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U.S. Census Overview SOC 101

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Page 1: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

U.S. Census Overview

SOC 101

Page 2: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Outline of Presentation

Census History Census Questionnaire Census Geography Census Data

American FactFinder

Page 3: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Survey of the United States population every 10 years

Mandated by Constitution

Purpose: reapportionment of 435 seats in the House of Representatives

Census History

Page 4: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Total population, race, sex in 1790(650 enumerators counted 3,929,214 people at a cost of $44,337)

Physical and Mental Disabilities in 1830

Income first asked in 1940

Televisions surveyed, 1950-70

Detailed ancestry beginning 1980

Multiple races and grandparents as caregivers in 2000(500,000 enumerators counted 281,421,906 people at a cost of $4.5 billion)

Census Questions Vary Over Time

Page 5: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Reflects changes in society

In 1990 and 2000 Congress wanted to reduce paperwork

Grid of questions, 1790-2000http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/census2/censubj.pdf

Census Questions Vary Over Time

Page 6: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Public health professionals identify vulnerable populations for chronic disease

Urban planners identify zoning, housing, sewage, and transportation issues

Social workers conduct needs assessments forservices to the elderly, poor, children

Practical Applications for Census Data

Page 7: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Marketers target likely buyers

Politicians use the census to determine voting districts and to assess constituent interests

Environmentalists map the spread of toxic effluentsand population densities

Practical Applications for Census Data

Page 8: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Occupation by age, race, and sex for equal employment opportunity

Librarians base collection development policy oncommunity characteristics

Mayors use numbers to apply for federal grants.

Undercount costs money Identify communities of

interest or need

Practical Applications for Census Data

CENSUS 2000 SHORT FORM (SF1)HISPANICS AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL

POPULATION

Page 9: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

2000 Questionnaires100% and Sample

100% Questionnaire Age Sex Race (Multiple) Hispanic origin Household relationship Occupied v. vacant housing units Owner v. renter occupied housing

Page 10: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Primary Uses of Short Form Data

Race and sex for single years of age to 99; three groups after 100

Most detail by race (250 groups total)

Page 11: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Race Groups in 2000 White Black or African-American American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian Hawaiian or Pacific Islander Other Two or More Races

(Based on Self-Identification)

Page 12: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Household Relationships

Relationship to HouseholderSpouseChildStepchildGrandchildBrother/SisterParentNon-relativeUnmarried partner is separate category

Page 13: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

2000 Sample Questionnaire(generally 1/6 of population)

Marital status, housing value and rent (100% in 1990)

Grandparents as caregivers (new)

Ancestry Language Country of origin School enrollment and educational attainment

(and dropouts)

Page 14: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

2000 Sample Questionnaire

Employment Industry and occupation Transportation to and place of work Disability and mental illness Veteran status Income and poverty

Page 15: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

American Community Survey (ACS)

Started in 1996 to address 2-3 year lag in availability of decennial census data

Annual sample of 3,000,000 households (long form) Decennial census will still be conducted, but will only

include short form Will enhance the usefulness of the census for planning

efforts Some concerns about sampling error and undercounts

Between 1940 and 2000 the undercount of African Americans was much greater than non-African Americans

Men also tend to be undercounted more than women

Page 16: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Census GeographyThis diagram shows the hierarchical relationships between geographic types.

For example, a line extends from states to counties because a state is comprised of many counties, and a single county can never cross a state boundary.

Page 17: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Census GeographyIf no line joins two geographic types, then an absolute and predictable relationship does not exist between them.

For example, many places are confined to one county. However, some places extend over more than one county, such as New York City.

Therefore, an absolute hierarchical relationship does not exist between counties and places, and any tabulation involving both these geographic types may represent only a part of one county or one place.

Page 18: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Census Geography

Notice that many lines radiate from blocks, indicating that most geographic types can be described as a collection of blocks, the smallest geographic unit for which the Census Bureau reports data.

However, only two of these lines also describe the path by which a block is uniquely named. That is, the path through the Block Group.

Page 19: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Census Geography Map

Page 20: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Urban AreasUrbanized = Densely settled area, 50,000+

Urban Cluster = Densely settled area, 2500-50,000; can be outside metro area

Page 21: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Metropolitan Statistical Area

Central city of 50,000 or more Its own county, and Surrounding counties with heavy commuting patternsEntire counties belong to MSAs

Page 22: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

MSA Definitions

This is very complicated

Just consult the definitions when you need them

http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metrodef.html

Page 23: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Census Tracts Areas of about 4000 people Approximate neighborhoods

Page 24: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Block GroupTwo – eight block groups per tract

Smallest area for sample data

Page 25: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Census Data Sources

American FactFinder http://factfinder.census.gov/

•A web-based tool developed by the Census Bureau to provide census data on the Web

•Will probably suffice for all but the most complex analyses

•Provides useful first glance at the data before you construct your own analysis

Page 26: U.S. Census Overview SOC 101. Outline of Presentation  Census History  Census Questionnaire  Census Geography  Census Data  American FactFinder

Sources U.S. Census Bureau

http://www.census.gov American FactFinder

http://factfinder.census.gov/ Census Toolkit

http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/census2/centool.pdf Census Tutorials

Numeric and Spatial Data Services Library, University of Michigan http://www.lib.umich.edu/nsds/

Community and Regional Planning Program of The University of Texas at Austin School of Architecture, “Working with 2000 Census Data in ArcGIS,”

http://mather.ar.utexas.edu/Courses/parmenter/gis/arcgis_tips/census2000/index.html

Peters, A. and H. MacDonald. 2004. Unlocking the Census with GIS. ESRI Press.Redlands, CA.