U.S. Cultural HistoryU.S. Cultural History

Culture of the Culture of the 60’s60’s

Baby BoomBaby BoomCountercultureCounterculture

RadicalsRadicalsRevolutionRevolutionCivil RightsCivil Rights

ActivismActivism

• You did not have to lock your doors at night. You really didn't. Parents did not worry You did not have to lock your doors at night. You really didn't. Parents did not worry about their kids playing outside after sunset. But there were curfews; reasonable ones. about their kids playing outside after sunset. But there were curfews; reasonable ones. And no kid was out after midnight on a school night. And no kid was out after midnight on a school night.

• There were no metal detectors at the airports... or the schools. There were no warning There were no metal detectors at the airports... or the schools. There were no warning labels on our records, no ratings necessary on the movies. And TV shows were fit for the labels on our records, no ratings necessary on the movies. And TV shows were fit for the whole family. whole family.

• When you fell down at the store, you apologized for being careless, and went home... When you fell down at the store, you apologized for being careless, and went home... embarrassed. If you got hurt, you went to your doctor, and you paid the bill yourself. embarrassed. If you got hurt, you went to your doctor, and you paid the bill yourself. Sometimes, the doctor would even come to your house. Sometimes, the doctor would even come to your house.

• When you really messed up at school, you got sent to the principal's office. And then you When you really messed up at school, you got sent to the principal's office. And then you paid the price... once then, and again when you got home. Your parent's word was the paid the price... once then, and again when you got home. Your parent's word was the final word. final word.

• We knew what "shame" was back then. We knew what "shame" was back then.

• We knew what a family was back then; we knew what "responsibility" was back then; and We knew what a family was back then; we knew what "responsibility" was back then; and we knew the definition of the word "is.”we knew the definition of the word "is.”

• Most families had one or two television sets, one or two telephones, and one or two cars. Most families had one or two television sets, one or two telephones, and one or two cars. Few kids got a car when they turned 16.Few kids got a car when they turned 16.

• Most homes, even those in the south, did not have air conditioning; neither did Most homes, even those in the south, did not have air conditioning; neither did most cars. In the summer, people opened their windows at home and used large most cars. In the summer, people opened their windows at home and used large fans; they sat and entertained on screened-in porches; they drove with the fans; they sat and entertained on screened-in porches; they drove with the windows open. We used less than half the amount of energy (per person) than we windows open. We used less than half the amount of energy (per person) than we do today. do today.

• About 40-60% of adults smoked. And they smoked everywhere... in restaurants, About 40-60% of adults smoked. And they smoked everywhere... in restaurants, airplanes, movie theatres, offices, elevators, buses... everywhere. TV newscasters airplanes, movie theatres, offices, elevators, buses... everywhere. TV newscasters smoked on the air, Johnny Carson and his guests smoked on television. smoked on the air, Johnny Carson and his guests smoked on television. Cigarettes were advertised everywhere... TV, radio, magazines, ball parks, Cigarettes were advertised everywhere... TV, radio, magazines, ball parks, airports.... everywhere. Until the mid-60s, the manufacturers of cigarettes even airports.... everywhere. Until the mid-60s, the manufacturers of cigarettes even suggested that their products might be good for your healthsuggested that their products might be good for your health

• Our air, rivers, and open spaces were far more polluted. Some people threw trash Our air, rivers, and open spaces were far more polluted. Some people threw trash out the windows of their cars or dropped it on the ground. But there were no out the windows of their cars or dropped it on the ground. But there were no plastic bags. Taking out the trash was an ugly chore. plastic bags. Taking out the trash was an ugly chore.

• There were virtually no drive-by shootings or guns in schools. You knew your There were virtually no drive-by shootings or guns in schools. You knew your neighbors and respected them. The language on television was much more tame. neighbors and respected them. The language on television was much more tame.

• There was not a fast food restaurant on every street corner. The menu at McDonald's There was not a fast food restaurant on every street corner. The menu at McDonald's consisted about about six items. There was no fast food breakfast. There were 30 consisted about about six items. There was no fast food breakfast. There were 30 brands of cereal at the grocery store, not 300. There were no microwave ovens. brands of cereal at the grocery store, not 300. There were no microwave ovens. Hamburgers, fries and hot dogs were king. As a foreign dish, a lot of people ate Hamburgers, fries and hot dogs were king. As a foreign dish, a lot of people ate ravioli - Chef Boyardee Ravioli. Milk was good for you. Coke and Pepsi were a treat. ravioli - Chef Boyardee Ravioli. Milk was good for you. Coke and Pepsi were a treat. There were no diet sodas. Soft drinks came in 6-ounce, glass bottles that you had to There were no diet sodas. Soft drinks came in 6-ounce, glass bottles that you had to return to the store. A quarter-pound burger was huge - and rare. There were no return to the store. A quarter-pound burger was huge - and rare. There were no super-size fries or big-gulp soft drinks. super-size fries or big-gulp soft drinks.

• A favorite candy bar was the Clark Bar. But Baby Ruth, Milky Way, Snickers, Three A favorite candy bar was the Clark Bar. But Baby Ruth, Milky Way, Snickers, Three Musketeers and PayDay were also popular. So was the standard Hershey Bar - plain Musketeers and PayDay were also popular. So was the standard Hershey Bar - plain or with nuts. "Sometimes you feel like a nut" - Peter Paul Almond Joy and Peter Paul or with nuts. "Sometimes you feel like a nut" - Peter Paul Almond Joy and Peter Paul Mounds candy bars. As with most foods, the candy bars were much smaller; but Mounds candy bars. As with most foods, the candy bars were much smaller; but they cost a nickel back then. At the movies we had popcorn, Cokes and Milk Duds. they cost a nickel back then. At the movies we had popcorn, Cokes and Milk Duds. We chewed a lot of gum back then - bubble gum, too; big wads of bubble gum. We chewed a lot of gum back then - bubble gum, too; big wads of bubble gum.

• Long before there was Tang, there were Fizzies. They were tablets about an inch in Long before there was Tang, there were Fizzies. They were tablets about an inch in diameter. You dropped one in a glass of water, and it fizzed (or bubbled) for about a diameter. You dropped one in a glass of water, and it fizzed (or bubbled) for about a minute as it dissolved in the water. Fizzies came in several flavors. They were cool! minute as it dissolved in the water. Fizzies came in several flavors. They were cool! Kool-Aid was cool, too. Kool-Aid was cool, too.

• Nation elected its youngest president, John Fitzgerald Nation elected its youngest president, John Fitzgerald Kennedy-Kennedy-

• Full of charm, intelligence, and energy, he inspired the Full of charm, intelligence, and energy, he inspired the nation.nation.

• first televised presidential debates in 1960first televised presidential debates in 1960

• President Kennedy was killed. Americans across the President Kennedy was killed. Americans across the country watched the assassination, and the later murder of country watched the assassination, and the later murder of the accused assassin, on television. In addition to causing the accused assassin, on television. In addition to causing many to take a closer, more critical look at their culture and many to take a closer, more critical look at their culture and values; the event solidified television's central role in values; the event solidified television's central role in American society. The immediacy of the exposure brought American society. The immediacy of the exposure brought the country together in a state of national mourning. the country together in a state of national mourning.

Kennedy’s New FrontierKennedy’s New Frontier• Chapter 31 Sect. 4Chapter 31 Sect. 4

• Civil Rights- rights of all Americans to vote and have a Civil Rights- rights of all Americans to vote and have a fair trialfair trial

– 1962- desegregation of federal funded public housing 1962- desegregation of federal funded public housing projectsprojects

– Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity.Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity.

– Robert Kennedy as Attorney General- help southern blacks.Robert Kennedy as Attorney General- help southern blacks.

– Blacks appointed as judges and ambassadorsBlacks appointed as judges and ambassadors

• Black Revolts- 1961-1963Black Revolts- 1961-1963– 1961- Freedom Riders- desegregate Interstate busses.1961- Freedom Riders- desegregate Interstate busses.

– 1962- James Meredith and the University of Mississippi.1962- James Meredith and the University of Mississippi.

– Television- struggle, violence, sit-ins, demonstrations.Television- struggle, violence, sit-ins, demonstrations.

– 1963- Sit-ins desegregate lunch counters, hotels and theaters.1963- Sit-ins desegregate lunch counters, hotels and theaters.

– 1963- Martin Luther King and Birmingham, Alabama.- Bull 1963- Martin Luther King and Birmingham, Alabama.- Bull Connors, dogs, fire hoses, electric cattle prods, bombings.Connors, dogs, fire hoses, electric cattle prods, bombings.

– 1963- Kennedy call for new Civil Rights laws.1963- Kennedy call for new Civil Rights laws.

– 1963- Medgar Evers- NAACP in Mississippi assassinated.1963- Medgar Evers- NAACP in Mississippi assassinated.

• March on Washington- August 8, 1963- “ I have a Dream” March on Washington- August 8, 1963- “ I have a Dream” and “We shall overcome”.and “We shall overcome”.

Item 1962 Price ***

Price in 2004 dollars ***

1972 Price

Price in 2004 dollars

2004 Price ***

Notes

pack of chewing gum 0.05 0.28     0.5

5 sticks per pack in 1962

candy bar 0.05 0.28 0.25 1.05 0.6

much larger serving today

ice cream bar 0.15 0.85 0.25 1.05 0.85  Buster Brown shoes 3 16.8     20  

--- 1962 --- --- 1972 ---  2004

Prices in the 60’sPrices in the 60’s

tennis shoes 5 28     40  

movie ticket 0.5 2.85     8

much lousier movies today

popcorn at the movie 0.2 1.12 0.75 3.15 3

much larger serving today

soft drink 0.1 0.57     0.75

much larger serving today

fast food hamburger 0.2 1.14     1.75

much larger serving today

--- 1962 --- --- 1972 ---  2004

Prices in the 60’sPrices in the 60’s

45 rpm (single) record 1 5.6     6

much better music then

music album 3 16.8     16

much better music then

gallon of gas 0.31 1.77 0.36 1.51 1.5  

1st class postage 0.04 0.23 0.18 0.75 0.37

1st class now goes via air mail

pay phone - local call 0.1 0.57 0.1 0.42 0.35

Long distance rates are much cheaper today.

--- 1962 --- --- 1972 ---  2004

Prices in the 60’sPrices in the 60’s

LBJ’s Great SocietyLBJ’s Great Society• Chapter 32 Sect. 2Chapter 32 Sect. 2• ““Great Society”-Great Society”- abundance and liberty for all; end to poverty abundance and liberty for all; end to poverty

and racial injustice; every child can find knowledge; renew and racial injustice; every child can find knowledge; renew contact with nature; a challenge constantly renewedcontact with nature; a challenge constantly renewed

– War on PovertyWar on Poverty: forty programs that were intended to eliminate poverty by : forty programs that were intended to eliminate poverty by improving living conditions and enabling people to lift themselves out of the cycle improving living conditions and enabling people to lift themselves out of the cycle of poverty. of poverty.

– Education:Education: sixty separate bills that provided for new and better-equipped sixty separate bills that provided for new and better-equipped classrooms, minority scholarships, and low-interest student loans. classrooms, minority scholarships, and low-interest student loans. Elementary Elementary and Secondary Education Act and Secondary Education Act

– Medicare & MedicaidMedicare & Medicaid: guaranteed health care to every American over sixty-five.: guaranteed health care to every American over sixty-five.– The EnvironmentThe Environment: introduced measures to reclaim our heritage of clean air and : introduced measures to reclaim our heritage of clean air and

water. water. Water Quality Act 1965Water Quality Act 1965– National Endowment for the Arts and the HumanitiesNational Endowment for the Arts and the Humanities: created with the : created with the

philosophy that artists, performers, and writers were a priceless part of our philosophy that artists, performers, and writers were a priceless part of our heritage and deserve support.heritage and deserve support.

– Job CorpsJob Corps: provided enabling skills for young men and women.: provided enabling skills for young men and women.– Head StartHead Start: program for four- and five-year-old children from disadvantaged : program for four- and five-year-old children from disadvantaged

families that gave them a chance to start school on an even basis with other families that gave them a chance to start school on an even basis with other youngsters.youngsters.

– Appalachian Regional Development ActAppalachian Regional Development Act– Housing and Urban Development Act 1965Housing and Urban Development Act 1965– Immigration Act of 1965Immigration Act of 1965– Tax surchargeTax surcharge– Consumer Protection and Environment- Rachel Carson and Ralph Nader.Consumer Protection and Environment- Rachel Carson and Ralph Nader.

TelevisionTelevision

• 1960, Americans owned 85 million television sets1960, Americans owned 85 million television sets

• CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite- news of race riots in New York City and CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite- news of race riots in New York City and Los Angeles, and of the beginnings of troop escalation in Vietnam.Los Angeles, and of the beginnings of troop escalation in Vietnam.

• Among entertainment programs, westerns, detective and police shows, family Among entertainment programs, westerns, detective and police shows, family sitcoms, medical shows, game shows, and variety shows were the most sitcoms, medical shows, game shows, and variety shows were the most prevalent and popular genres. prevalent and popular genres. The Flintstones , Rocky and his Friends, Alvin & the Chipmunks , the Jetsons , and Mr..... Magoo. The Andy Griffith Show , Beverly Hillbillies,Bewitched, The Addams Family, My

Favorite Martian , I Dream of Jeannie, Star Trek, the Outer Limits , and the Twilight Zone. • There were only three television networks. There were no VCRs and, of course, There were only three television networks. There were no VCRs and, of course,

no Internet. Accordingly, there were far fewer programs on television. But as a no Internet. Accordingly, there were far fewer programs on television. But as a result, most of us watched the same programs. That tended to bring us together, result, most of us watched the same programs. That tended to bring us together, whereas today's targeted programming tends to separate us. whereas today's targeted programming tends to separate us.

• Television also brought the Beatles into American homes. On February 9, 1964 Television also brought the Beatles into American homes. On February 9, 1964 the group appeared on the "Ed Sullivan Show," beginning the British Invasion the group appeared on the "Ed Sullivan Show," beginning the British Invasion with a rash of "Beatlemania.”with a rash of "Beatlemania.”

BooksBooks

• Kurt Vonnegut's Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-FiveSlaughterhouse-Five. .

• Other books focussed on bringing about change in the present. Rachel Other books focussed on bringing about change in the present. Rachel Carson's Carson's Silent SpringSilent Spring (1962), Michael Harrington's (1962), Michael Harrington's The Other AmericaThe Other America (1962), and Betty Friedan's (1962), and Betty Friedan's The Feminine MystiqueThe Feminine Mystique (1963) brought about (1963) brought about revolutions in the way people thought about social issues like revolutions in the way people thought about social issues like environmental pollution, poverty and gender stereotypes.environmental pollution, poverty and gender stereotypes.

• The anti-war movement of the later sixties was anticipated by Joseph The anti-war movement of the later sixties was anticipated by Joseph Heller's Heller's Catch-22Catch-22 (1961). John Le Carré debuted his gritty, realistic view of (1961). John Le Carré debuted his gritty, realistic view of espionage in espionage in The Spy Who Came In From the ColdThe Spy Who Came In From the Cold (1963). His novels were (1963). His novels were in direct contrast to the glamorous James Bond, created by Ian Fleming, in direct contrast to the glamorous James Bond, created by Ian Fleming, whose novels President Kennedy professed to enjoy.- whose novels President Kennedy professed to enjoy.- Dr. No, From Dr. No, From Russia With Love, and GoldfingerRussia With Love, and Goldfinger

MoviesMovies• On the BeachOn the Beach (1960), (1960), West Side StoryWest Side Story (1962), and (1962), and To Kill a MockingbirdTo Kill a Mockingbird (1962). In 1963, Sidney (1962). In 1963, Sidney

Poitier won the Academy Award for his role in Poitier won the Academy Award for his role in Lilies of the FieldLilies of the Field..

• Butterfield 8Butterfield 8 (1960), (1960), The ApartmentThe Apartment (1960), (1960), Come SeptemberCome September (1961), (1961), LolitaLolita (1962), (1962), Irma La Irma La DouceDouce (1963), and (1963), and GypsyGypsy (1963). Epics like (1963). Epics like Ben HurBen Hur (1960) and (1960) and Judgment at NurembergJudgment at Nuremberg (1961) (1961) and classic movies like and classic movies like PsychoPsycho (1960) and (1960) and Breakfast at Tiffany'sBreakfast at Tiffany's (1961) were released, as well (1961) were released, as well as the first of the James Bond movies, as the first of the James Bond movies, Dr. NoDr. No (1962). Disney scored several commercial (1962). Disney scored several commercial triumphs, including four hits in 1961: triumphs, including four hits in 1961: The Parent Trap, The Absent-Minded Professor, Swiss The Parent Trap, The Absent-Minded Professor, Swiss Family Robinson, and 101 Dalmatians.Family Robinson, and 101 Dalmatians.

• The PawnbrokerThe Pawnbroker (1965) and (1965) and Easy RiderEasy Rider (1969). Violence and horror were depicted more (1969). Violence and horror were depicted more graphically than ever before, in such movies as graphically than ever before, in such movies as Rosemary's BabyRosemary's Baby (1968) and (1968) and The Wild AngelsThe Wild Angels (1966). Heroes became passé, and anti-heroes became protagonists. (1966). Heroes became passé, and anti-heroes became protagonists. Bonnie and ClydeBonnie and Clyde (1967) (1967)

• Westerns was replaced by more sardonic Italian-made Westerns, called "Spaghetti Westerns," Westerns was replaced by more sardonic Italian-made Westerns, called "Spaghetti Westerns," such as such as The Good, the Bad, and the UglyThe Good, the Bad, and the Ugly (1968). Beach movies like (1968). Beach movies like Beach PartyBeach Party (1963) were (1963) were replaced by more rebellious biker movies like replaced by more rebellious biker movies like The Wild AngelsThe Wild Angels (1966). Sex and relationships (1966). Sex and relationships were explored in movies like were explored in movies like The GraduateThe Graduate (1968) and (1968) and Bob and Carol and Ted and AliceBob and Carol and Ted and Alice (1969). (1969). Issues of race and ethnicity appeared in movies like Issues of race and ethnicity appeared in movies like Guess Who's Coming to DinnerGuess Who's Coming to Dinner (1968) (1968) and and Goodbye, ColumbusGoodbye, Columbus (1969). (1969).

• Some filmmakers brooded on the unpleasant side of life, such as Some filmmakers brooded on the unpleasant side of life, such as Who's Afraid of Virginia Who's Afraid of Virginia WoolfWoolf (1966) and (1966) and Midnight CowboyMidnight Cowboy (1969). Others pondered the future of humankind in movies (1969). Others pondered the future of humankind in movies like like 2001: A Space Odyssey2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) and (1968) and Planet of the ApesPlanet of the Apes (1968). (1968). BarbarellaBarbarella (1968) and (1968) and The The ProducersProducers (1968). (1968).

SportsSports

• In sports, the New York Yankees won the World Series two years in a row, in 1961 In sports, the New York Yankees won the World Series two years in a row, in 1961 and 1962. and 1962.

• The Summer Olympic Games of 1960 took place in Rome, Italy, and the Winter The Summer Olympic Games of 1960 took place in Rome, Italy, and the Winter Games took place in Squaw Valley, California.Games took place in Squaw Valley, California.

• Roger Maris hit homer number 61, setting a record that wasn't broken until the Roger Maris hit homer number 61, setting a record that wasn't broken until the September of 1998 by Mark McGwire. September of 1998 by Mark McGwire.

• Wilma Rudolph, a black American woman, received three Olympic gold medals in Wilma Rudolph, a black American woman, received three Olympic gold medals in fast running. As a child, she was very ill with pneumonia and scarlet fever. She fast running. As a child, she was very ill with pneumonia and scarlet fever. She barely lived, and doctors said she probably would never be able to walk again. barely lived, and doctors said she probably would never be able to walk again. But she never gave up hope, and was not only able to walk again, but able to But she never gave up hope, and was not only able to walk again, but able to outrun everyone else in the Olympics to be rewarded with three gold medals. outrun everyone else in the Olympics to be rewarded with three gold medals.

• In 1962, Jackie Robinson, the first black American to play in major league In 1962, Jackie Robinson, the first black American to play in major league baseball, was placed in the Baseball Hall of Fame for his talent. baseball, was placed in the Baseball Hall of Fame for his talent.

• The first Super Bowl was played in 1967, with the Green Bay Packers and the The first Super Bowl was played in 1967, with the Green Bay Packers and the

Kansas City Chiefs; the Packers won.Kansas City Chiefs; the Packers won.

ClementeClemente MarisMaris RudolphRudolph Super Bowl #1Super Bowl #1

Mantle and Mantle and DimaggioDimaggio

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology

• The big-three auto manufacturers (Ford, GM and Chrysler) The big-three auto manufacturers (Ford, GM and Chrysler) ownedowned the car market the car market

• In science and technology-In science and technology-

– pacemakers and lasers pacemakers and lasers – 1st birth control pill, Enovid, in 1960. 1st birth control pill, Enovid, in 1960. – computer silicon chips were patented.computer silicon chips were patented.– tranquilizer valium was developedtranquilizer valium was developed– quasars, the most distant objects in the universe, were identified in 1963. quasars, the most distant objects in the universe, were identified in 1963. – Research in ecology grew in response to reports of the environmental impact of pollution. Research in ecology grew in response to reports of the environmental impact of pollution. – NASA scientists were hard at work trying to beat the Soviets in putting a man on the moon.NASA scientists were hard at work trying to beat the Soviets in putting a man on the moon.– Fear of nuclear war came to a head with the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. Fear of nuclear war came to a head with the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. – IBM introduced the System/360 family of compatible computersIBM introduced the System/360 family of compatible computers– improved strain of rice, which ushered in the Green Revolution in developing countries.improved strain of rice, which ushered in the Green Revolution in developing countries.– Surgeon General reported a link between smoking and lung cancer in 1964Surgeon General reported a link between smoking and lung cancer in 1964– soft contact lenses were developed in 1965.soft contact lenses were developed in 1965.– Supertankers were introduced to transport oil. Supertankers were introduced to transport oil. – The most famous technological event, however, was Apollo 11's moon landing on July 20, 1969, The most famous technological event, however, was Apollo 11's moon landing on July 20, 1969,

which was televised live to American homes. which was televised live to American homes. – Recordings were improved by the development of a Dolby device to filter out background noise.Recordings were improved by the development of a Dolby device to filter out background noise.– In 1968, American cars were required to have anti-pollution devices to control emissions because In 1968, American cars were required to have anti-pollution devices to control emissions because

of the newly understood dangers of automobile hydrocarbon emissions.of the newly understood dangers of automobile hydrocarbon emissions.

FadsFads

• Twist and surfing, the Watusi replaced the twist. The Twist and surfing, the Watusi replaced the twist. The Mashed Potato, the Swim, , the Monkey and the Jerk , the Swim, , the Monkey and the Jerk followed the Twistfollowed the Twist

• Limbo and Pop Art à la Andy Warhol. Op art, with its thumb-nosing attitude toward established artistic norms Limbo and Pop Art à la Andy Warhol. Op art, with its thumb-nosing attitude toward established artistic norms of subject and style, became popular. of subject and style, became popular.

• Barbie dolls and Troll dolls were the last word in toy chic. Barbie dolls and Troll dolls were the last word in toy chic.

• For women, the miniskirt and Jackie Kennedy made pillbox hats and wraparound sunglasses important For women, the miniskirt and Jackie Kennedy made pillbox hats and wraparound sunglasses important accessories. The "face of 1966" was Twiggy, the skinny Cockney model who popularized a unisex, nouveaux accessories. The "face of 1966" was Twiggy, the skinny Cockney model who popularized a unisex, nouveaux flapper look for women. Many women wore pierced ears, white boots and white stockings, with the more racy flapper look for women. Many women wore pierced ears, white boots and white stockings, with the more racy donning microminiskirtsdonning microminiskirts

• Discotheques became popular. Discotheques became popular.

• Men wore longer hair, women wore pantsMen wore longer hair, women wore pants

• The hippie lifestyle was embraced by growing numbers in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco.The hippie lifestyle was embraced by growing numbers in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco.

• "afro" hairdos and traditional West African garb. "afro" hairdos and traditional West African garb.

• Beach movies grew in popularity, "dry surfing," or skateboarding, became a frequent pastime of young people. Beach movies grew in popularity, "dry surfing," or skateboarding, became a frequent pastime of young people.

• 1968-Big Macs and quartz watches were first marketed. 1968-Big Macs and quartz watches were first marketed.

• Cashmere turtlenecks, especially when worn under Nehru jackets, became chic. The mod look of Dutch-boy Cashmere turtlenecks, especially when worn under Nehru jackets, became chic. The mod look of Dutch-boy caps, flamboyant wide ties, silk shirts, and bell-bottomed trousers was the style for men.. Teens wore granny caps, flamboyant wide ties, silk shirts, and bell-bottomed trousers was the style for men.. Teens wore granny glasses, while the children sported cartoon character watches.glasses, while the children sported cartoon character watches.

Popular MusicPopular Music

• Chubby Checker's :The Twist" (1962), Frankie Valli and the Four Season's "Walk Chubby Checker's :The Twist" (1962), Frankie Valli and the Four Season's "Walk Like a Man" (196?), and the Beach Boys' "Surfin' U.S.A." (1963) were among the Like a Man" (196?), and the Beach Boys' "Surfin' U.S.A." (1963) were among the top songs. Girl groups began releasing hits, such as the Shirelles' "Will you still top songs. Girl groups began releasing hits, such as the Shirelles' "Will you still love me tomorrow" (196?).love me tomorrow" (196?).

• Sam Cooke and Aretha Franklin followed the lead of Ray Charles in creating the Sam Cooke and Aretha Franklin followed the lead of Ray Charles in creating the genre of Soul music genre of Soul music

• Bob Dylan's and folk singers like Joan Baez and Peter, Paul, and Mary.Bob Dylan's and folk singers like Joan Baez and Peter, Paul, and Mary.

• Competing with the Beatles for the top song slots were the elegant Supremes.Competing with the Beatles for the top song slots were the elegant Supremes.

• In 1967, British and American musicians entered a new psychedelic sonic In 1967, British and American musicians entered a new psychedelic sonic landscape with albums like Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (The landscape with albums like Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (The Beatles), Are You Experienced? (Jimi Hendrix), Surrealistic Pillow (Jefferson Beatles), Are You Experienced? (Jimi Hendrix), Surrealistic Pillow (Jefferson Airplane), The Doors (Jim Morrison and The Doors), many of these musicians Airplane), The Doors (Jim Morrison and The Doors), many of these musicians and their fans used mind-altering drugs to produce or enhance these effects. and their fans used mind-altering drugs to produce or enhance these effects. Whereas marijuana had been the most common drug among folk, R&B, and rock Whereas marijuana had been the most common drug among folk, R&B, and rock musicians, LSD became popular among those of the acid rock, heavy metal, and musicians, LSD became popular among those of the acid rock, heavy metal, and psychedelic crowd.psychedelic crowd.

Civil RightsCivil Rights

• The black movement began peacefully, with The black movement began peacefully, with Martin Luther King and and Stokely Carmichael leading sit-ins and peaceful protests, joined by whites leading sit-ins and peaceful protests, joined by whites and Jews.and Jews.

• Malcolm X preached black superiority preached black superiority

• Black Panthers were advocating black separatism, violence and anti-were advocating black separatism, violence and anti-Semitism.Semitism.

• The term "blacks" became socially acceptable, replacing "Negroes." The term "blacks" became socially acceptable, replacing "Negroes."

• The number of Hispanic Americans tripled during the decade and became The number of Hispanic Americans tripled during the decade and became recognized as an oppressed minority. recognized as an oppressed minority. Cesar Chavez organized Hispanics organized Hispanics in the in the United Farm Workers Association. .

• American Indians, facing unemployment rates of 50% and a life expectancy , facing unemployment rates of 50% and a life expectancy only two-thirds that of whites, began to assert themselves in the courts only two-thirds that of whites, began to assert themselves in the courts and in and in violent protests. protests.

• The The Presidential Commission of the Status of WomenPresidential Commission of the Status of Women (1963) presented (1963) presented disturbing facts about women's place in our society. disturbing facts about women's place in our society. Betty Friedan, Pauli , Pauli Murray and Murray and Gloria Steinem, (, (National Organization of Women) questioned the ) questioned the unequal treatment of women, gave birth to unequal treatment of women, gave birth to Women's Lib, . .

• The The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was amended to include gender. The of 1964 was amended to include gender. The birth control pill became widely available and became widely available and abortion for cause was for cause was legalized in Colorado in 1967. In 1967, both abortion and artificial legalized in Colorado in 1967. In 1967, both abortion and artificial insemination became legal in some states..insemination became legal in some states..

Black Revolt and Youth RebellionBlack Revolt and Youth Rebellion

• Summer Freedom ProjectSummer Freedom Project- CORE -- CORE -1964 to get blacks 1964 to get blacks registered to vote in Mississippi. Three civil rights workers registered to vote in Mississippi. Three civil rights workers killed, homes and churches bombed and burned.killed, homes and churches bombed and burned.

• Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964- - integration of public places.integration of public places.

• 1964- Martin Luther King Jr. gets Nobel Peace 1964- Martin Luther King Jr. gets Nobel Peace Prize.Prize.

• Selma Freedom MarchSelma Freedom March- - 1964 march from Selma to 1964 march from Selma to Montgomery Alabama for freedom from the oppression. Gov. Montgomery Alabama for freedom from the oppression. Gov. Wallace tried to stop it, but government troops protected the Wallace tried to stop it, but government troops protected the third march attempt and it was successful.third march attempt and it was successful.

• Malcolm X- Nation of Islam and assassinated.Malcolm X- Nation of Islam and assassinated.• Stokely Carmichael- “Black Power”Stokely Carmichael- “Black Power”• Riots- 1967- in major cities.Riots- 1967- in major cities.

• Youth RebellionYouth Rebellion- - Baby Boom and prosperity. Hippies Baby Boom and prosperity. Hippies and the counterculture. New Left- SNCC, SDS, Weathermen, and the counterculture. New Left- SNCC, SDS, Weathermen, Campus protest, and Anti-Vietnam.Campus protest, and Anti-Vietnam.

RacismRacism• IntegrationIntegration- - Even after 1954 schools still segregated- private Even after 1954 schools still segregated- private

schools, movement of whites to all white neighborhoods; large all Black schools, movement of whites to all white neighborhoods; large all Black neighborhoods; New schools and district lines; Court orders integrationneighborhoods; New schools and district lines; Court orders integration

• Forced BusingForced Busing- - is the concept of achieving racial or economic is the concept of achieving racial or economic integration in schools by transportation of schoolchildren by bus to integration in schools by transportation of schoolchildren by bus to schools outside their neighborhoodsschools outside their neighborhoods. Court ordered to provide a racial Court ordered to provide a racial balance. Violence. Created new problem- long bus rides, parent and balance. Violence. Created new problem- long bus rides, parent and teacher communication suffered.teacher communication suffered.

• Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action- - Affirmative Action levels the playing field Affirmative Action levels the playing field so people of color and all women have the chance to compete in so people of color and all women have the chance to compete in education and in business. Despite the enormous gains made by the civil education and in business. Despite the enormous gains made by the civil rights and women's rights movements, women and people of color still rights and women's rights movements, women and people of color still face unfair obstacles in business and education.face unfair obstacles in business and education.

• Reverse DiscriminationReverse Discrimination- - “Bakke Case- 1978” . “Bakke Case- 1978” . Discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, Discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, especially when resulting from policies established to correct especially when resulting from policies established to correct

discrimination against members of a minority or disadvantaged group.discrimination against members of a minority or disadvantaged group.

Woodstock 1969Woodstock 1969• No where was counterculture so No where was counterculture so

celebrated as at the mass music celebrated as at the mass music festivals of the late sixties, culminating festivals of the late sixties, culminating in the Woodstock festival in 1969. A in the Woodstock festival in 1969. A ticket for one day cost $6-$8; a 3-day ticket for one day cost $6-$8; a 3-day ticket: $18-24.ticket: $18-24.

• Three days of Peace and Music." August Three days of Peace and Music." August 15, 16, and 17, 1969. 15, 16, and 17, 1969.

• 450,000 kids 450,000 kids

• 100 miles from New York City100 miles from New York City

• In a matter of minutes, the festival In a matter of minutes, the festival became a free eventbecame a free event

• People parked their cars as far as 20 People parked their cars as far as 20 miles away. Once you arrived, you had miles away. Once you arrived, you had to stay; there was nowhere to go. There to stay; there was nowhere to go. There was no place to sleep, no place to bathe, was no place to sleep, no place to bathe, no place to eat... no place to nothin'.no place to eat... no place to nothin'.

Woodstock 1969Woodstock 1969• Woodstock hoped to draw a crowd of 150,000 for a Woodstock hoped to draw a crowd of 150,000 for a

celebration of a communal spirit and to hear some of the celebration of a communal spirit and to hear some of the most popular rock acts of the day. most popular rock acts of the day.

• The festival started on Friday, August 15, 1969, and the The festival started on Friday, August 15, 1969, and the crowds quickly grew to number over 450,000, causing crowds quickly grew to number over 450,000, causing massive traffic jams, logistical nightmares, shortages of massive traffic jams, logistical nightmares, shortages of food and medical supplies, and potential problems of food and medical supplies, and potential problems of crowd control. crowd control.

• On Saturday, the gates were opened to accommodate the On Saturday, the gates were opened to accommodate the many thousands who arrived without tickets. The music many thousands who arrived without tickets. The music was almost nonstop, the rains came, drug use was was almost nonstop, the rains came, drug use was widespread, sanitary conditions were primitive, bad acid widespread, sanitary conditions were primitive, bad acid trips were a constant problem, yet somehow it all worked trips were a constant problem, yet somehow it all worked

out.out. • Richie Havens; Country Joe McDonald; Jimi Hendrix; Richie Havens; Country Joe McDonald; Jimi Hendrix;

John Sebastian; Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young; Melanie; John Sebastian; Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young; Melanie; Arlo Guthrie; CCR, Janis Joplin; Jefferson Airplane; and Arlo Guthrie; CCR, Janis Joplin; Jefferson Airplane; and the Grateful Dead.the Grateful Dead.

• A few months later, a similar gathering was held at a A few months later, a similar gathering was held at a racetrack in Altamont, California, and turned ugly when racetrack in Altamont, California, and turned ugly when members of the Hell's Angels attacked and killed a man members of the Hell's Angels attacked and killed a man

near the stage where the Rolling Stones were performing.near the stage where the Rolling Stones were performing.

Rebellion and the Rebellion and the CountercultureCounterculture

• Problems- escalating war in Vietnam, the incomplete success of the Great Society and the civil Problems- escalating war in Vietnam, the incomplete success of the Great Society and the civil rights movement. rights movement.

• The pursuit of sex, drugs, and rock and roll became the preoccupation- “Tune in, turn on and drop The pursuit of sex, drugs, and rock and roll became the preoccupation- “Tune in, turn on and drop out”. Communes arose.out”. Communes arose.

• The counter-culture lifestyle stressed:*freedom,*peace,*love & tolerance,*getting back to The counter-culture lifestyle stressed:*freedom,*peace,*love & tolerance,*getting back to nature,*the power of the group. “You're either on the bus or off the bus.” “Do your own thing”, “ nature,*the power of the group. “You're either on the bus or off the bus.” “Do your own thing”, “ Tell it like it is”, and experimentation with drugs and more extensive sexual activity. “Better living Tell it like it is”, and experimentation with drugs and more extensive sexual activity. “Better living

through chemistry.”through chemistry.” • San Francisco was a major hub. Young people across the country emulated aspects of the hippie San Francisco was a major hub. Young people across the country emulated aspects of the hippie

lifestyle. lifestyle.

• The hippie lifestyle appeared on television, in the movies, and on Broadway.The hippie lifestyle appeared on television, in the movies, and on Broadway.

• Americans became fascinated with everything from East Asian clothing to Hindu mysticism. Americans became fascinated with everything from East Asian clothing to Hindu mysticism. Among the most eager consumers of mysticism were the residents of Haight-Ashbury in San Among the most eager consumers of mysticism were the residents of Haight-Ashbury in San Francisco.Francisco.

• The hippie counterculture came with a uniform: long hair, tie-dyed shirts, jeans, protest buttons, The hippie counterculture came with a uniform: long hair, tie-dyed shirts, jeans, protest buttons, long flowered skirts. Just as the hippie look was considerably more relaxed than prevailing long flowered skirts. Just as the hippie look was considerably more relaxed than prevailing standards, hippie sexual mores were generally looser than those of the general populace. standards, hippie sexual mores were generally looser than those of the general populace. Nevertheless, their actions made an impact on the larger society, changing the role of sex in Nevertheless, their actions made an impact on the larger society, changing the role of sex in American society. “American society. “A hippie is someone who dresses like Tarzan, has hair like Jane, and smells A hippie is someone who dresses like Tarzan, has hair like Jane, and smells like Cheetah."like Cheetah."--California governor Ronald Reagan--California governor Ronald Reagan

Rebellion and the Rebellion and the CountercultureCounterculture

• The Supreme Court decided in 1962 that The Supreme Court decided in 1962 that prayer in the public schools was in the public schools was unconstitutional. unconstitutional.

• As the 1960's progressed, many young people turned from mainstream As the 1960's progressed, many young people turned from mainstream Protestant religions to mystic eastern religions such as Protestant religions to mystic eastern religions such as Transcendental Meditation ( (Maharishi Mahesh Yogi) or ) or Zen Buddhism. .

• Respect for authority declined among the youth, and crime rates soared to Respect for authority declined among the youth, and crime rates soared to nine times the rate of the 1950's. nine times the rate of the 1950's.

• Marijuana use soared. Respected figures such as use soared. Respected figures such as Timothy Leary encouraged encouraged

the use of the use of LSD as a mind-opening drug. as a mind-opening drug. • A number dropped out into communal livingA number dropped out into communal living. One dictionary definition of a classic One dictionary definition of a classic

commune is 'a relatively small, often rural, community whose members share common interests, commune is 'a relatively small, often rural, community whose members share common interests, work and income and often own property collectively'. But the commune idea can take many forms:work and income and often own property collectively'. But the commune idea can take many forms:

Rebellion and the College Rebellion and the College Campus- The New LeftCampus- The New Left

• The New Left was made up largely of college The New Left was made up largely of college students. students.

• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), which was Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), which was formed in Michigan in 1962. It attacked social formed in Michigan in 1962. It attacked social injustice and the values of the so-called Affluent injustice and the values of the so-called Affluent Society. Society.

• The New Left grew in 1964 with the onset of the free-The New Left grew in 1964 with the onset of the free-speech movement at the University of California at speech movement at the University of California at Berkeley, which was a protest against restrictions on Berkeley, which was a protest against restrictions on student involvement in political demonstrations on student involvement in political demonstrations on campus. campus.

• It also won followers by denouncing American It also won followers by denouncing American involvement in Vietnam and deploring the failure of involvement in Vietnam and deploring the failure of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs to Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs to eradicate poverty.eradicate poverty.

• Best known of the demonstrations took place at Best known of the demonstrations took place at Columbia University in 1968, Harvard University in Columbia University in 1968, Harvard University in 1969, and Kent State University in 1970, when the 1969, and Kent State University in 1970, when the National Guard killed four students after being called National Guard killed four students after being called out to stop antiwar protests. out to stop antiwar protests.

• The New Left was also active in the counterculture of The New Left was also active in the counterculture of the 1960s.the 1960s.

Rebellion and the Democratic Rebellion and the Democratic Convention of 1968Convention of 1968

• Before the convention- King assassinated, RFK Before the convention- King assassinated, RFK assassinated, and countless anti-war assassinated, and countless anti-war demonstrations.demonstrations.

• For the Democratic party, Chicago '68 doomed the For the Democratic party, Chicago '68 doomed the candidacy of Hubert Humphrey and set off shock candidacy of Hubert Humphrey and set off shock waves of reform.waves of reform.

• For the Left (antiwar), Chicago '68 hastened the For the Left (antiwar), Chicago '68 hastened the demise of SDS and intensified the revolutionary demise of SDS and intensified the revolutionary fervor that would spawn street violence and fervor that would spawn street violence and bombings.bombings.

• Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman- leaders of the Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman- leaders of the Youth International Party (YIPPIES) came to Youth International Party (YIPPIES) came to ChicagoChicago

• For the media, Chicago '68 created a deep For the media, Chicago '68 created a deep suspicion of the state and its minions. suspicion of the state and its minions.

• For Chicago, Chicago '68 weakened support for the For Chicago, Chicago '68 weakened support for the last of the big-city bosses and fanned the flames of last of the big-city bosses and fanned the flames of political reform.political reform.

• In the end 8 police charged and 8 civilians charged In the end 8 police charged and 8 civilians charged (“Chicago 8”- later the “Chicago 7”(“Chicago 8”- later the “Chicago 7”

Rebellion and the Anti-War Rebellion and the Anti-War MovementMovement

• Quaker and Unitarian beliefs had long existed in the Quaker and Unitarian beliefs had long existed in the United States.United States.

• The escalating nuclear arms race of the late 1950s- goal The escalating nuclear arms race of the late 1950s- goal was to reduce.was to reduce.

• Unwilling to settle for fewer nuclear weapons, students Unwilling to settle for fewer nuclear weapons, students desired a wholesale restructuring of American societydesired a wholesale restructuring of American society

• At first the SDS and New Left focused on domestic reforms At first the SDS and New Left focused on domestic reforms and supported Johnson and fought for Civil Rights and and supported Johnson and fought for Civil Rights and student Rights.student Rights.

• 1965-Bombing of North Vietnam -Anti-War 1965-Bombing of North Vietnam -Anti-War demonstration. Teach-ins on campuses. March on demonstration. Teach-ins on campuses. March on Washington.Washington.

• 1967- Alternative service suggestion and draft evaders.1967- Alternative service suggestion and draft evaders.

• Tet Offensive escalated anti war sentimentTet Offensive escalated anti war sentiment

• 1969-1973 most powerful- second march on Washington 1969-1973 most powerful- second march on Washington and My Lai Massacreand My Lai Massacre

• 1970- Bombing of Cambodia, Kent State and the Pentagon 1970- Bombing of Cambodia, Kent State and the Pentagon Papers.Papers.

Rebellion and the WeathermenRebellion and the Weathermen

• The Weathermen, also known as the Weather The Weathermen, also known as the Weather Underground Organization, Underground Organization,

• "revolutionary organization of "revolutionary organization of communistcommunist men men and women" splintered from the and women" splintered from the Students for a Students for a Democratic SocietyDemocratic Society (SDS). (SDS).

• Weathermen advocated the overthrow of the Weathermen advocated the overthrow of the government of the United States and the government of the United States and the system of system of capitalismcapitalism; toward that end, they ; toward that end, they carried out a campaign of bombings, carried out a campaign of bombings, jailbreaks, and riots. jailbreaks, and riots.

• In In OctoberOctober 19691969, the Weathermen organized , the Weathermen organized their first event, called the "Days of Rage," in their first event, called the "Days of Rage," in ChicagoChicago

• n n 19701970, the group issued a Declaration of War , the group issued a Declaration of War against the United States government, against the United States government, changing its name to the "weather changing its name to the "weather underground organization", adopting fake underground organization", adopting fake identities, and pursuing covert activities only. identities, and pursuing covert activities only.

Broke Timothy Leary out of Jail.Broke Timothy Leary out of Jail.

VietnamVietnam

• Selective Service- The DraftSelective Service- The Draft

• lottery drawing - the first since 1942 - was lottery drawing - the first since 1942 - was held on December 1, 1969, at Selective held on December 1, 1969, at Selective Service National Headquarters in Washington, Service National Headquarters in Washington, D.C. This event determined the order of call D.C. This event determined the order of call for induction during calendar year 1970, that for induction during calendar year 1970, that is, for registrants born between January 1, is, for registrants born between January 1, 1944, and December 31, 1950. Reinstitution of 1944, and December 31, 1950. Reinstitution of the lottery was a change from the "draft the the lottery was a change from the "draft the oldest man first" method, which had been the oldest man first" method, which had been the determining method for deciding order of call. determining method for deciding order of call.

• There were 366 blue plastic capsules There were 366 blue plastic capsules containing birth dates placed in a large glass containing birth dates placed in a large glass container and drawn by hand to assign order-container and drawn by hand to assign order-of-call numbers to all men within the 18-26 of-call numbers to all men within the 18-26 age range specified in Selective Service lawage range specified in Selective Service law

RESULTS FROM LOTTERY FOR MEN FACING RESULTS FROM LOTTERY FOR MEN FACING THE DRAFT IN 1972THE DRAFT IN 1972

• The lottery drawing held August 5, 1971, determined the order in which The lottery drawing held August 5, 1971, determined the order in which men born in 1952 were called to report for induction into the military. men born in 1952 were called to report for induction into the military.

• How to read this chart: This chart shows all the birth dates in a given How to read this chart: This chart shows all the birth dates in a given year and the lottery numbers assigned to those dates. Read this chart year and the lottery numbers assigned to those dates. Read this chart like a multiplication table. At the top of the chart are the months of the like a multiplication table. At the top of the chart are the months of the year. On the far left are the dates of the month. The numbers in the year. On the far left are the dates of the month. The numbers in the center represent lottery numbers. For example: To find the lottery center represent lottery numbers. For example: To find the lottery number assigned to July 15, look down from "July" till it matches up number assigned to July 15, look down from "July" till it matches up with the number "15" on the left side of the table. The corresponding with the number "15" on the left side of the table. The corresponding number in the middle is "088." This means that all men born on July 15, number in the middle is "088." This means that all men born on July 15, 1952, were assigned the lottery number 88. 1952, were assigned the lottery number 88.

• The highest lottery number called for this group was 95; all men The highest lottery number called for this group was 95; all men assigned that lottery number or any lower number, and who were assigned that lottery number or any lower number, and who were classified 1-A or 1-A-O (available for military service), were called to classified 1-A or 1-A-O (available for military service), were called to report for possible induction.report for possible induction.

Results from Lottery for Men Facing the Draft in 1972Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1 207 306 364 096 154 274 284 180 302 071 366 0382 225 028 184 129 261 363 061 326 070 076 190 0993 246 250 170 262 177 054 103 176 321 144 300 0404 264 092 283 158 137 187 142 272 032 066 166 0015 265 233 172 294 041 078 286 063 147 339 211 2526 242 148 327 297 050 218 185 155 110 006 186 3567 292 304 149 058 106 288 354 355 042 080 017 1418 287 208 229 035 216 084 320 157 043 317 260 0659 338 130 077 289 311 140 022 153 199 254 237 02710 231 276 360 194 220 226 234 025 046 312 227 36211 090 351 332 324 107 202 223 034 329 201 244 05612 228 340 258 165 052 273 169 269 308 257 259 24913 183 118 173 271 105 047 278 365 094 236 247 20414 285 064 203 248 267 113 307 309 253 036 316 27515 325 214 319 222 162 008 088 020 303 075 318 00316 074 353 347 023 205 068 291 358 243 159 120 12817 009 198 117 251 270 193 182 295 178 188 298 29318 051 189 168 139 085 102 131 011 104 134 175 07319 195 210 053 049 055 044 100 150 255 163 333 01920 310 086 200 039 119 030 095 115 313 331 125 22121 206 015 280 342 012 296 067 033 016 282 330 34122 108 013 345 126 164 059 132 082 145 263 093 15623 349 116 089 179 197 336 151 143 323 152 181 17124 337 359 133 021 060 328 004 256 277 212 062 24525 002 335 219 238 024 213 121 192 224 138 097 13526 114 136 122 045 026 346 350 348 344 069 209 36127 072 217 232 124 241 007 235 352 314 098 240 29028 357 083 215 281 091 057 127 037 005 010 031 17429 266 305 343 109 081 196 146 279 048 079 230 10130 268 --- 191 029 301 123 112 334 299 087 014 16731 239 --- 161 --- 018 ---- 315 111 ---- 160 ---- 322