u.s. enters ww1. the grim cost of war “we set to work to bury people. we pushed them into the...
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U.S. Enters WW1
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The Grim Cost of War“We set to work to bury people. We
pushed them into the sides of the trenches but bits of them kept getting uncovered and sticking out, like people in a badly made bed. Hands were the worst; they would escape from the sand, pointing, begging—even waving! There was one which we all shook when we passed, saying, “Good morning,” in a posh voice. Everybody did it. The bottom of the trench was springy like a mattress because of all the bodies underneath…”Leonard Thompson, quoted in Akenfield
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Causes of WWINationalism: one nation is superior over others
Imperialism: global expansionMilitarism: building an army Alliances: secrets partnerships amongst countries intended to increase power (got each other’s backs)
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AlliancesAustro-Hungarian Archduke
Franz Ferdinand assassinated while in BosniaAlliances begin forming, war
breaks outTriple Entente (Allies)
France, Russia, Great Britain, and Italy (eventually U.S. as well)
Triple Alliance (Central Powers)Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
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American NeutralityWilson declares the US to be neutral
Britain uses propaganda to gain US supportAlso cut transatlantic cable to limit media coverage
US businesses and banks support Allies
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Lusitania May 1915 British passenger ship, Lusitania, sank by German U-Boat (128 Americans on board)
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Sussex U-boat shot at French ship, SussexResults in “Sussex Pledge”President Wilson issued Germans a warning
Germany promised not to fire on merchant ships without warning- kept US out of war for a little longer
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Zimmermann TelegramZimmerman
TelegramSecret
telegram from Germany to Mexico asking them to fight against the U.S.—intercepted by the British, angers the U.S.
US declares war on Germany
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Buildingup the Military
National Defense Act: increased the size of the army and trained officers through conscription and selective service (2.8 million drafted)
Women and African Americans served in the armed forcesWomen in non-combat positionsAfrican Americans faced discriminations and
prejudice
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Organizing IndustryWar Industries Board-
coordinated production of war materials
Victory GardensLiberty/Victory Bonds
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Ensuring Public SupportSet up Committee on Public
Information/George CreelHired writers to create propaganda to swing
public opinion in favor of the warEspionage Act of 1917- made it illegal to spy
or interfere with governmentSedition Act of 1918- no public opposition of
warSchenck v. the United States- Supreme Court
rules that a persons freedom of speech is limited when the words constitute a “clear and present danger”Ex.: Yelling “fire!” in a crowded theatre
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WW1 and Modern Warfare
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Combat in WWIRapid fire machine guns“No man’s land”- space between
opposing trenches, covered with barbed wire, landmines, etc.
Poison gasBritish introduce the tank1st use of airplanes
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Poison GasGermans were 1st to use chlorine gas in 1915 (Battle of Ypres)Caused a burning sensation to the throat and chest
pains. Painful death by suffocationWeather had to be just right—any wind could blow
gas back on your own men
Mustard gas was most deadly weapon used Fired into the trenches in shells—colorless and takes
12 hours to begin working (death can take up to 5 weeks)
Effects include blistering skin, vomiting, sore yes, internal and external bleeding
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Move Toward PeacePeace conference begins January 1919 in
ParisBig Four
President Wilson, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Premier Georges Clemenceau, Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando
Fourteen PointsPresident Wilson’s plan for peaceLeague of Nations- help to prevent wars
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Fourteen PointsAllies felt it was too easy on Germany
Required Germany to disband armed forcesHad to accept blame and pay reparations
Many members of Congress opposed the Treaty of Versailles (thought the League of Nations would drag the U.S. into conflict)
Wilson suffers a strokeSenate refuses Treaty of Versailles, signs
individual treaties with the Central Powers League of Nations starts without the U.S.
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The War’s ImpactInflation leads to an increase in the cost of living
Increase of labor strikes in 1919
A “general strike” takes place in Seattle that results in riots
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The Red ScareStrikes cause fear of Communist
revolution within the U.S.U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer’s
house is damaged by a bomb (Communists are blamed)
Palmer sets up General Intelligence Division, headed by J. Edgar Hoover (later became the FBI)
Palmer Raids- Raids on private homes and businesses conducted by the GIB to investigate communists