U.S. AIRCRAFT CAMPAIGNSU.S. AIRCRAFT CAMPAIGNS

Daniel J. Jacob

OBSERVATION PLATFORMS FOR ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITIONOBSERVATION PLATFORMS FOR ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION

SURFACE SITES, SHIPS

SONDES, LIDARS

AIRCRAFT SATELLITES

Horizontal coverage

- - + +

Temporal coverage

+ + - +

Vertical range - + = (up to ~20 km)

= (interferences)

Vertical resolution

none + + -

Chemical detail + - + -Surface fluxes + - + +

(by inversion)

Cost + + = -

AIRCRAFT FLIGHT STRATEGIESAIRCRAFT FLIGHT STRATEGIES

Characterization of emissions, surface uptake

Process studies:• photochemistry• plume evolution• transport mechanisms

Satellitevalidation Air mass

characterization• global and regional chemical budgets• long-range transport

Remote sensing:• mapping of surface,atmosphere• satellite validation

NASA GTE TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY MISSIONSNASA GTE TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY MISSIONS

Other important global tropospheric missions: NASA/SONEX (North Atlantic), NSF/TOPSE (Arctic), NSF/ACE (Atlantic, Pacific),NOAA/ITCT-2K2 (E. Pacific)…

100 E 130 E 160 E 190 E 220 E 250 E 280 E

Longitude

0 N

10 N

20 N

30 N

40 N

50 N

60 N

La

titu

de

DC-8 FlightsP-3B Flightsoutbound

inbound

THE NASA/TRACE-P AIRCRAFT MISSION (Mar—Apr 2001)THE NASA/TRACE-P AIRCRAFT MISSION (Mar—Apr 2001)Characterize Asian chemical outflow and evolution;

place top-down constraints on sources

Two instrumented aircraft (DC-8 and P-3) operating out of Hong Kong and Yokota AFB (Japan)

THE NASA DC-8 “Flying Laboratory”THE NASA DC-8 “Flying Laboratory”

NASA DC-8 – the insideNASA DC-8 – the inside

TRACE-P DC-8 PAYLOADTRACE-P DC-8 PAYLOADEmphasis:high altitude outflow,large-scale mapping,photochemistry

PAN, carbonyls, alcohols

aerosols

NO, NO2

OH, HO2

Actinicfluxes

Carbonyls, alcohols

O3+aerosolDIAL

NMHCs,Halocarbons,DMS

HCHO

CO2, O3

Aerosols, SO2, HNO3

H2O, CO, CH4,N2O

H2O2, CH3OOH, HCHO

TRACE-P P-3 PAYLOADTRACE-P P-3 PAYLOAD

Emphasis:low altitude outflow,sulfur/aerosols,fluxes to ocean

Aerosols

H2O NO, NO2

NMHCs,Halocarbons,DMS

SO2, DMS

PAN, PPNActinic fluxes

CO, CH4

Vertical winds

O3, CO2

aerosolsH2SO4, MSA,OH, HNO3,HO2, RO2

TRACE-P INVOLVED THE INTEGRATION OF AIRCRAFT, TRACE-P INVOLVED THE INTEGRATION OF AIRCRAFT, SATELLITES, MODELS, AND EMISSION INVENTORIESSATELLITES, MODELS, AND EMISSION INVENTORIES

TRACE-P CO DATA(G.W. Sachse)Bottom-up

emissions(customized for TRACE-P)

Fossil and biofuel Daily biomass burning(satellite fire counts)

Chemical Transport Model (CTM)

MOPITT CO

Inverse analysis

validation

chemicalforecasts

top-downconstraints

OPTIMIZATION OF SOURCES

Example: improving constraints on Asian CO sources

Streets et al. [2003] Heald et al. [2003a]

MOPITT VALIDATION DURING TRACE-PMOPITT VALIDATION DURING TRACE-P

• Seven DC-8 vertical profiles (0.15-10 km) coincident with MOPITT overpass• Spirals of 20 km diam. matching MOPITT FOV• Double spirals to verify stationarity of features• One DC-8 transect along orbit track

Example (March 20)

TRACE-P validation spirals + transectMOPITTunderpass

MOPITT VALIDATION PROFILES DURING TRACE-PMOPITT VALIDATION PROFILES DURING TRACE-P

Aircraft Aircraft w/av. kernels

MOPITT (v3, x = ±100 km)

Averagingkernels

TRACE-P VALIDATION PROFILES:TRACE-P VALIDATION PROFILES:MOPITT vs. DC-8 CO columnsMOPITT vs. DC-8 CO columns

DC-8 w/avKer r2 > 0.99 DC-8 950-300 hPa r2 =0.98

CO column,

1018 molecules cm-2

MOPITT 2.25 ± 0.19

DC-8

w/avKer

2.12 ± 0.23

DC-8

950-300 hPa

1.58 ± 0.19

6% positive bias in MOPITT column data

Jacob et al. [2003]

COMPARATIVE INVERSE ANALYSIS OF ASIAN CO SOURCES COMPARATIVE INVERSE ANALYSIS OF ASIAN CO SOURCES USING DAILY MOPITT AND TRACE-P DATA USING DAILY MOPITT AND TRACE-P DATA

• MOPITT and TRACE-P both show underestimate of anthropogenic emissions (40% for China, likely due to under-reporting of industrial coal use)

• MOPITT and TRACE-P both show overestimate of biomass burning emissions in southeast Asia ;very low values from TRACE-P could reflect transport bias

• MOPITT has higher information content than TRACE-P because it observes source regions and Indian outflow

• MOPITT information degrades if data are averaged weekly or monthly • Ensemble modeling of MOPITT data indicates 10-40% uncertainty on retrieved sources

Heald et al. [2004]

CO observations from Spring 2001, GEOS-CHEM CTM as forward model

TRACE-P Aircraft CO MOPITT CO Columns

4 degreesof freedom

10 degreesof freedom

(from validation)

ASIAN HALOCARBON EMISSIONS (CHASIAN HALOCARBON EMISSIONS (CH33CClCCl33, CCl, CCl44, ,

Halon 1211, CFCs) DEDUCED FROM TRACE-P DATAHalon 1211, CFCs) DEDUCED FROM TRACE-P DATA

CH3CCl3 CCl4

TRACE-P PBL halocarbon observationsBack-trajectories for top 5% of CH3CCl3 PBL data; Seoul and Shangai are principal sources

Halocarbon emissions deduced from relationships with CO

• Eastern Asian source of CCl4 deduced from TRACE-P data is 5 times higher than UNEP estimate; other halocarbons are consistent with UNEP• Correction to CCl4 emission implies a 40% increase in total ODP-equivalent emissions from eastern Asia

Palmer et al. [2003]

TRANSPACIFIC TRANSPORT OF ASIAN TRANSPACIFIC TRANSPORT OF ASIAN CO AND OZONE IN TRACE-P: CO AND OZONE IN TRACE-P:

Feb 26-27, 2001 PLUMEFeb 26-27, 2001 PLUME

MOPITT 500 hPa CO, Feb 26

TRACE-P profiles,Feb 26-27

COOzone

1

1

2

23

3

45

4

5

Heald et al. [2003b]

Ozone CO

Aircraft track

Asian plume

NOAA/ITCT-2K2 AIRCRAFT CAMPAIGN IN APRIL-MAY 2002 NOAA/ITCT-2K2 AIRCRAFT CAMPAIGN IN APRIL-MAY 2002 Monterey, CAMonterey, CA

High-ozone Asian pollution plumes observed in lower free troposphere but not at surface (Trinidad Head);strong stratospheric influence (Trinidad Head sondes)

CO

O3

PAN

HNO3

May 5 plume at 6 km:High CO and PAN,no O3 enhancement

May 17 subsidingplume at 2.5 km:High CO and O3,PAN NOxHNO3

Hudman et al. [2004]

Observations by D. Parrish, J. Roberts, T. Ryesrson (NOAA/AL)

DIURNAL AND CONVECTIVE INFLUENCES ON HODIURNAL AND CONVECTIVE INFLUENCES ON HOxx

RADICALS OVER PACIFICRADICALS OVER PACIFICPEM-Tropics B DC-8 flight NW of Tahiti on April 7, 1999

Fly back-and forth “shoelace” pattern for 4 hours

Background:12% RH80 ppt H2O2

60 ppt CH3OOH

Conv. influence:35% RH80 ppt H2O2

290 ppt CH3OOH

Observations (W. Brune)Photochemical modelModel with k(CH3O2+HO2) x3+

• HOx at sunrise behaves as expected;• strong HOx source from photolysis of convected CH3OOH;• need additional HOx sink to match observations

Ravetta et al. [2002]

ICARTT: COORDINATED ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY CAMPAIGN OVER ICARTT: COORDINATED ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY CAMPAIGN OVER EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND NORTH ATLANTIC IN SUMMER 2004EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND NORTH ATLANTIC IN SUMMER 2004

International, multi-agency (U.S.) collaboration targeted at U.S. regional air quality, pollution outflow, transatlantic transport, aerosol radiative forcing

Terra

ERS

MISR, MODIS, MOPITT

ERS-2

GOME

Envisat

SCIAMACHY

Aqua

AIRS, MODIS

NASA DC-8

UK BAE-143

DLR Falcon

NOAA-P3DOE G-1

NASAProteus

NRT

O3

HNO3

CH2O

CO

HIGH FREE HIGH FREE TROPOSPHERIC TROPOSPHERIC

OZONE OVER OZONE OVER SE U.S. SE U.S.

OBSERVED OBSERVED IN ICARTTIN ICARTT

July 12 DC-8 flight from St. Louis

High ozone appears tropospheric in origin

PREDICTED UPPER TROPOSPHERIC OZONE MAXIMUM PREDICTED UPPER TROPOSPHERIC OZONE MAXIMUM OVER MIDDLE EAST IN SUMMER: HOW TO TEST?OVER MIDDLE EAST IN SUMMER: HOW TO TEST?

GEOS-CHEM tropospheric ozone column, July 1997

Comparison to MOZAIC observations aboard commercialaircraft, 1995-2000

Jul (red), Jan (blue),model (solid), obs (dotted)

Li et al. [2001]

FUTURE TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY MISSIONS: FUTURE TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY MISSIONS: INSTRUMENT NEEDSINSTRUMENT NEEDS

• Fast instrumentation for NH3, bulk aerosol composition including organics

• Improved precision/accuracy for HOx radical measurements, capability for CH3O2 measurements

• Improved confidence in measurements of SO2, bulk aerosol composition, aldehydes, peroxides

• CO lidar

THE FUTURE OF U.S. AIRCRAFT MISSIONSTHE FUTURE OF U.S. AIRCRAFT MISSIONS

•DC-8 to remain an important platform in near future: NASA INTEX-B in spring 2006

•Probing the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere using aircraft with 18-20 km ceilings and tropospheric measurement capability: NSF HIAPER, NASA WB-57

• Routine and cheap vertical profiling using small aircraft (e.g., Cessna)

• Air sampling packages on commercial aircraft (European MOZAIC program has been a big success)

• Global monitoring using remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs)

RPV Capability Development Timeline

HALE-ROA Capability Set • 14 days @ 60-70K ft• 400-lb Payload• Autonomous Operations

10-Year Capability Set • 100 days @ 75K ft• 1000-lb Payload• Autonomous Operations• Collaborative Engagement

Full Capability Set • Heavy Lift• 100 days @ > 60K ft• Autonomous Operations• Collaborative Engagement

Current SOA: • 60K ft @ 14 hrs - 200-lb• 100K ft @ 1 hrs - 100-lb• Pre-Programmed

Required Technologies @ TRL 6

FY09 FY14 FY19Current timeline