color changes that don't seem related tofood, medications, supplements or dyes.

You have dark brown urine, especially if you alsohave pale stools and yellow skin and eyes, whichcould indicate a serious problem with your liver. Inthis case, seek medical care as soon as possibl

Causes

Urine is made up of excess water and waste

products that have been filtered from your blood byyour kidneys. Its yellow color comes fromurochrome, a pigment that results from thebreakdown of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carryingprotein in red blood cells.

Discolored urine is often caused by medications,

certain foods or food dyes. For instance, the dyesused in some sugary cereals can show up in kids'urine. In some cases, though, changes in urine colormay be caused by certain health problems.

Here's a look at possible causes for abnormal urinecolor:

Red or pink urineDespite its alarming appearance, red urine isn'tnecessarily serious. Causes include:


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Blood.The presence of red blood cells is the mainreason urine turns red. Usually, bleeding isn't severeand occurs without other signs or symptoms. Factors

that can cause urinary blood, known medically ashematuria, range from strenuous exercise, urinarytract infections and an enlarged prostate to kidney orbladder stones, kidney disease, and, occasionally,kidney cancer or bladder cancer.

Foods.Beets, blackberries and mom's rhubarb pie

can turn urine red or pink. Medications.Certain laxativesEx-lax is an

examplecan cause red urine. Prescription drugsthat have the same effect include antipsychoticssuch as chlorpromazine and thioridazine and theanesthetic propofol (Diprivan).

Toxins.Chronic lead or mercury poisoning cancause urine to turn red. This may be the result ofhigh levels of excreted porphyrins, the samepigments that discolor the urine of people who haveporphyria.

Orange urine

Orange urine is hard to miss. Blame it on:

Foods and supplements.Leading food culpritsinclude vitamin C and carrots and carrot juice. Largeamounts of carotene, the orange pigment in carrots,


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winter squash and other vegetables, can alsodiscolor the palms of your hands and soles of yourfeet.

Medications.Medications that can turn urineorange include the antibiotic rifampin (Rifadin); theblood thinner warfarin (Coumadin); phenazopyridine(Pyridium), which treats urinary tract discomfort;some laxatives and certain chemotherapy drugs.

Dehydration.Drinking too few fluids can

concentrate urochrome, making urine much deeperin color.

Blue or green urineBlue or green urine can result from:

Foods.Asparagus may give urine a greenish tingeas well as a characteristic odor.

Medications.A number of medications produceblue urine, including amitriptyline, indomethacin(Indocin), cimetidine (Tagamet), the anti-nauseadrug Phenergan and several multivitamins. A dye

used in several medications that treat urinary pain(Urised, others) can turn urine blue.

Medical conditions.Familial hypercalcemia, a rareinherited disorder that causes high levels of calcium,


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is sometimes called blue diaper syndrome becausechildren with the disorder have blue urine.

Dark brown or tea-coloredurine

Food.Eating large amounts of fava beans, rhubarbor aloe can cause dark brown urine.

Medications.A number of drugs can darken urine,including the antimalarial drugs chloroquine andprimaquine; the antibiotic metronidazole;nitrofurantoin, which treats urinary tract infections;

laxatives containing cascara or senna; andmethocarbamol, a muscle relaxant.

Medical conditions.Some liver disorders,especially hepatitis and cirrhosis, and the rarehereditary disease tyrosinemia can turn urine darkbrown. So can acute glomerulonephritis, a kidney

disease that interferes with the kidney's ability toremove excess fluid and waste.

Cloudy or murky urineUrinary tract infections and kidney stones can causeurine to appear cloudy or murky.


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Risk factors

Eating foods that can discolor urine, such as berries,asparagus and rhubarb, or taking certainmedications makes it more likely that you'll haveharmless changes in the color of your urine.Whether you react or not depends on the amount offood or medication you take, your state of hydration,and your own body chemistry.

Factors that put you at risk of medical conditions thatcan affect urine color include the following:

Age.Many men older than 50 have occasionalurinary blood due to an enlarged prostate gland.

Your sex.More than half of all women will have aurinary tract infection at some point, often with someurinary bleeding. Men are more likely to have kidneystones or bladder stones.

A recent infection.Kidney inflammation after a viralor bacterial infection (post-infectionglomerulonephritis) is one of the leading causes ofvisible urinary blood in children.

Family history.A family history of kidney disease orkidney stones makes it more likely that you'lldevelop these problems. Both can cause blood inthe urine.


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Strenuous exercise.This is one of the leadingcauses of visible blood in urine. Distance runnersare most at risk, but anyone who exercises

vigorously can have some urinary bleeding.

Tests and diagnosis

In addition to taking a thorough medical history andperforming a physical exam, your doctor willrecommend certain diagnostic tests, including:

Urinalysis.A thorough urine analysis is the mostimportant first step. Urine tests are used to look forthe presence of red blood cells, high levels of proteinwhich may indicate a kidney problemandexcreted minerals that can cause kidney stones. Asample of your urine is also likely to be checked forbacteria that cause infection.

Blood tests.These may be used to measure levelsof creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) waste products that build up in your bloodstreamwhen your kidneys are damaged and not filteringproperly. Blood tests may also look for elevatedlevels of liver enzymes, and for conditions such asdiabetes.

Other tests.You may have other tests, dependingon the results of your history, physical exam and


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urine analysis. The most common reason for furthertesting is the presence of red blood cells in the urine

Blood in urine (hematuria)Seeing blood in your urine can cause more than alittle anxiety. Yet blood in urineknown medicallyas hematuriaisn't always a matter for concern.

Strenuous exercise can cause blood in urine, forinstance. So can a number of common drugs,including aspirin. But urinary bleeding can alsoindicate a serious disorder.

There are two types of blood in urine. Blood that youcan see is called gross hematuria. Urinary blood

that's visible only under a microscope is known asmicroscopic hematuria and is found when yourdoctor tests your urine. Either way, it's important todetermine the reason for the bleeding.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Bloodin urine caused by exercise usually goes away on itsown within one or two days, but other problemsoften require medical care.


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The visible sign of hematuria is pink, red or cola-

colored urinethe result of the presence of red

blood cells. It takes very little blood to produce red

urine, and the bleeding usually isn't painful. If you're

also passing blood clots in your urine, that can be

painful. A lot of times, though, bloody urine occurs

without other signs or symptoms.

Causes

The urinary tract is made up of your bladder, yourtwo kidneys and two ureters, and the urethra. Thekidneys remove waste and excess fluid from yourblood and convert it to urine. The urine then flowsthrough two hollow tubes (ureters)one from eachkidneyto your bladder, where urine is stored until

it passes out of your body through the urethra.

In hematuria, your kidneysor other parts of yoururinary tractallow blood cells to leak into urine. Anumber of problems can cause this leakage,including:

Urinary tract infections.Urinary tract infections areparticularly common in women, though men also getthem. They may occur when bacteria enter yourbody through the urethra and begin to multiply inyour bladder. The infections sometimes, though not


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always, develop after sexual activity. Symptoms caninclude a persistent urge to urinate, pain and burningwith urination, and extremely strong-smelling urine.

For some people, especially older adults, the onlysign of illness may be microscopic blood.

Kidney infections.Kidney infections(pyelonephritis) can occur when bacteria enter yourkidneys from your bloodstream or move up fromyour ureters to your kidney(s). Signs and symptoms

are often similar to bladder infections, though kidneyinfections are more likely to cause fever and flankpain.

A bladder or kidney stone.The minerals inconcentrated urine sometimes precipitate out,forming crystals on the walls of your kidneys or

bladder. Over time, the crystals can become small,hard stones. The stones are generally painless, andyou probably won't know you have them unless theycause a blockage or are being passed. Then, there'susually no mistaking the symptomskidneystones, especially, can cause excruciating pain.Bladder or kidney stones can also cause both gross

and microscopic bleeding.

Enlarged prostate.The prostate glandlocatedjust below the bladder and surrounding the top partof the urethraoften begins growing as men


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approach middle age. When the gland enlarges, itcompresses the urethra, partially blocking urine flow.Signs and symptoms of an enlarged prostate

(benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH) includedifficulty urinating, an urgent or persistent need tourinate, and either gross or microscopic bleeding.Infection of the prostate (prostatitis) can cause thesame signs and symptoms.

Kidney disease.Microscopic urinary bleeding is a

common symptom of glomerulonephritis, whichcauses inflammation of the kidneys' filtering system.Glomerulonephritis may be part of a systemicdisease, such as diabetes, or it can occur on itsown. It can be triggered by viral or strep infections,blood vessel diseases (vasculitis), and immuneproblems such as IgA nephropathy, which affects

the small capillaries that filter blood in the kidneys(glomeruli).

Cancer.Visible urinary bleeding may be a sign ofadvanced kidney, bladder or prostate cancer.Unfortunately, you may not have signs or symptomsin the early stages, when these cancers are more

treatable.

Inherited disorders.Sickle cell anemiaa chronicshortage of red blood cellscan be the cause ofblood in urine, both gross and microscopic


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hematuria. So can Alport syndrome, which affectsthe filtering membranes in the glomeruli of thekidneys.

Kidney injury.A blow or other injury to your kidneysfrom an accident or contact sports can cause bloodin your urine that you can see.

Medications.Common drugs that can cause visibleurinary blood include aspirin, penicillin, the bloodthinner heparin and the anti-cancer drug

cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan).

Strenuous exercise.It's not quite clear whyexercise causes gross hematuria. It may be traumato the bladder, dehydration or the breakdown of redblood cells that occurs with sustained aerobicexercise. Runners are most often affected, although

almost any athlete can develop visible urinarybleeding after an intense workout.

Risk factors

Almost anyoneincluding children and teenscan have red blood cells in the urine. Factors thatmake this more likely include:

Age.Many men older than 50 have occasionalhematuria due to an enlarged prostate gland.


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Your sex.More than half of all women will have aurinary tract infection at least once in their lives,possibly with some urinary bleeding. Younger men

are more likely to have kidney stones or Alportsyndrome, a form of hereditary nephritis that cancause blood in the urine.

A recent infection.Kidney inflammation after a viralor bacterial infection (postinfectiousglomerulonephritis) is one of the leading causes of

visible urinary blood in children. Family history.You may be more prone to urinary

bleeding if you have a family history of kidneydisease or kidney stones.

Certain medications.Aspirin and other nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory pain relievers and antibiotics such

as penicillin are known to increase the risk of urinarybleeding.

Strenuous exercise.Long-distance runners areespecially prone to exercise-induced urinarybleeding. In fact, the condition is sometimes calledjogger's hematuria. But anyone who works out

strenuously can develop symptoms.Tests and diagnosis

To find a cause for urinary bleeding, the followingtests and exams play a key role:


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Physical exam,which includes a discussion of yourmedical history.

Urine tests.Even if your bleeding was firstdiscovered through urine testing (urinalysis), you'relikely to have another test to see if your urine stillcontains red blood cells. Hematuria that occurs justonce usually doesn't need further evaluation.Urinalysis can also help determine if you have aurinary tract infection or are excreting minerals that

cause kidney stones. Imaging tests.Most people with hematuria are

likely to have an imaging test that provides detailedimages of their internal organs. This might be acomputerized tomography (CT) scan, which usesradiation and a powerful computer to create cross-

sectional images of the inside of the body; magneticresonance imaging (MRI), which uses a magneticfield and radio waves instead of X-rays to produceimages; or an ultrasound exam. Ultrasound uses acombination of high-frequency sound waves andcomputer processing to view your kidneys andbladder.

Cystoscopy.In this procedure, your doctor threadsa narrow tube fitted with a miniature camera intoyour bladder to closely examine both the bladderand urethra.


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In spite of testing, the cause of urinary bleeding maynever be found. In that case, your doctor is likely torecommend regular follow-up tests, especially if you

have risk factors for bladder cancer, such assmoking, exposure to environmental toxins and ahistory of radiation therapy.

Urine odor

DefinitionUrine odor refers to the scent of your urine as youexcrete it from your body. Urine odor varies ranging from sweet to foul.

Urine odor is related to the volume andconcentration of a variety of chemicals excreted bythe kidneys. Normally, diluted urine has little to noodor. If your urine becomes highly concentrated,urine odor may have a strong ammonia quality.Many foods and medicationssuch as asparagusor certain vitaminsalso can affect the odor ofurine.

Sometimes, unusual urine odor indicates anextremely rare condition, such as the inheriteddisorder called maple syrup urine disease.


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Causes

Acute liver failure Bladder infection

Certain foods, such as asparagus

Cystitis(bladder inflammation) Dehydration Diabetic ketoacidosis(high levels of blood acids

called ketones) Kidney infection Maple sugar urine disease (genetic disease that

causes difficulty breaking down certain amino acids)

Metabolic disorder (a problem with the way yourbody converts the foods you eat into energy)

Rectovaginal fistula(abnormal connection betweenthe rectum and the vagina)

Type 2 diabetes(Uncontrolled diabetes) Urinary tract infection Vitamin B-6 supplements
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