u.s. foreign policy since wwii
DESCRIPTION
U.S. Foreign Policy Since WWII. The Cold War 1945-1991. A state of war that does not involve bloodshed. United Nations. United Nations Security Council. United States Great Britain France USSR China Problems ? ? ? ?. Soviet’s Solution. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Cold WarThe Cold War1945-19911945-1991
A state of war that A state of war that does not involve does not involve
bloodshed.bloodshed.
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United Nations Security CouncilUnited Nations Security Council
United StatesUnited States Great BritainGreat Britain FranceFrance USSRUSSR ChinaChina
Problems ? ? ? ?Problems ? ? ? ?
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Soviet’s Solution
Powerful nations control areas of strategic interest to them – power – slice up the pie
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Yalta Conference - 1945Yalta Conference - 1945
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Topics at Yalta ConferenceTopics at Yalta Conference
Forming the U.N.Forming the U.N. Postwar control of PolandPostwar control of Poland German war reparationsGerman war reparations Postwar GermanyPostwar Germany
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Caption: The
Meeting Will Now Come To
Order
What do you think
the message
is?
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Former Soviet Union and Former Soviet Union and SatellitesSatellites
Satellite Nation – a nation controlled by the USSR
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The Iron CurtainThe Iron CurtainChurchill’s analogy of the split between communist and
non-communist nations.
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““Trouble” in ChinaTrouble” in China
Clash between two leadersClash between two leaders
•Chiang Kai-shek (supported by Chiang Kai-shek (supported by U.S.)U.S.)
•Mao Zedong (Communist – Mao Zedong (Communist – supported by Soviet Union **** supported by Soviet Union **** and the people of China)and the people of China)
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Chiang Chiang Kai-shekKai-shek
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Mao Mao ZedongZedong
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Domino TheoryDomino TheoryIf one nation falls – another will follow
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Harry Harry TrumanTrumanDid not like StalinDid not like Stalin
Did not trust StalinDid not trust StalinHated CommunismHated Communism
CONTAINMENT!!CONTAINMENT!!
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Harry S. Truman #33 (D)Harry S. Truman #33 (D) ““S” is his full middle name!S” is his full middle name! He was notorious for his explosive He was notorious for his explosive
temper and “salty” languagetemper and “salty” language Was religious, walked 2 miles a day, Was religious, walked 2 miles a day,
liked to play poker, played pianoliked to play poker, played piano Wife – Bess (she hated Washington Wife – Bess (she hated Washington
DC), daughter MargaretDC), daughter Margaret Philosophy – Philosophy –
• If you can’t take the heat, get out of the If you can’t take the heat, get out of the kitchenkitchen
• The buck stops hereThe buck stops here
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Policy of ContainmentPolicy of ContainmentStop the spread of Communism
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Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine““It must be the policy of It must be the policy of
the United States to the United States to support free peoples support free peoples
who are resisting who are resisting attempted subjugation attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” by outside pressures.”
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Truman DoctrineTruman DoctrineWhat does it really What does it really
mean? mean?
The U.S. will do whatever The U.S. will do whatever is necessary to help is necessary to help another nation fight another nation fight against Communist against Communist
takeover.takeover.
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The Marshall PlanThe Marshall PlanA plan to rebuild A plan to rebuild Europe after WWIIEurope after WWII
Humanitarian aidHumanitarian aidMoney – build upMoney – build upTradeTrade
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George George MarshallMarshall
WWIIWWII General – General – Sec of Defense Sec of Defense
and Sec of Stateand Sec of State
Nobel Peace Prize Winner!!!
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Hamburg 1945Hamburg 1945Hamburg 1950Hamburg 1950
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National Security ActNational Security Act Dept. of DefenseDept. of Defense
National Security CouncilNational Security Council
Central Intelligence AgencyCentral Intelligence Agency
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GermanyGermany
France, England, US – merge France, England, US – merge occupied zones – occupied zones – •Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany
(New West Germany)(New West Germany) Stalin angry – blockade around Stalin angry – blockade around
Berlin – no goods in or outBerlin – no goods in or out Truman responds – massive Truman responds – massive
airlift – 24/7 – almost 11 months airlift – 24/7 – almost 11 months for 2 million W. Berlinersfor 2 million W. Berliners
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Berlin Airlift
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Young German Young German girl presenting girl presenting flowers to an flowers to an airlift pilot on airlift pilot on behalf of West behalf of West Berlin citizens, Berlin citizens, 13 August 194813 August 1948
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Blockade Blockade Ends Ends
Airlift Airlift WinsWins
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BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship The policy of getting to the The policy of getting to the
“brink” of war in order to get “brink” of war in order to get the other party to back down.the other party to back down.
John Foster Dulles – Secretary John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State came up with the of State came up with the termterm
(like playing “Chicken”)(like playing “Chicken”)
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NATONATO North Atlantic North Atlantic
Treaty OrganizationTreaty Organization19491949
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12 nations to start - more will join as time goes by
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Military alliance of E. European Soviet Bloc
countries intended to organize against
perceived threat from NATO
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19491949 10/1/49 China becomes 10/1/49 China becomes
CommunistCommunist USSR has “The Bomb”USSR has “The Bomb”
•Chiang is out – Mao is inChiang is out – Mao is in
U.S. quadruples its defense U.S. quadruples its defense budget - - - - - -budget - - - - - -
Trouble on the horizonTrouble on the horizon
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Sino-Soviet Pact
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Let’s look at Europe after WWII - - - MAPS !!!!!
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Korean Korean ConflictConflict
1950-19531950-1953
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After WWII – Korea is divided at the 38th parallel – North/Communist South/DemocraticUSSR supplies North US supplies South
38th
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General General Douglas Douglas
MacArthurMacArthurStationed in Japan after WWII – put in charge of the United Nations troops – warned not to go too far – went to the China border and was pushed backWanted to “nuke” them – Publically criticized President Truman (press/Congress)Was fired
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“Old soldiers never die . . . They just fade away.”
General Douglas MacArthur
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Korean WarKorean War•Ends with an Armistice Ends with an Armistice •Korea divided at the 38Korea divided at the 38thth parallel (where it started)parallel (where it started)•U.S. troops still deployed at U.S. troops still deployed at the line (DMZ)the line (DMZ)
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Election of 1952 –
“I Like Ike!!”
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Dwight Dwight EisenhowerEisenhower
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#34 – Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)#34 – Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) Famous WWII General Famous WWII General
(Normandy)(Normandy) Wife – Mamie – his son married Wife – Mamie – his son married
Richard Nixon’s daughterRichard Nixon’s daughter Nickname – “Ike” campaign Nickname – “Ike” campaign
slogan was “I like Ike”slogan was “I like Ike” Sent troops to Little Rock – Sent troops to Little Rock –
supported integrationsupported integration From Abilene, Kansas – had 6 From Abilene, Kansas – had 6
brothers (they opposed war)brothers (they opposed war)
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Mediterranean Sea
Egypt
Gulf of Suez
Suez CanalSuez Canal
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Abdel Abdel NasserNasser
Leader of Egypt – wanted the Suez Canal back (French controlled) – U.N. negotiated the peace after near war in 1956
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Suez CanalSuez Canal
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Aswan Dam and Lake Nasser
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After Korea - VietnamAfter Korea - Vietnam Before WWII – Vietnam/French colonyBefore WWII – Vietnam/French colony During WWII – occupied by JapanDuring WWII – occupied by Japan Ho Chi Minh – ally of U.S. – fought Ho Chi Minh – ally of U.S. – fought
Japanese (and French)Japanese (and French) After war – France wanted the colony After war – France wanted the colony
back – Ho Chi Minh wanted his countryback – Ho Chi Minh wanted his country United States supported the FrenchUnited States supported the French War between French and VietminhWar between French and Vietminh
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VietnamVietnam
French Indochina French Indochina vs Ho Chi Minhvs Ho Chi Minh
Battle of Dien Bien Battle of Dien Bien PhuPhu
55 days55 days Result – Geneva Result – Geneva
Accords – Divide at Accords – Divide at 1717thth parallel parallel
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Asserts right of U.S. to use force against any nation or group of nations in Middle East region who requests assistance against armed
aggression from any communist controlled country.
Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine
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What does that mean??What does that mean??
U.S. will meet aggression with U.S. will meet aggression with aggression!! aggression!!
Including Nuclear weapons Including Nuclear weapons (if necessary)(if necessary)
Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine
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Eisenhower/DullesEisenhower/DullesMassive retaliation Massive retaliation plan – build up of plan – build up of military and armsmilitary and arms
““More bang More bang
for your buck”for your buck”
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IsraelIsrael
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ZionismZionism
Belief that one day God will allow Belief that one day God will allow Jews to return to PalestineJews to return to Palestine
Diaspora – Jews who have been Diaspora – Jews who have been exiled or displacedexiled or displaced
May 1948 – new state of Israel May 1948 – new state of Israel created – U.S. is first to recognize created – U.S. is first to recognize Israel - still tension todayIsrael - still tension today
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Yasser Yasser ArafatArafat
Mahmoud Mahmoud Abbas Abbas
NOV 2004
Palestine Liberation
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ArielArielSharonSharonPrime Minister
ofIsrael
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Mohammad Mossadegh
Leader of Iran – replaced (with help from the CIA)
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Shah Shah of Iranof Iran
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Guatemala - 1954Guatemala - 1954U.S. Sends in the CIA to topple a U.S. Sends in the CIA to topple a potential Communist takeoverpotential Communist takeover
(United Fruit Company owned 42% (United Fruit Company owned 42% of the land)of the land)
Diplomatic, Economic, and Diplomatic, Economic, and Propaganda campaignsPropaganda campaigns
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GuatemalaGuatemala
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Fulgencio Fulgencio BatistaBatista
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Fidel Fidel CastroCastroTakes over in
1959
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Nikita Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev
leader of Soviet Union leader of Soviet Union after Stalin dies in 1953after Stalin dies in 1953
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U-2 IncidentU-2 Incident
Soviet Union shoots down a U.S. Soviet Union shoots down a U.S. plane (U-2) – states it is spyingplane (U-2) – states it is spying
U.S. denies (outraged) – says it was a U.S. denies (outraged) – says it was a weather planeweather plane
Soviet’s reveal they have the plane Soviet’s reveal they have the plane and the pilot – Gary Powersand the pilot – Gary Powers
U.S. is caught in a lie - - - it is a spy U.S. is caught in a lie - - - it is a spy planeplane
Tension buildsTension builds
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Military Industrial ComplexMilitary Industrial Complex
In his farewell speech – Eisenhower In his farewell speech – Eisenhower warns America about defense warns America about defense spendingspending
” ”we must guard against the we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-unsought, by the military-industrial complex”industrial complex”
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But . . . What’s been happening But . . . What’s been happening on the home front between 1945 on the home front between 1945
and 1960 . . . ?????and 1960 . . . ?????
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John John KennedyKennedy
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What do you
think?
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U.S. Army U.S. Army Special Special ForcesForces
“Green Berets”“Green Berets”
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Lyndon Lyndon JohnsonJohnson
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Ho Ho Chi Chi
MinhMinh
North Vietnamese leader
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Ngo Ngo Dinh Dinh DiemDiem
South Vietnamese leader
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Buddhist Buddhist monks in monks in Vietnam Vietnam
demonstrate demonstrate for peace by for peace by
setting setting themselves themselves
afireafire
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Gulf of Tonkin Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionResolution
President’s powers to wagewar are drastically increased
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Richard Richard NixonNixon
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Sec. of StateHenry
Kissinger
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Kent State UniversityKent State University
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Pentagon PapersPentagon Papers
Government dishonesty about Vietnam War is revealed to the public.
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Pol
Pot
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War Powers ActWar Powers Act
President’s ability to wage war greatly
diminished
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SALTSALTStrategic Arms Strategic Arms
Limitations TreatyLimitations Treaty
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Jimmy Jimmy CarterCarter
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Sadat Carter Begin
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Carter Wins
Nobel Peace Prize
2002
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Ronald Ronald ReaganReagan
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Strategic Strategic Defense Defense InitiativeInitiative
““Star Star Wars”Wars”
Scrapped after Cold War
ended
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Beirut BombingBeirut Bombing241 Marines killed by terrorists in 1983241 Marines killed by terrorists in 1983
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Mikhail Mikhail GorbachevGorbachev
glasnost
perestroika
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Berlin Berlin WallWall
Comes Comes DownDown
Nov. 9,Nov. 9, 19891989
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Who is tearing down the wall?
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Souvenir bits of
Berlin Wall
sold for $1.00 each
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Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
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September 11, 2001September 11, 2001
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Ongoing War in Iraq Ongoing War in Iraq
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Before After
So long, Saddam
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Still Still Hunting Hunting
for for Osama Osama
Bin Bin LadenLaden
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Where will we be tomorrow?Where will we be tomorrow?