u.s. department of energy office of electricity delivery ......office of electricity delivery and...
TRANSCRIPT
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Electricity Delivery
and Energy Reliability
Electrical Energy Storage Program
Overview
Alaska Rural Energy Conference
Sept 27, 2011
Dr. Imre Gyuk – Program Manager
Dr. Karen Waldrip– Deputy Program Manager at Sandia National
Laboratories
Stakeholder Workshops
and OE Program Plan
OE Energy Storage Program Plan
Utility Requirements
With EERE-PV
Material Needs
With ARPA-E
Under the Auspices
of the Materials Society
$3.9 $2.9 $2.8 $2.1 $3.5
$13.6
$19.4
$40.0 Request
$57.0 Request
$20.0 House
$-
$10.0
$20.0
$30.0
$40.0
$50.0
$60.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Energy Storage Appropriations by Fiscal Year Dollars in Millions
Energy Storage Testing Program, SNL
Collaborative with Industry, Utilities and States
Testing in simulated PV cycle shows the
carbon enhanced “Ultra Batteries”
maintain capacity significantly better
than conventional VRLA batteries
* Hit temperature limit; current decreased for subsequent cycles
FY11: Begin testing on 12 Altairnano--
utility PSOC & hybrid pulse power
FY12: Issue reports on Ultra Battery &
International battery performance
Ongoing Battery Testing
Carbon Enhanced L/A Batteries - SNL CRADA with East Penn Manufacturing
PbO2 Pb + CSeparator
Schematic representation of a single cell
from a carbon-modified or “Advanced” VRLA battery
Select carbons added to the negative anode material in
lead-acid batteries:
• Increase cycle life >10X under high rate, partial
state-of-charge operation
• Increase capacity after cycling vs. new
• Mechanism of performance enhancement not understood
• If understood, could be applied to other batteries
Carbon Black Acetylene Black Activated Carbon Graphitic Carbon
FY10: Established CRADA
FY11: Received 64 batteries from EPM for testing, 4 carbons for analysis, compare
cycling results with carbon analysis to understand mechanism of improved performance
FY12: Issue detailed report of findings from dissection & analysis of batteries aged
(cycled) at selected intervals, up to failure (~300,000 cycles) and determine mechanism
Redox Couples for Flow Batteries, Sandia
Fundamentally new materials for flow batteries: 1. Multi-functional materials act as both electrolyte and
energy storage medium for high energy density 2. Low cost, inherently safe, and environmentally benign 3. Cost effective scale-up (single-step, pure synthesis)
FY10: 12 MetILs synthesized and tested:
•Flow battery applications require high ionic conductivity, low
viscosity, and electrochemical reversibility of MetILs
•Began to understand molecular structure-properties
relationships
•Key compound made that illuminated structure-properties:
Ce(NH2C2H4OH)8(CF3SO3)3
Iron-containing “MetIL”
Sandia has developed a new class of electroactive metal-
containing ionic liquids (“MetILs”) - Anderson, et al., Dalton Trans. 2010, 8609–8612.
FY11: Investigate effects of over 30 tailored molecular structures on key
performance properties (listed above) by changing:
•Ligand size in cation– controls viscosity and ionic conductivity
•Size of anion– influences electrochemical reversibility
FY12: Test 5 MetILs for ionic conductivity and electrochemical
reversibility; test best candidates in benchtop flow battery prototype
To learn more about MetILs, see
Pratt, et al., Dalton Trans. 2011
Air Breathing N2/O2 Battery - Sandia • Enormous potential impact on stationary and mobile
energy storage in both energy storage density and in economic value
• Concept is to use O2 and N2 as the electrodes in a battery
• Novel because N2 is considered inert
• Our group routinely reacts N2 electrochemically
• Challenging but appears feasible based on preliminary experimental results
Zn/Air has the highest energy density of aqueous battery chemistries because the weight of the cathode is not included in the calculation. The energy density would increase greatly beyond Zn/Air if the anode material were also derived from
the air.
• FY10 accomplishments
• Demonstrated nitrogen oxidation/reduction in molten
salts
• Developed strategy for increasing oxygen and
potentially nitrogen solubility in alternative room
temperature electrolytes
• Performed extensive thermodynamic analysis of
reaction pathways and potential side reactions
• FY11 objectives
• Investigate Ga, Ni, and Fe as reversible N2 electrodes
• Initiate development of catalyzed cathode structure
• FY12: Demonstrate charge/discharge cycling of N2/O2 Provisional Patent Application Submitted
FY10
New Generation Redox Flow Batteries, PNNL Develop new generation aqueous base redox flow batteries that can meet economic and
performance requirements for grid applications via an integrated approach, from science to
technology Developed 3rd gen all V RFB, based on
new complex chemistries (SO42-/Cl-)
• >70% increase in energy capacity
• >80% extension in operating oC (-10~55oC)
• 2 x current density/power (>75% efficiency)
• Limitless cycle life
Discovered Fe/V redox couples
• 80% extension in operating oC (-10~55oC)
• Limitless cycle life
• Improved chemical compatibility, allowing use
inexpensive components
• Avoided gas evolution and improved safety
Demonstrating bench top systems
• Reported by a long list of media, including ScienceDaily, e!Science, Smart Grid News, Smart Grid Today, Materials Toady, …,
• Published in Adv. Energy Mat., Chemical Reviews, Environ. & Energy Sci., Electrochem. Comm., J. Power Sources, etc.
• Five US or Foreign patents filed
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Short term Long term
Combined cycle gas turbine
Lev
eli
zed
co
st ($
/kW
h)
Years
Novel cell and stack designs to reduce shunt current and double
current density capability (>80 mA.cm-2)
Optimized balance of plant and system to further
improve round trip efficiency (>75%)
Field demonstration and grid integration to
further optimize RFBs and applications
Mass-production and commercialization
New generation electrolytes of improved energy density and stability
Low cost membrane/separators of improved selectivity and/or conductivity
Optimized electrodes/current collectors of minimized polarization and
resistance
Via collaboration with industries and universities
component
cell
stack
system
Planar Sodium (Na) - Metal Halide Batteries, PNNL Develop novel Na-metal halide batteries that can meet cost and performance targets for
renewable integration and grid applications, via introduction of planar designs and new
minor chemistries and interfaces
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Le
ve
lize
d c
ost ($
/kW
h)
Years
Short term Long term
Combined cycle natural gas
turbine
Develop effective sealing, stack components
Proof of concept of planar design
Modify electrode cathode chemistries interfaces
Optimization of interfaces and cell designs to allow operation
~200oC and energy efficiency (system >80%)
Develop and demonstrate KWs prototype system
Scale-up and commercialization
component
cell
stack
system
Leveraging ARPA-E and OE supports: with ARPA-E on
planar design; OE on minor chemistries, interfaces and
future demonstration
Proved concept of planar design
Developed and tested intermediate size cells (64 cm2)
Scaling up to full size and developing prototypes
Collaboration with Eagle Pitcher Inc.
• Reported by NBC News, ScienceDaily, e!Science, EnergyDaily, Smart Grid News, Ceramics, GreenCarCongress, …,
• Published in J. Power Sources, etc.
• Seven US or Foreign patents filed
Traditional
tubular Na –
sulfur cell,
operated >300-
350oC
Newly
developed
planar sodium
metal-halide
cell, operated
<250oC
Planar stack,
operated
<250oC
Low Cost, Long Life Li-ion Batteries for Community
Storage, PNNL
Self-assembling commercial TiO2 (anatase)
and graphene into nanostructured anode
0 200 400 600 800 10000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Spe
cific
Ca
pa
city (
mA
h/g
)
Cycle Number
Discharge
Charge
• Negative electrode: self-assembled TiO2 (anatase)/graphene
• Positive electrode: LiFePO4/carbon
• 20C: equivalent to 6 minutes /cycle
Develop unique Li-ion batteries that are made from low cost,
high cycle life electrode materials so that can meet, in
particular, the cost and performance requirements for
community energy storage.
Self-assembled nanostructured
TiO2(anatase)-base anode; LiFe(Mn)PO4
cathode; commercial electrolyte
Achieved >2,000 full cycles (100% DOD)
Fabricating and evaluating practical size
batteries
Collaborate with US industries to
commercialize
• Published in Chemical Reviews, Nano Lett., ASC Nano, Chemistry Mat., J. Power Sources, Electrochem. Comm., …
• Eight US or Foreign patents filed
Room Temperature Na-ion Batteries, PNNL Develop Na-ion batteries that are made from low cost, abundant Na (in stead of Li) and
capable of satisfactory operation at room temperature, by discovering Na+ intercalation
materials.
Synthesized single crystalline Na4Mn9O18
nanowires via polymer pyrolysis
Allowed facile Na+ intercalation/deintercalation
77% capacity retention after 1,000 cycles at 0.5C
Searching carbon electrodes
Develop Na+ cells and demonstrate for grid
applications
Cao, et al., Advanced Materials,
June issue, 2011
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cycle number / n
Cap
acit
y / m
Ah
g-1
600
750
900
oC
oC
oC
0.5C
0
40
80
120
0 200 400 600 800 1000Cycle number / n
Ca
pa
cit
y / m
Ah
g-1
600
750
900
oC
oC
oC0.5C
(c)
13
University Proposal Selections
Principal Investigator
University Title of CP Technology
Esther S. Takeuchi University at Buffalo NY
The Architectural Diversity of Metal Oxide Nanostructures: An Opportunity for the Rational Optimization of Group II Cation Based Batteries.
Akali/Akaline Ion
Austen Angell Arizona State
University
Investigation of High Performance Components of Novel Structure for Ambient Temperature High Energy Density Battery Systems
Na/S
Jesse S. Wainright Case Western
Reserve University Iron Based Flow Batteries for Low Cost Grid Level Energy Storage
Flow Battery
Bruce Dunn UCLA Development of Electrode Architectures for High Energy Density Electrochemical Capacitors
Capacitor
14
Utility Scale
Battery Storage
8 – 25 MW
4-8 hrs
3
projects $60M
Frequency
Regulation
20 MW
15 min 1 $24M
Compressed Air
Energy Storage
150-300 MW
2-10 hrs 2 $54M
Distributed Storage
for Grid Support
1 – 3 MW
30min – 8 hrs 5 $25M
Demo of Promising
Technologies ---- 5 $25M
ARRA Storage Demonstration Projects
A ten-fold Increase in Power!
$185 M from DOE leveraging $587 M in industry Costshare !
ARRA - SustainX: Development of Totally Green Isothermal
Compressed Air Energy Storage Using Hydraulic Pumps and Motors
Commercial Cost Targets:
Scale: 1MW Module, 10-20MW System
Power Module: $ 700/kW
Storage Module: $ 300/kWh (Mobile)
Storage Module: $ 50/kWh (Pipes)
System Cost (4hr, Mobile): $475/kWh
→ LCOE= 21.2¢/kWh
System Cost (4hr, Pipes): $225/kWh
→ LCOE= 13.9¢/kWh
Gas Peaker, LCOE = 38¢/kWh
Competitive with Modern Gas Peaker!
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Peaker SustainX Modular SustainX PipelineLe
veliz
ed
Co
sts
-¢
/kW
h
Sensitivity to Fuel Price Forecast
High
Mid
Low
ARRA – Beacon: Flywheel based Frequency Regulation
Commercial Cost Targets:
Scale: System 20MW/5MWh (1MW per Module)
• Life: 20 years Cycle: 30 min
• 100% equivalent Depth of Discharge cycle in 20 years: 150,000
• Regulation energy exchanged in 20 years: 1,500GWh
• Multiple studies show performance of 2X or more vs. conventional generation *
• Clearing Price of Regulation: $35/MW-hr (pay-for-performance may double this)
Performance factor
Cost per exchanged kWh – 20 yrs ¢/kWh
IRR IRR: $17/ton carbon tax
Flywheel 2.5 2.40 26.7% 26.6%
CCGT 1.0 4.91 8.7% 4.9%
Module Cost Installed Cost
Power $8M $400/kW
Energy $16M $3,200/kWh
Bal of Plant $6M
Total Cost $30M
* KEMA , PNNL
6 Wärtsilä 8.3MW NG Generators
50MWFirming EnergyFarm
Capital Cost $78M $50M
Nameplate Capacity 49.8MW 25MW
Firming Capacity 40MWfirming
(10MW min load)
50MWfirming (+/- 25MW)
25% more firming capacity
Firming Cost $1.95/Wfirming $1.00/Wfirming Half the firming cost
Footprint 1 acre ¼ acre 75% smaller footprint
Emissions (based on 35MW
average load)
Noise 112g NOx/MWh, 402g CO/MWh
400g VOC/MWh, 5.6kg CO2/MWh
silent
zero emissions
Annual Savings: 34 tons Nox, 123 tons CO
123 tons VOC, 1,722 tons CO2
Fuel 6c/kWh Nat. Gas (~$18M/yr) Off-peak wind
Siting Fixed location Transportable Operational flexibility
Time to deploy 4 years 8-12 months
ARRA- Primus Power: Flow Battery for Wind Firming
SBIR Projects
FY11 Phase II (jointly with BES): Cost Effective, Highly Selective Membranes for Redox Flow Batteries
Company Project Title
Amsen Technologies, LLC Low-Cost, High-Performance Hybrid Membranes for Redox
Flow Batteries
EIC Laboratories, Inc. Low Cost and Highly Selective Composite Membrane for
Redox Flow Batteries
Lynntech, Inc. Highly Selective Proton-Conducting Composite Membranes
for Redox Flow Batteries
FY11 Phase II: Innovative Compressed Air Energy Storage
Company Project Title Brayton Energy, LLC Modular Undersea Compressed Air Energy Storage
(UCAES) System
FY11 Phase I
Novel Membrane and Electrolyte Development for Redox Flow Batteries Company Project Title
Lynntech Acid-Base Blend Membranes for Redox Flow Batteries
Tiax LLC Flow Battery Membrane
FY11 Phase I Flywheel Energy Storage
Company Project Title
Beacon Power Development of a High-power Motor/Generator for the
ARPA-E Hub-Less Flywheel
Calnetix Shaft-less, Hub-less High Strength Steel Flywheel
FY11 Phase I SBIR Projects
20
Grid Storage Analysis Projects
• What are the grid needs which can be cost effectively addressed by energy storage solutions
• Where are R&D dollars most effectively directed to advance storage state-of-the-art to meet performance/cost targets
• What are the important metrics to identify the value of storage for different grid applications
• What are the best practices and lessons-learned from storage demonstrations and what are R&D needs
Key questions:
FY10 Outcomes:
PNNL Report “EES for Power Systems Applications: A Regional
Assessment for the Northwest Power Pool”
SNL Report “Energy Storage for the Electricity Grid: Benefits and Market Potential Assessment Guide”
FY11 Plan: Commence a national technical & economic assessment of energy
storage as part of a holistic T&D portfolio that includes: cost/benefit analysis of
centralized vs. distributed storage; and market & policy analysis (SNL and PNNL)
FY12 Plan: Issue reports on Market Barriers to Adoption, Analysis of cost-performance
targets for energy storage, and detailed model for grid-storage(PNNL) and
Assessments of storage to meet ancillary services needs (SNL)
21
Sandia’s Energy Storage Test Pad Commissioned April, 2011
• Evaluate large scale ~ 100KW - 1MW electrical energy storage (EES) systems:
– Test for reliability, efficiency, operability at the system level
– Insure compliance with various standards i.e., IEEE 1547
– Test EES systems for performance to the various storage applications
• Test leading edge technology in a safe, controlled lab environment
22
Energy Storage Test Pad at DETL (Distributed Energy Test Laboratory)
• Enable vendors of large scale battery systems (≤1MW AC) and
electrical utilities to obtain a non-biased performance evaluation – UL/NRTL certification or label not required
• Utility connected EES tests can be performed in a controlled environment
• islanded tests can be performed utilizing DETL’s microgrid. • Test EES performance to various power and energy
applications – time shift, load following, regulation, power quality/reliability
• Use of sub-cycle metering for transient analysis • Develop improved energy storage models using gathered
field measured data • Enhanced control algorithms
23
DETL / ESTP Aerial View
DETL
ESTP
24
Thank You
I’m very sorry I couldn’t be there
in person.
Note: EESAT/Peer Review Oct 16-21
San Diego, CA
Karen Waldrip, [email protected]
http://www.sandia.gov/ess
25
Thank You Frank!
I’m very sorry I couldn’t be there
in person.
Note: EESAT/Peer Review Oct 16-21
San Diego, CA
Questions?
Karen Waldrip
http://www.sandia.gov/ess
26
Thank You Frank!
I’m very sorry I couldn’t be there
in person.
Note: EESAT/Peer Review Oct 16-21
San Diego, CA
Questions?
Karen Waldrip
http://www.sandia.gov/ess