U.S. HISTORYU.S. HISTORYGoal - 4Goal - 4ReviewReview

GOAL 4: The Great West and the Rise of the GOAL 4: The Great West and the Rise of the Debtor class (1860s-1896) Students will evaluate Debtor class (1860s-1896) Students will evaluate the great westward movement and assess the the great westward movement and assess the impact of the agricultural revolution on the impact of the agricultural revolution on the nation.nation.

Objectives:Objectives: 4.01 Compare and contrast the different groups of 4.01 Compare and contrast the different groups of

people who migrated to the West and describe the people who migrated to the West and describe the problems they experienced. problems they experienced.

4.02 Evaluate the impact that settlement in the West 4.02 Evaluate the impact that settlement in the West had upon different groups of people and the had upon different groups of people and the environment. environment.

4.03 Describe the causes and effects of the financial 4.03 Describe the causes and effects of the financial difficulties that plagued the American farmer and trace difficulties that plagued the American farmer and trace the rise and decline of Populism. the rise and decline of Populism.

4.04 Describe innovations in agricultural technology 4.04 Describe innovations in agricultural technology and business practices and assess their impact on the and business practices and assess their impact on the West. West.

Content Issue:Content Issue: Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny was a phrase that expressed the belief that the United was a phrase that expressed the belief that the United

States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean.Ocean.

Manifest Destiny advocated for or justify other territorial acquisitions. Manifest Destiny advocated for or justify other territorial acquisitions. Advocates believed that expansion was not only good, but that it was Advocates believed that expansion was not only good, but that it was obvious ("manifest") and certain ("destiny"). obvious ("manifest") and certain ("destiny").

American expansion was good for democracy because American expansion was good for democracy because people in the western frontier actively participated in the people in the western frontier actively participated in the political processpolitical process

Content Issues:Content Issues: The U.S. The U.S.

government government opened the great opened the great plains to western plains to western settlement and as settlement and as a result native a result native American lands American lands were acquired by were acquired by white settlers who white settlers who wanted protection wanted protection from the U.S. from the U.S. military leading to military leading to many wars and many wars and massacres of massacres of Native Americans.Native Americans.

Senator Henry Dawes a reformers believed that Senator Henry Dawes a reformers believed that Indians would never bridge the chasm between Indians would never bridge the chasm between "barbarism and civilization" if they maintained "barbarism and civilization" if they maintained their tribal cohesion and traditional ways. He their tribal cohesion and traditional ways. He saw the Dawes Act as the first step toward saw the Dawes Act as the first step toward transforming, and assimilating native transforming, and assimilating native Americans into main stream white culture.Americans into main stream white culture.

Western settlers built Sod houses, because they were Western settlers built Sod houses, because they were literally, dirt cheap and wood was un available. Sod literally, dirt cheap and wood was un available. Sod houses were warm in the winter and cool in the houses were warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Western families on the great plains huddle in summer. Western families on the great plains huddle in their sod homes as prairie fires swept their farms. Sod their sod homes as prairie fires swept their farms. Sod homes were needed until the nineteenth century, when homes were needed until the nineteenth century, when the railroads made wood available on the prairie.the railroads made wood available on the prairie.

Content Issues:Content Issues: The Central Pacific started building the The Central Pacific started building the

Transcontinental Railroad eastward from Sacramento, Transcontinental Railroad eastward from Sacramento, demand for Chinese workers increased greatly. The CP demand for Chinese workers increased greatly. The CP figured they needed 5,000 Chinese immigrants workers figured they needed 5,000 Chinese immigrants workers to build the railroad, but thousands more were to build the railroad, but thousands more were required.required.

Passed in 1882, the Chinese Passed in 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was a climax to Exclusion Act was a climax to more than thirty years of more than thirty years of progressive racism. Anti-progressive racism. Anti-Chinese sentiment had Chinese sentiment had existed ever since the great existed ever since the great migration from China during migration from China during the gold rush, where white the gold rush, where white miners and prospectors miners and prospectors imposed taxes and laws to imposed taxes and laws to inhibit the Chinese from inhibit the Chinese from success. Racial tensions success. Racial tensions increased as more and more increased as more and more Chinese emigrated, occupied Chinese emigrated, occupied jobs, and created competition jobs, and created competition on the job market. By 1882 on the job market. By 1882 the Chinese were hated the Chinese were hated enough to be banned from enough to be banned from immigrating; the Chinese immigrating; the Chinese Exclusion Act, initially only a Exclusion Act, initially only a ten year policy, was ten year policy, was extended indefinitely, and extended indefinitely, and made permanent in 1902. made permanent in 1902.

Content Issues: the Interstate Commerce Act Content Issues: the Interstate Commerce Act The Grange fought against high rail road ratesThe Grange fought against high rail road rates created an Interstate Commerce Commission to created an Interstate Commerce Commission to

oversee the conduct of the railroad industryoversee the conduct of the railroad industry With this act, the railroads became the first industry With this act, the railroads became the first industry

subject to Federal regulation.subject to Federal regulation.

The Granger The Granger movement laid the movement laid the foundation for the foundation for the Populist party.Populist party.

Fighting to bring Fighting to bring about economic and about economic and political balance in political balance in the west in the the west in the following areas:following areas:

Small Farmers and Small Farmers and Big BusinessesBig Businesses

Farmers and Farmers and Railroads rates Railroads rates

Debt and the need Debt and the need for Free silver or for Free silver or cheap moneycheap money

Content Issues:Content Issues: The power of voters expanded PopulismThe power of voters expanded Populism Regulation of railroads the Interstate commerce Regulation of railroads the Interstate commerce

ActsActs Government control of Big BusinessGovernment control of Big Business

Interstate Commerce Interstate Commerce ActAct

The Interstate Commerce The Interstate Commerce Act required that Act required that railroads charge fair rates railroads charge fair rates to their customers and to their customers and make those rates public. make those rates public.

This legislation also This legislation also created the Interstate created the Interstate Commerce Commission Commerce Commission (ICC), which has the (ICC), which has the authority to investigate authority to investigate and prosecute Railroads and prosecute Railroads businesses that businesses that overchargedovercharged

Refrigeration technology was primitive, but in 1878 Refrigeration technology was primitive, but in 1878 Swiss commissioned engineer Andrew Chase to design Swiss commissioned engineer Andrew Chase to design a refrigerated railroad car. Air circulated over ice in a refrigerated railroad car. Air circulated over ice in refillable bins at the top of the car. As it cooled and refillable bins at the top of the car. As it cooled and became heavier, the air dropped down into the became heavier, the air dropped down into the compartment, forcing warmer, lighter air out through compartment, forcing warmer, lighter air out through ventilators and keeping the compartment cold. ventilators and keeping the compartment cold. Refrigeration allowed Swift to sell his product Refrigeration allowed Swift to sell his product internationally, transforming the meat business.internationally, transforming the meat business.

In the speech, Bryan In the speech, Bryan articulated the feelings of articulated the feelings of Americans from the South Americans from the South and West who felt that and West who felt that the currency system and the currency system and its effects had injured its effects had injured their financial and cultural their financial and cultural interests. These sections interests. These sections saw a more flexible saw a more flexible monetary system and monetary system and some degree of inflation some degree of inflation as a cure for the as a cure for the economic ills that afflicted economic ills that afflicted farmers, miners, and farmers, miners, and industrial workers. Bryan industrial workers. Bryan captured their grievances captured their grievances and gave them eloquent and gave them eloquent expression in his “Cross expression in his “Cross of Gold” Speech. of Gold” Speech.

Content Issues:Content Issues: The foundation of the College of Engineering The foundation of the College of Engineering

traces its roots to the Morrill Act of 1862.traces its roots to the Morrill Act of 1862. This act provided for a land grant institution This act provided for a land grant institution

in each state and territory. the Agriculture in each state and territory. the Agriculture College and Experiment Station.College and Experiment Station.

Content issuesContent issues Mormons and Irish Mormons and Irish

migration west was migration west was due to religious due to religious persecution in the persecution in the mid-1800,s mid-1800,s

These groups These groups moving west moving west Chinese, Blacks, Chinese, Blacks, Irish and Mormons Irish and Mormons were used as cheap were used as cheap labor sources.labor sources.

Content Issues:Content Issues: Western expansion Western expansion

was achieved by was achieved by the the transcontinental transcontinental railroadrailroad

Native American Native American genocidegenocide

Homestead ActHomestead Act Morrill Land Grant Morrill Land Grant

ActAct

Content Issues:Content Issues: Nativists believe there are right and wrongs type of Nativists believe there are right and wrongs type of

people immigrating to Americapeople immigrating to America Nativist oppose immigration on the grounds it takes Nativist oppose immigration on the grounds it takes

jobs away from Americansjobs away from Americans American businessmen support immigration for cheap American businessmen support immigration for cheap

laborlabor

Content Issues:Content Issues: Western Expansion had the greatest impact Western Expansion had the greatest impact

on the exploitation of Native Americanson the exploitation of Native Americans Native Americans were forced to assimilate Native Americans were forced to assimilate

into white society into white society

Content Issue: Cheap laborContent Issue: Cheap labor Northern factories used immigrants to work in Northern factories used immigrants to work in

factories for low wagesfactories for low wages The south used black sharecroppers as cheap The south used black sharecroppers as cheap

labor after the civil warlabor after the civil war

The open-range system on the plains allowed The open-range system on the plains allowed interregional herd movement. In winter, Kansas cattle interregional herd movement. In winter, Kansas cattle sometimes drifted southward from the Platte and sometimes drifted southward from the Platte and Arkansas rivers into the Public Land Strip or Cherokee Arkansas rivers into the Public Land Strip or Cherokee Strip or southward from the Beaver River into more Strip or southward from the Beaver River into more southerly ranges, even as far south as the Little and southerly ranges, even as far south as the Little and Red rivers. Fencing in the range could correct the Red rivers. Fencing in the range could correct the problem, and thus the barbed-wire product found early problem, and thus the barbed-wire product found early application in the Texas Panhandle. application in the Texas Panhandle.

The windmill was used to pump water to the crops for The windmill was used to pump water to the crops for irrigation of large farms.irrigation of large farms.

The steel plow was the first step to making farm The steel plow was the first step to making farm equipment more efficient. A single plow to covered equipment more efficient. A single plow to covered more area the traditional methods. Western farmers more area the traditional methods. Western farmers were able to plant enough crops to take care of our were able to plant enough crops to take care of our growing nation agricultural needs. growing nation agricultural needs.

There was a time when as many as 50 to 60 million There was a time when as many as 50 to 60 million buffalo roamed the great plains from Alaska to Mexico. buffalo roamed the great plains from Alaska to Mexico. Massive herds moved across the plains leaving trails Massive herds moved across the plains leaving trails that are today railroads lines.that are today railroads lines.

The American Indians lived well on the prairie when the The American Indians lived well on the prairie when the buffalo were so plentiful. buffalo were so plentiful.

When the Europeans moved west massive herds of When the Europeans moved west massive herds of buffalo were exterminated. buffalo were exterminated.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had described the The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had described the U.S.-Mexico boundary vaguely, and following the U.S.-Mexico boundary vaguely, and following the Mexican-American War, the United States and Mexico Mexican-American War, the United States and Mexico continued to dispute the border between the two continued to dispute the border between the two countries. The addition of new American territories countries. The addition of new American territories granted by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was driving granted by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was driving western development, and there were rival plans to western development, and there were rival plans to build railroadsbuild railroads to the west coast. to the west coast.