u.s. department of the interior u.s. geological survey amphipod density as a biological indicator of...
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U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
Amphipod Density as a Biological Indicator of Wetland Quality in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota
Mark T. Wiltermuth1,2, Michael J. Anteau1, Mark E. Clark2, Johann A. Walker3
1 US Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND2
North Dakota State University, Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, Fargo, ND
3 Ducks Unlimited, Great Plains Regional Office, Bismarck ND
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Biological Indicators
Amphipods are good indicators of wetland and water quality because they are common and sensitive to contaminants, disturbance in uplands, and invasive species
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Wetland and Water Quality
Wetland quality: ability to support diverse communities of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates
Perform multiple ecological services: floodwater storage, improvement of water quality, reduction of soil erosion and sedimentation, carbon sequestration
Water quality: provide asuitable environment for diverse communities
Metric of interest: Chlorophyll a
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Wetland Productivity
Understanding the link between inter-annual hydrologic dynamics and landscape modifications is prerequisite to modeling effects of climate and land use change on the function and productivity of prairie wetlands
Water level fluctuations areimportant processes that regulate productivity
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Climate Cycles
Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index
State of North Dakota Jan 1985 to Aug 2011
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Climate Cycles: Period Comparison
20102005
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Landscape Modifications
Increased agriculture intensity over the past century has decreased the number and quality of wetlands
Landscape modifications have impacted prairie wetlands by:
increasing surface-water connections
increasing in sedimentation and contamination of wetlands
improve conditions for invasive fishes and vegetation
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Objectives of Two Studies
1. Amphipod Density Water level change Landscape Modification Occurrence and abundance of fish and cattail
2. Chlorophyll a Remotely sense Chlorophyll a concentration Test Alternative Equilibria Hypothesis on a
landscape scale (1,000 wetlands) Predict chlorophyll a and amphipod densities from
landscape characteristics
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Study Area
Three physiographic regions, North Dakota: Red River Valley Northern Glaciated Plains Missouri Coteau
Randomly selected townships
Revisited randomly selected wetlands initially sampled in 2004-2005 (Anteau and Afton, Wetlands 28:184–196)
Semipermanent and permanent wetlands > 4 ha
Sampled 3 wetlands in each selected township
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Percent cropland within quarter mile (400m) of wetlands
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20% Wetlands surveyed 2004-05
Percent Cropland
Fre
qu
ency
Surrounding Land Use
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20% Sample of 1,000 Wetlands
Percent Cropland
Fre
qu
ency
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Wetlands Sampled
Region 2004/05 2010 2011 All Years
Missouri Coteau 48 51 47 44
Northern Glaciated Plains 84 89 83 79
Red River Valley 8 10 10 8
Cottonwood Lake Study Area - 3 3 -
Total 140 153 143 131
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Data Collection
Anteau and Afton (Wetlands 28:184-196) conducted surveys in 2004–2005 during a drying phase immediately following a prolonged deluge phase; these data should represent low amphipod densities
In spring 2010–2011 we revisited these wetlands as the landscape retuned to wet conditions; these data should represent high amphipod densities
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Wetland Surveys
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COT NGP RRV
Wat
er-l
evel
Ch
ang
e (m
)
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
32004/05 to 2010
2004/05 to 2011
Water-Level Change (±95% CI)
Region
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2010 Amphipod m-3
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 1000 1500
PR
OP
OR
TIO
N O
F S
AM
PLE
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35Amphipod Density
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2004/2005 Sampling
COT NGP RRV
Hya
lella
/ m
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
802010 Sampling2011 Sampling
Hyalella Mean Densities (±95% CI)
Region
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COT NGP RRV
Gam
mar
us
/ m3
0
5
10
15
202010 Sampling2011 Sampling
2004/2005 Sampling
Gammarus Mean Densities (±95% CI)
Region
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CHANGE IN HYALELLA2004/05 to 2010
DENSITY PER CUBIC METER
WE
TL
AN
DS
-1600 -1200 -800 -400 0 400 800 1200 1600
01
02
03
04
05
06
0
Change in Density m-3
Change in Hyalella Density2004/05 to 2010
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Are current water conditions better for
fish?
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Occurrence:Fish Group 2004/05 2011
Fathead Minnow 33% 49%
Other Small Fish; Species typically <10 cm
28% 41%
Large Fish; >10 cm 18% 26%
Any Fish 48% 60%
n= 86
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Chlorophyll a
Represents Phytoplankton Biomass
Alternative Equilibria Hypothesis Two Alternative States
1. Community Dominated by Macrophytes
2. Community Dominated by Phytoplankton
Clear wetlands support higher density of amphipods
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Alternative Equilibria
Modified from Scheffer et al. 2001
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Three Methods of Measurement
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Chlorophyll Measured
25 wetlands sampled Corresponding to cloud-free Landsat 5 TM
(0-2 days)
40 Water samples collected for fluorometry 1,229 in situ measurements
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Next Steps:
Continue to develop remotely-sensed prediction of Chlorophyll a
Examine landscape and community factors that influence Chlorophyll a and Amphipod density
Further investigate the potential of Chlorophyll a to predict Amphipod density
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Acknowledgements Scott Stephens Alan Afton Funding and Support:
State Wildlife Grants, North Dakota Dr. Bruce D. J. Batt Fellowship in Waterfowl Conservation, Institute
for Wetland and Waterfowl Research, Ducks Unlimited Canada USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center USGS Youth Initiative, Student Career Experience Program USGS Landscape Conservation Cooperative Program Ducks Unlimited Great Plains Regional Office North Dakota Department of Health Environmental and Conservation Science Program,
North Dakota State University USGS Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit USFWS Refuges in North Dakota
Technicians: Jason Bivens, Jacob Coulter, John McClinton, Sarah Paycer, Hunter Pridgen, Nick Smith, Matt
Weegman