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R e l a t e d US. p p l i c a t i o n DataC o n t i n u a t i o n o f a p p l i c a t i o n N o . PCT/EP2007/0 0 1 6 1 4 , ? l e d on e b . 2 4 , 2 0 0 7 .

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F o r e i g n A p p l i c a t i o n P r i o r i t y D a t a(DE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020060093968

P u b l i c a t i o n C l a s s i ? c a ti o nI n t . C l .C22C / 0 5F16D 13/60 2 0 0 6 . 0 1 )2 0 0 6 . 0 1 )US. Cl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 107 M; 420/480

ABSTRACTA e a r - r e si s t a n t b r a s s a l l o y i s i d e a l l y s u i t e d f o r m a n u f a c t u ri n g a s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g f o r u s e i n c o u p l i n g s , b r a k e s, t r a n sm i s s i o n s , e t c . T h e b r a s s a l l o y c o n t a i n s 55-68 y W e i g h t o fc o p p e r , 0-6 b y W e i g h t o f a l u m i n i u m , 2 - 1 4 b y W e i g h t o fm a n g a n e s e , 0 . 5 - 3 b y W e i g h t o f p h o s p h o r u s , 0-1 b yW e i g h t o f e a d , u n a v o i d a b l e i m p u r i t i e s a n d t h e r e s t Z i n c .

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BRASS ALLOYAND SYNCHRONIZING RINGCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED

APPLICATION[ 0 0 0 1 ] T h i s i s a c o n t i n u i n g a p p l i c a t i o n , u n d e r 3 5 USC1 2 0 , o f c o p e n d i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l a p p l i c a t i o n N o . PCT/E P 2 0 0 7 / 0 0 1 6 1 4 , ? l e d F e b . 2 4 , 2 0 0 7 , W h i c h d e s i g n a t e d t h eU n i t e d S t a t e s ; t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n a l s o c l a i m s t h e p r i o r i t y , u n d e r3 5 USC 1 1 9 , o f German a t e n t a p p l i c a t i o n N o . 1 0 2 0 0 60 0 9 3 9 6 . 8 , ? l e d M a r . 1 , 2 0 0 6 ; t h e p r i o r a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e h e r eW i t h i n c o r p o r a t e d b y r e f e r e n c e i n t h e i r e n t i r e t y .

BACKGROUND OF THEINVENTIONF i e l d o f t h e I n v e n t i o n

[ 0 0 0 2 ] The n v e n t i o n r e l a t e s t o a W e a r - r e s i s t a n t b r a s s a l l o yand t o a s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g m a n u f a c t u r e d from t h e b r a s sa l l o y .[ 0 0 0 3 ] F o r c o u p l i n g s , b r a k e s o r t r a n s m i s s i o n s i n automob i l e t e c h n o l o g y m e t a l f r i c t i o n p a r t n e r s a r e f r e q u e n t l y u s e d . I na m e c h a n i c a l t r a n s m i s s i o n , i n a r t i c u l a r , m e t a l l i c s y n c h r o n i zi n g r i n g s a r e u s e d W h i c h , d u r i n g a g e a r c h a n g e , s y n c h r o n i z et h e d i f f e r e n t s p e e d s o f h e tr a n s m i s s i o n s h a f t a n d t h e s e l e c t e dg e a r Wheel i t h one n o t h e r . P a r t i c u l a r l y i n t r a n s m i s s i o n s f o rv e h i c l e s W i t h h i g h e n g i n e p o W e r , t h e s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g s a r es u b j e c t t o i n c r e a s e d Wear due t o h i g h e r f r i c t i o n a l l o a d s . Thesame a p p l i e s t o a u t o m a t i c - s h i f t t r a n s m i s s i o n s , i n Which i g hs h i f t f o r c e s a r e e m p l o y e d . S y n c h r o n i z i n g i n g s a r e p r e f e r a b l ym a n u f a c t u r e d from a b r a s s a l l o y .[ 0 0 0 4 ] A e a r - r e s i s t a n t b r a s s a l l o y f o r a s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n gi s k n o W n , f o r e x a m p l e , f r o m G e r m a n p a t e n t DE 7 3 5 7 8 3 C 1 ,c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o US. a t . N o . 4 , 9 5 4 , 1 8 7 .

SUMMARY OF THEINVENTION[ 0 0 0 5 ] I t i s a c c o r d i n g l y a n o b j e c t o f h e i n v e n t i o n o p r o v i d ea b r a s s a l l o y and s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g formed from h e b r a s sa l l o y Which o v e r c o m e s t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d d i s a d v a n t a g e so f t h e p r i o r a r t d e v i c e s o f h i s g e n e r a l t y p e .[ 0 0 0 6 ] T h e o b j e c t i s a c h i e v e d , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i n v e n t i o n ,b y a b r a s s a l l o y c o n t a i n i n g 55-68 y W e i g h t c o p p e r , 0-6b y W e i g h t o f a l u m i n u m , 2 - 1 4 b y W e i g h t o f m a n g a n e s e ,0 . 5 - 3 b y W e i g h t o f p h o s p h o r u s , 0 - 1 b y W e i g h t o f l e a d ,u n a v o i d a b l e i m p u r i t i e s a n d t h e r e s t z i n c .[ 0 0 0 7 ] C o m p r e h e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h a v e y i e l d e d t h er e s u l t t h a t a b r a s s a l l o y h a v i n g t h e s p e c i ? e d f r a c t i o n s o fmanganese and h o s p h o r u s h a s h i g h Wear e s i s t a n c e and cana l s o be produced on a l a r g e i n d u s t r i a l s c a l e b e c a u s e t h e v i sc o s i t y i s s u i t a b l e f o r a c a s t i n g o p e r a t i o n . The a r d n e s s v a l u e so f t h e b r a s s a l l o y h a v i n g t he s p e c i ? e d c o m p o n e n t f r a c t i o n sv a r y W i t h i n a r a n g e of betWeen 168 and 229 HB measureda c c o r d i n g t o DIN EN SO 5 0 6 ) .[ 0 0 0 8 ] With t h e h a r d n e s s v a l u e s and Wear r e s i s t a n c e sWhich a r e a c h i e v e d , t h e c l a i m e d b r a s s a l l o y i s s u i t a b l e f o rW i t h s t a n d i n g a s a s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g even h i g h e r l o a d s i n at r a n s m i s s i o n . C o m p a r a b l e b r a s s a l l o y s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r i o ra r t Which a r e used f o r s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g s have Wear e s i st a n c e s o f b e t W e e n 400 a n d 6 0 0 k m / g , a l o n g W i t h s i m i l a rh a r d n e s s v a l u e s .[ 0 0 0 9 ] S u r p r i s i n g l y , i t W a s s h o W n , f u r t h e r , t h a t t h e s p e c i ? e db r a s s a l l o y h a s h i g h Wear e s i s t a n c e e v e n a m o n g s t h i g h - a dd i t i v e t r a n s m i s s i o n o i l s o f t e n u s e d i n t r a n s m i s s i o n s b e c a u s eo f t h e i n c r e a s e d s t r e s s . To b e p r e c i s e , a d d i t i v e s c o n t a i n e d i n

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t r a n s m i s s i o n o i l s may ave e f f e c t s on t h e Wear e s i s t a n c e oft h e b r a s s a l l o y u s e d f o r t h e s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g .[ 0 0 1 0 ] A y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g c a n b e p r o d u c e d f r o m t h es p e c i ? e d b r a s s a l l o y i n a knoWn ay y a s t i n g , e x t r u s i o n a n df o r g i n g a n d a l s o , i f a p p r o p r i a t e , r e a n n e a l i n g .[ 0 0 1 1 ] Lead may be c o n t a i n e d o r admixed, W i t h o u t a d i st u r b i n g i n ? u e n c e , up o a f r a c t i o n o f 1 by e i g h t , i n o r d e r oi m p r o v e t h e c u t t i n g m a c h i n a b i l i t y . I n t h i s r e s p e c t , b r a s s e sf r o m r e c y c l i n g r e tu r n may e u s e d o p r o d u c e t h e b r a s s a l l o y .T h e s e , a s a r u l e , c o n t a i n a c e r t a i n f r a c t i o n of e a d .[ 0 0 1 2 ] The c c u r r e n c e o f h i g h l y v i s c o u s m e l t i m p e d e s t h ec a s t i n g o f h e b r a s s a l l o y . I n c r e a s e d s l a g f o r m a t i o n s l i k e W i s et o b e a v o i d e d , s i n c e t h i s e n t a i l s a h i g h o u t l a y f o r i t s r e m o v a l .I t Was shoWn h a t t h e v i s c o s i t y o f t h e m e l t and l a g f o r m a t i o ncan be reduced f aluminum s added o t h e b r a s s a l l o y o r e l s et h e l a t t e r c o n t a i n s a loW phosphorus f r a c t i o n . I n t h i s c a s e , ah i g h e r p h o s p h o r u s f r a c t i o n may e c o m p e n s a t e d b y a h i g h e raluminum o n t e n t . F o r h i g h W e a r e s i s t a n c e , a l o n g W i t h g o o dc a s t a b i l i t y , t h e b r a s s a l l o y a d v a n t a g e o u s l y c o n t a i n s 3 - 6 b yW e i g h t o f a l u m i n u m , 8 - 1 4 b y W e i g h t o f m a n g a n e s e a n d1 . 5 - 3 b y W e i g h t o f p h o s p h o r u s .[ 0 0 1 3 ] I n a f u r t h e r a d v a n t a g e o u s re?nement i n t e r m s o fWear r e s i s t a n c e and i n t e r m s o f l a r g e - s c a l e p r o d u c t i o n , t h eb r a s s a l l o y a d v a n t a g e o u s l y c o n t a i n s 5 9 - 6 4 b y W e i g h t o fc o p p e r , 3-4 b y W e i g h t o f a l u m i n u m , 9 - 1 1 b y W e i g h t o fm a n g a n e s e a n d 19 -2 5 y W e i g h t o f p h o s p h o r u s .[ 0 0 1 4 ] I t Was s h o W n , f u r t h e r , t h a t i t i s a d v a n t a g e o u s f o r t h eWear e s i s t a n c e and a r d n e s s o f t h e b r a s s a l l o y i f t h e f r a c t i o no f t h e [ S - p h a s e o f t h e c o p p e r / z i n c m i x t u r e i n t h e s t r u c t u r a lmake-up amounts o betWeen 40 and 50 . n t h e [ 3 - p h a s e , t h ecopper and z i n c atoms a r e d i s t r i b u t e d i n t h e manner of ac a e s i u m / c h l o r i d e s t r u c t u r e o n t o t h e l a t t i c e s i t e s of a c u b i cb o d y - c e n t e r e d l a t t i c e .[ 0 0 1 5 ] F u r t h e r , i t became l e a r t h a t t Was a d v a n t a g e o u s i nt e r m s of h e d e s i r e d p r o p e r t i e s i f , i n a c r o s s s e c t i o n of t h eb r a s s a l l o y , t h e a r e a f r a c t i o n o f t h e i n t e r m e t a l l i c p h a s e s i n t h es t r u c t u r a l make-up amounts to betWeen 1 1 and 17 . Thei n t e r m e t a l l i c p h a s e s , s u c h a s , f o r e x a m p l e , m a n g a n e s e p h o sp h i d e s , a r e i n t h i s c a s e embedded n a m a t r i x o f t h e c o p p e r /z i n c a l l o y .[ 0 0 1 6 ] I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e b r a s s a l l o y e x h i b i t s a d v a n t a g e o u sWear r e s i s t a n c e i f t h e i n t e r m e t a l l i c p h a s e s i n t h e s t r u c t u r a lm a k e - u p p o s s e s s p r e d o m i n a n t l y a n e x t e n d e d e l o n g a t e f o r m .[ 0 0 1 7 ] The s e c o n d - m e n t i o n e d o b j e c t W i t h r e g a r d t o a s y nc h r o n i z i n g r i n g i s a c h i e v e d , a c c o r d i n g t o t he i n v e n t i o n , b y as y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g Which s f o r m e d o f a b r a s s a l l o y W h i c hc o n t a i n s 55-68 b y W e i g h t o f c o p p e r , 0-6 b y W e i g h t o fa l u m i n u m , 2 - 1 4 b y W e i g h t o f m a n g a n e s e , 0 . 5 - 3 b yW e i g h t o f p h o s p h o r u s , 0 - 1 b y W e i g h t o f e a d , u n a v o i d a b l ei m p u r i t i e s a n d t h e r e s t z i n c . As a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d , t h e s y nc h r o n i z i n g r i n g i s p r o d u c e d f r o m t h e b r a s s a l l o y b y c a s t i n g ,e x t r u s i o n , f o r g i n g a n d , i f a p p r o p r i a t e , r e a n n e a l i n g .[ 0 0 1 8 ] Other e a t u r e s Which r e c o n s i d e r e d a s c h a r a c t e r i st i c f o r t h e i n v e n t i o n a r e set f o r t h i n t h e appended l a i m s .[ 0 0 1 9 ] A l t h o u g h t h e i n v e n t i o n i s i l l u s t r a t e d a n d d e s c r i b e dh e r e i n a s embodied n a b r a s s a l l o y and s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g ,i t i s n e v e r t h e l e s s n o t i n t e n d e d t o be l i m i t e d to t h e d e t a i l ss h o W n , s i n c e v a r i o u s m o d i ? c a t i o n s a n d s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e smay e made h e r e i n W i t h o u t d e p a r t i n g f r o m t h e s p i r i t o f t h ei n v e n t i o n a n d W i t h i n t h e s c o p e a n d r a n g e o f e q u i v a l e n t s o f h ec l a i m s .[ 0 0 2 0 ] The c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d method o f o p e r a t i o n o f t h ei n v e n t i o n , h o W e v e r , t o g e t h e r W i t h a d d i t i o n a l o b j e c t s a n da d v a n t a g e s t h e r e o f W i l l b e b e s t u n d e r s t o o d f r o m t h e f o l l o W

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i n g d e s c r i p ti o n o f s p e c i ? c e m b o d i m e n t s When e a d i n c o nn e c t i o n W i t h t h e a c c o m p a n y i n g d r a w i n g s .

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONOF THE SEVERALVIEWS OF THE DRAWING

[ 0 0 2 1 ] F I G . 1 i s a graph showing Wear r e s i s t a n c e of ane x e m p l a r y b r a s s a l l o y i n v a r i o u s t r a n s m i s s i o n o i l s a c c o r d i n gt o t h e i n v e n t i o n ; and[ 0 0 2 2 ] F I G . 2 i s a d i a g r a m m a t i c , f r o n t vieW o f a s y n c h r on i Z i n g r i n g f o r a m e c h a n i c a l t r a n s m i s s i o n .

DETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOF THE INVENTION[ 0 0 2 3 ] O v e r a l l , f o u r t e s t a l l o y s o f d i f f e r e n t c o m p o s i t i o nWere p r o d u c e d a s e x e m p l a r y embodiments o f t h e s p e c i ? e db r a s s a l l o y .[ 0 0 2 4 ] I n t h i s c a s e , f o r r e a l i s t i c measurement e s u l t s , t h ep r o d u c t i o n o f a s y n c h r o n i Z i n g r i n g Was i m u l a t e d . T h u s , ? r s t ,t h e i n d i v i d u a l a l l o y c o m p o n e n t s h a v i n g t h e d e s i r e d f r a c t i o n sWere m e l t e d , and t h e melt obtained Wa s c a s t i n sand a t at e m p e r a t u r e o f betWeen 1 , 0 2 0 and l , 0 6 0 C . W i t h a d i a m e t e rof 35 mm. The c a s t i n g Wa s s u b s e q u e n t l y lathe-tumed t o ad i a m e t e r of 24 mm. I n a f u r t h e r s t e p , e x t r u s i o n by a h o tf o r m i n g o f h e l a t h e - t u m e d c a s t i n g from d i a m e t e r o f 24 mmt o a diameter of 12 mm t a temperature of betWeen 7 0 0 and7 5 0 C . Was s i m u l a t e d . F u r t h e r , t h e f o r g i n g o f t h e s y n c h r on i Z i n g r i n g b y t h e u p s e t t i n g o f 2 cm c y l i n d e r s p r o d u c e dfrom t h e p r e t r e a t e d c a s t i n g to 1 cm t a t e m p e r a t u r e ofa p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 5 0 C . W e r e s i m u l a t e d . F i n a l l y , t h e u p s e tc y l i n d e r s Were a n n e a l e d f o r ?ve h o u r s a t a t e m p e r a t u r e of275 C .[ 0 0 2 5 ] The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e f o u r t e s t a l l o y s t h u s p r oduced s e v i d e n t from h e f o l l o W i n g T a b l e 1 . I n t h i s c a s e , t h ef r a c t i o n s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l a l l o y components a r e i n each a s el i s t e d i n y W e i g h t .

TABLET e s t a l l o y

N o . C o p p e r M a n g a n e s e P h o s p h o r u s A l u m i n i u m Z i n cI 5 7 . 5 1 0 2 . 2 5 2 R e s t2 6 0 . 3 5 1 0 2 . 2 5 3 R e s t3 6 1 . 7 8 1 0 2 . 2 5 3 . 5 R e s t4 6 3 . 2 1 1 0 2 . 2 5 4 R e s t

[ 0 0 2 6 ] The h a r d n e s s o f t h e t e s t a l l o y s Which Was d e t e rmined n e a c h c a s e a c c o r d i n g t o DINEN SO 6506 m a y beg a t h e r e d f r o m T a b l e 2 .

TABLET e s t a l l o y N o . H a r d n e s s HB

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[ 0 0 2 7 ] I t i s c l e a r from t h e h a r d n e s s v a l u e s d e t e r m i n e d t h a tt h e s p e c i ? e d b r a s s a l l o y i s s u i t a b l e f o r u s e u n d e r h i g h l o a d s a sa s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g i n a t r a n s m i s s i o n . The a r d n e s s v a l u e sc o r r e s p o n d t o t h o s e h a r d n e s s v a l u e s o f c o m p a r a b l e b r a s sa l l o y s a l r e a d y u s e d f o r s y n c h r o n i Z i n g r i n g s .

N o v . 2 0 , 2 0 0 8

EXAMPLE[ 0 0 2 8 ] I n a ? r s t t e s t , t h e Wear e s i s t a n c e o f t h e t e s t a l l o y s ,With tWo t r a n s m i s s i o n o i l s b e i n g used t t h e same t i m e , W asi n v e s t i g a t e d . The t r a n s m i s s i o n o i l s used Were a s y n t h e t i c o i lo f i s c o s i t y c l a s s SAE75 f l a s s i ? c a t i o n A P I GL4 o i l 1 ) a n da s y n t h e t i c o i l o f v i s c o s i t y c l a s s SA E 7 5 W 8 5 o f c l a s s i ? c a t i o nAPI GL4 o i l 2 ) . I n t r a n s m i s s i o n o i l s c l a s s i ? e d a c c o r d i n g t oAPI ( A m e r i c a n P e t r o l I n s t i t u t e ) , t h e GL l a s s es i n d i c a t e t h er a n g e of s e . T r a n s m i s s i o n o i l s of l a s s e s GL4 and GL5, f o re x a m p l e , a r e c u s t o m a r y f o r motor e h i c l e s . The e s i g n a t i o n sSAExx-Wyy h a r a c t e r i Z e t h e v i s c o s i t y c l a s s o f t r a n s m i s s i o no i l s .[ 0 0 2 9 ] The Wear r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e t e s t a l l o y s Was d e t e rmined n each a s e i n k m / g n a R e i c h e r t Wear balance With as l i d i n g r a t e of . 6 m/sec and i t h a l o a d o f 5 2 N/mm2 f t e r ano v e r a l l c o v e r e d d i s t a n c e of , 5 0 0 m. I n t h i s c a s e , a b r a s s p i nformed of h e r e s p e c t i v e t e s t a l l o y W i t h a d i a m e t e r of . 7 mmi s p r e s s e d W i t h t h e s p e c i ? e d l o a d o n t o a c o n t i n u o u s s t e e l r i n g .The e s p e c t i v e t r a n s m i s s i o n o i l Was a p p l i e d to t h e s t e e l r i n g .T h e measurements Were c a r r i e d out i n each case a t an o i lt e m p e r a t u r e o f 9 0 C .[ 0 0 3 0 ] The o m p a r a t i v e a l l o y u s e d i s a k n o W n , W e a r - r e s i st a n t b r a s s a l l o y , Which a n b e t a k e n from German a t e n t DE3 7 3 5 7 8 3 C 1 , o f t h e c o m p o s i t i o n 55 y W e i g h t o f c o p p e r ,6 . 8 b y W e i g h t o f n i c k e l , 3 . 7 b y W e i g h t o f al u m i n i u m ,2 . 3 b y W e i g h t o f s i l i c o n e , 0 . 8 b y W e i g h t o f r o n , t h r e s tZ i n c and a l s o u n a v o i d a b l e i m p u r i t i e s . The Wear e s i s t a n c e o ft h e c o m p a r a t i v e a l l o y Was determined n t h e same W a y s t h a to f t h e t e s t a l l o y s . T a b l e 3 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e d e t e r m i n e d v a l u e s o ft h e r e s p e c t i v e Wear e s i s t a n c e of h e test a l l o y s a s a f h ed e t e r m i n e d Wear e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c o m p a r a t i v e a l l o y .

TABLEO i l 1 O i l 2

T e s t a l l o y No. Wear e s i s t a n c e i n Wear e s i s t a n c e i nl 761 3 3 82 6 l 8 3 73 657 3294 503 239

[ 0 0 3 1 ] I t Was s u r p r i s i n g l y found t h a t , i n a measurementW i t h t r a n s m i s s i o n o i l s , t h e t e s t a l l o y s h a v e a m a r k e d l yi n c r e a s e d Wear e s i s t a n c e , a s compared With a knoWn earr e s i s t a n t c o m p a r a t i v e a l l o y . T h i s a d v a n t a g e o u s p r o p e r t y i se n s u r e d b y v i r t u e o f t h e s p e c i ? e d f e a t u r e s o f t h e b r a s s a l l o yd e s c r i b e d .

EXAMPLE[ 0 0 3 2 ] I n a f u r t h e r t e s t , t h e Wear e s i s t a n c e o f t h e t e s t a l l o y3 , a s i n d i c a t e d i n Example , f o r f u r t h e r t r a n s m i s s i o n o i l s i si n v e s t i g a t e d . The W e a r r e s i s t a n c e f o r t h e c o m p a r a t i v e a l l o ym e n t i o n e d i n E x a m p l e 1 i s l i k e W i s e d e t er m i n e d , u s i n g t h e s et r a n s m i s s i o n o i l s .[ 0 0 3 3 ] The r a n s m i s s i o n o i l s h a v e t h e f o l l o W i n g c h a r a c t e ri s t i c :[ 0 0 3 4 ] O i l 3 :[ 0 0 3 5 ] SAE75W-80, m i n e r a l ; API GL4[ 0 0 3 6 ] O i l 4 :[ 0 0 3 7 ] SAE80W-90, m i n e r a l ; API GL3[ 0 0 3 8 ] O i l 5 :[ 0 0 3 9 ] SAE75W; y n t h e t i c , A P I GL4[ 0 0 4 0 ] O i l 6 :[ 0 0 4 1 ] SAE75W, a r t l y s y n t h e t i c , A P I GL4[ 0 0 4 2 ] O i l 7 :[ 0 0 4 3 ] ATP r a u t o m a t i c o i l

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[ 0 0 4 4 ] F I G . 1 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e d e t e r m i n e d Wear e s i s t a n c e s oft h e t e s t a l l o y 3 i n n r e l a t i o n t o t h e r e s p e c t i v e l y d e t e r m i n e dWear e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c o m p a r a t i v e a l l o y , i n e a c h c a s e f o r t h ev a r i o u s o i l s . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e p e r c e n t a g e Wear r e s i s t a n c e i sp l o t t e d a l o n g t h e Y - a x i s . T h e v a r i o u s o i l s a r e a r r a n g e d a l o n gt h e X - a x i s . The Wear e s i s t a n c e determined o r t h e comparat i v e a l l o y i s i d e n t i ? e d by h e 1 0 0 i n e . I t c a n b e s e e n c l e a r l yt h a t , i n a l l t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n o i l s i n v e s t i g a t e d , t h e t e s t a l l o y 3h a s a markedly i n c r e a s e d Wear e s i s t a n c e , a s compared i t ht h e c o m p a r a t i v e a l l o y . T h e s p e c i ? e d b r a s s a l l o y c a n t h e r e f o r eb e u s e d a r t i c u l a r l y f o r t h e h i g h l o a d s o f a s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n gi n a t r a n s m i s s i o n , such a s a r i s e i n r e a l i t y .[ 0 0 4 5 ] F I G . 2 i l l u s t r a t e s a s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g 1 0 Which sp r o d u c e d b y f o r g i n g f r o m a s p e c i ? e d b r a s s a l l o y . A t t a c h e d ot h e o u t e r c i r c u m f e r e n c e 1 1 o f t h e s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g 1 0 a r et e e t h 12 Which a r e c o n n e c t e d o p e r a t i v e l y t o a s l i d i n g s l e e v ed u r i n g t h e s y n c h r o n i z i n g a c t i o n b e t W e e n t h e s e l e c t e d - g e a rWheel and h e t r a n s m i s s i o n s h a f t o f t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n . On h ei n n e r c i r c u m f e r e n c e 1 3 o f t h e s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g 1 0 i sl o c a t e d a c o n i c a l f r i c t i o n s u r f a c e 14 Which comes n t o c o n t a c tW i t h a c o n i c a l c o u n t e r s u r f a c e of t h e s e l e c t e d - g e a r Wheeld u r i n g t h e s h i f t o p e r a t i o n . A s a r e s u l t o f t h e f r i c t i o n o f t h ef r i c t i o n p a r t n e r s , t h e i r r e l a t i v e s p e e d W i t h r e s p e c t t o onea n o t h e r s r e d u c e d , W i t h t h e e s u l t t h a t s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n ? n a l l yt a k e s p l a c e . A f t e r s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n h a s o c c u r r e d , t h e s l i d i n gs l e e v e c a n l i d e t h r o u g h t h e t e e t h 1 2 o f h e s y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g1 0 , W i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t a p o s i t i v e c o n n e c t i o n s made betWeent h e d r i v e s h a f t and o u t p u t s h a f t o f t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n .

1 . A r a s s a l l o y , c o m p r i s i n g :5 5 - 6 8 b y W e i g h t o f c o p p e r ;0 - 6 b y W e i g h t o f a l u m i n u m ;

N o v . 2 0 , 2 0 0 8

2-14 y W e i g h t o f m a n g a n e s e ;0 . 5 - 3 b y W e i g h t o f p h o s p h o r u s ;0 - 1 b y W e i g h t o f l e a d ; a n dr e m a i n d e r z i n c a n d i m p u r i t i e s .2 . T h e b r a s s a l l o y a c c o r d i n g o c l a i m , f u r t h e r c o m p r i s i n g :3-6 y W e i g h t o f h e a l u m i n u m ;8-14 y W e i g h t o f t h e m a n g a n e s e ; a n d1 . 5 - 3 b y W e i g h t o f h e p h o s p h o r u s .3 . T h e b r a s s a l l o y a c c o r d i n g o c l a i m , f u r t h e r c o m p r i s i n g :59-64 y W e i g h t o f t h e c o p p e r ;3-4 y W e i g h t o f h e a l u m i n u m ;9 - 1 1 by e i g h t o f t h e m a n g a n e s e ; a n d1 . 9 - 2 . 5 b y W e i g h t of t h e p h o s p h o r u s .4 . The r a s s a l l o y a c c o r d i n g o c l a i m , W h e r e i n a s t r u c t u r a l

make-up f r a c t i o n o f a [ 3 - p h a s e amounting o betWeen 40 and50 .

5 . The r a s s a l l o y a c c o r d i n g t o c l a i m 1 , Wherein n a c r o s ss e c t i o n , an r e a f r a c t i o n of n t e r ' m e t a l l i c p h a s e s i n a s t r u c t u r a lmake-up a m o u n t i n g t o b e t w e e n 1 1 a n d 1 7 .

6 . The r a s s a l l o y a c c o r d i n g t o c l a i m 5 , W h e r e i n s a i d i n t e rm e t a l l i c p h a s e s i n s a i d s t r u c t u r a l m a k e - u p p o s s e s s i n g p r ed o m i n a n t l y a n e x t e n d e d e l o n g a t e f o r m .7 . A y n c h r o n i z i n g r i n g , c o m p r i s i n g :

a b r a s s a l l o y , c o n t a i n i n g :5 5 - 6 8 b y W e i g h t o f c o p p e r ;0 - 6 b y W e i g h t o f a l u m i n u m ;2-14 y W e i g h t o f m a n g a n e s e ;0 . 5 - 3 b y W e i g h t o f p h o s p h o r u s ;0-l y W e i g h t o f e a d ; a n dr e m a i n d e r z i n c a n d i m p u r i t i e s .

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