u.s. history to 1877. 1. contrast the effects of european explorations. 2. compare various early...
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CHAPTER THREE:THE AMERICAN COLONIES
U.S. History to 1877
Alabama Course of Study
1. Contrast the effects of European explorations.
2. Compare various early English settlements and colonies.
Chapter Three:The American Colonies
3.1 Britain and the Colonies 3.2 Colonial Expansion and Revival 3.3 African Americans in the Colonies 3.4 Life in the Colonies
Britain and its Colonies
English Civil War Mercantilism Navigation Acts Glorious Revolution Salutary Neglect
English Civil War
King Charles I tried to limit the powers of Parliament.
A civil war broke out between those loyal to the king and those loyal to Parliament.
King Charles I
English Civil War
Parliament won and executed King Charles I in January 1649.
Oliver Cromwell governed England until his death.
Parliament restored the monarchy to Charles II.
Oliver Cromwell
Mercantilism This new economic theory stated that a
country must acquire as much gold and silver as possible in order to be powerful and wealthy.
It also stated that a country should be self-sufficient in raw materials.
A country should establish colonies to supply the raw materials.
A country should have more exports than imports.
This concept is called balance of trade.
Navigation Acts
In accordance with mercantilism, the government tried to promote exports and restrict imports.
The Navigation Act required the colonies to sell certain goods only to England.
Navigation Acts
This gave England more control over its colonies.
If colonists wanted to sell goods to other nations, they had to pay a duty, or tax, on it.
Navigation Acts
The Staple Act required everything the colonies imported to come through England.This was very profitable for
England.It was very costly for the colonies.
Glorious Revolution
King James II succeeded Charles II to the throne.
Catholic King James II had a Protestant daughter and a newborn son who would be raised Catholic.
Parliament intervened to prevent a Catholic dynasty. King James II
Glorious Revolution It appointed King
James II’s daughter Mary and her husband William to the monarchy.
No blood was shed during this “Glorious Revolution.”
William and Mary allowed more self-rule in the colonies.
William and Mary
Glorious Revolution
WILLIAM III MARY II
Glorious Revolution
Parliament tried to prevent the new monarchs from becoming too powerful.
It established the English Bill of Rights, granting basic legal rights to English citizens.
Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution
showed that there are justified reasons to overthrow a government. John Locke wrote Two
Treatises of Government. He argued that citizens
were born with certain natural rights (particularly the rights to life, liberty, and property).
Glorious Revolution
He also argued that a monarch’s right to rule came from the people.
The people had a right to overthrow a government if it violated the people’s rights.
Salutary Neglect
Britain allowed its colonies more freedom to govern themselves than other European nations did.
“The British realized that the most salutary, or beneficial, policy was to neglect their colonies.” -73.
“In the early 1700s, Great Britain rarely enforced its trade route regulations…because neglect served British economic interests better than strict enforcement.” -73.
3.2 Colonial Expansion and Revival
Expansion Great Awakening
Alabama Course of Study
1. Contrast the effects of European explorations.
2. Compare various early English settlements and colonies.
Expansion
Colonists were more financially stable.
They were able to support bigger families.
Immigration to the colonies resulted in a population surge in the mid-1700s.
Gentry in Colonial Williamsburg
Expansion
With a growing population, the colonies needed more land.
The British colonies expanded westward into Native American and French territories.
Expansion
Some Native Americans moved further west into other Native American tribes’ territories creating conflict.
Other Native Americans stirred up conflict between the British and the French.
Great Awakening Morality among the
colonists began to decline.
Ministers began preaching messages of repentance and revival.
The First Great Awakening refers to a Christian revival that began in the early 1700s.
Jonathan Edwards
Great Awakening
These revivals were designed to renew commitment among the colonists.
The most popular ministers during the Great Awakening were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.
George Whitefield
Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards Was a Massachusetts
minister. is believed to have
started the Great Awakening.
preached the famous sermon: “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” p92
“Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God”
O sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in.
It is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God, whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you, as against many of the damned in hell.
“Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God”
You hang by a slender thread, with the flames of divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every moment to singe it, and burn it asunder.
Great Awakening
George Whitefield Was an evangelist who
toured the colonies seven times between 1738 and 1770.
Preached in churches when he was invited.
Preached in fields or barns to thousands of people when not invited by the local pastor.
George Whitefield
Great Awakening
These ministers preached that any Christian could have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ.
They preached the Gospel (literally “good news”) about Jesus’ resurrection.
Great Awakening
They preached that wealth and education was not necessary to become a Christian.
They stressed that faith and sincerity were the major requirements needed to become a Christian.
Great Awakening
Ephesians 2:8-10 KJV 2:8 For by grace are ye saved through
faith, and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God:
2:9 Not of works, lest any man should boast.
2:10 For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus unto good works,
which God hath before ordained that we should walk in them.
3.3 African Americans in the Colonies
Slave Trade Slavery Free Blacks Laws Rebellions
Alabama Course of Study
1. Contrast the effects of European explorations.
2. Compare various early English settlements and colonies.
Slave Trade
Middle Passage The Middle Passage was one route of the
triangular trade between the Americas, Europe, and Africa.
This term also refers to the slave trade from Africa to the Americas.
Slaves faced terrible conditions: a month or longer journey overcrowded ships lack of nutrition disease from lack of sanitation
Slave Trade
Olaudah EquianoHe was captured by Africans when he was 10 years old.
He was eventually sold and sent to the colonies.
He endured the Middle Passage.
Olaudah Equiano
Slave Trade
He was educated and traveled a lot with his British slaveholder.
He later purchased his freedom and wrote an autobiography.
Olaudah Equiano
Slavery In the early colonial period,
many slaves were treated like indentured servants.
In the early 1600s, many English settlers supported the slavery of Africans based on religion rather than race.
Purchasing slaves was very costly.
Some slaveholders encouraged slaves to create families to save money.
African American actor in Colonial
Williamsburg
Slavery Slaves performed a variety
of tasks:FarmingHouseworkCookingSkilled labor depending
on where they lived. The South became more
dependent on slave labor because of its agricultural economy.
The North relied less on slave labor due to its commercial economy.
Cotton
Free Blacks A small number of blacks came to America
as indentured servants. In some colonies, slaves were allowed to
work outside of the plantation to earn money as skilled laborers.
They could possibly purchase their freedom if they saved enough money.
Free Blacks
Free blacks did the same kind of work as slaves.
Free blacks faced worse economical and social discrimination than slaves.
Free blacks had limited rights.
They could not vote or testify in court.
A Campaign Slogan for the Abolitionist Movement later
Laws The colonies created laws to regulate the
daily lives of slaves. Virginia created the slave code in 1705
by combining all of its laws concerning slavery.
Examples of the slave codes include: Slaves could not get on ships or ferries or leave the
town limits without a written pass. Slaves could be convicted of crimes like owning
hogs, carrying canes, or hitting a white person. Punishments included whipping, banishment to the
West Indies, and death.
Rebellions Slaves tried a
variety of ways to resist slavery.They would break
tools.They would
purposefully slow down the work.
They would even fake sickness.
Rebellions Several dozen slaves
organized a revolt in 1739 called the Stono Rebellion.
They killed more than 20 whites in South Carolina.
The slaves were captured and executed for the rebellion.
3.4 Life in the Colonies
Social Classes Men and
Women Education
Alabama Course of Study
1. Contrast the effects of European explorations.
2. Compare various early English settlements and colonies.
Social Classes Gentry (“gentle folk” )
were wealthy citizens of the colonies.
could hire others to work for them.
wore wigs, silk stockings, and lace cuffs.
were landowners (usually white men).
dominated politics. were educated. Gentry in Colonial
Williamsburg
Social Classes
Ordinary Peopledressed plainly.were usually skilled in a
particular trade.
Men and Women
Young boys became apprentices, individuals who would train for a certain skilled position.
Men farmed or produced goods like shoes, guns, and candles.
Men had authority over their wives.
Husbands were allowed to beat their wives. (“rule of thumb”)
Men and Women
Women’s rights were limited.
Women could not Own property Vote Hold office Serve on a jury
Women were responsible for Cooking Cleaning Washing Sewing Weaving cloth Gardening Assisting other
women in childbirth Training daughters to
do all of the above
Education
School was not mandatory. Puritans believed citizens should be educated
so they could read the Bible. The New England Colonies became the first to
support public education.
Education
Wealthy citizens in the South would sometimes hire tutors to teach their children.
The wealthy were usually the only ones who went to college.
Education
Those who went to college trained to be lawyers or ministers.
Until the 1740s, the only three colleges in the colonies were Harvard (1636) Yale (1701) William and Mary
(1693).
Above: Harvard SealBelow: Yale Charter
Yale Campus
William and Mary College