us manned space flight - the manned flight program, the astronauts

8/8/2019 US Manned Space Flight - The Manned Flight Program, The Astronauts

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INDEX

(Editors: This package contains data on the United StatesEanned space flight program which answerof the public and the communications media. It is suggestedthat this material be retained in your files.)

most-asked questions

THE MANNED FLIGHT PROGRAM Page

Mercury, GemFni and Apollo Missions thru 1-4

. Apollo 1 3

Manned Space Flight Costs: Mercury, Gemini 5-7

Apollo Historical Summary 8-12

and Apollo

Apollo Flight Crews 13-15

Historical Origins of NASA

NASA Budget and Personnel History

THE ASTRONAUTS

Astronauts on Flight Status

Astronauts by Selection Groups

Current Status of Astronauts

16-19

20-2'1

22-23

24

25-28

Special Notes, Qualifications and Fatalities 29

THE FIXST LUNAR LANDING: APOLLO 11 HIGHLIGHTS 30-32

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THE MANNED FLIGHTPROGRAM

NASA MANNED SPACE FLIGHTS

Time i n Space Orbi s/Re vsProde ct Date C r e w /*rank a t present

MERCURY

Mercury Redstone 3"Freedom 7"

Mercury Redstone 4"Liber ty B e l l 7"

Mercury Atlas 6"Fr iendship 7"

Mercury Atlas 7"Aurora 7"

Mercury Atlas 8"Sigma 7"

Mercury Atlas 9" F a i t h 7"

G E M I N I

Gemini 3"Molly Brown".

May 5, 1 9 6 1Recovery Ship 0

Champlain (A)*'*

J u ly 2 1 , 1 9 6 1Recovery Ship -Randolph (A )

Feb. 20, 1962Recovery Ship -Noa (A)

May 24, 1962Recovery Ship -P ie r c e ( A)

Oct. 3 , 1962Recovery Ship -Kearsarge ( P I

May 15-16, 1963Recovery Ship -Kearsarge (P

March 23, 1965Recovery Ship -I n t r e p i d ( A )

Naval Comdr. A l a n B. Shepard*Capt.

0: 15: 22

A i r Force Maj. V i r g i l I . Grissom 0: 15: 37(deceased 1

Marine L t . Col. John H . Glenn 4:55:23r e t i r e d

Naval L t . Comdr. Sc ot t Carpe nter 4:56:05

r e t i r e d

9: 13 : 11aval Comdr. Walter M. S c h i r r ar e t r e d

A i r , Force Ma3 . L. Gordon Cooper 34 : 19: 49

r e t i r e d

**I

A i r Force Mad. V i r g i l I. Grissoml$i,val Lt,. Comdr. John W. Young_...

(d_ece as ed

Capt-, . Y oG g ' ,

**A o r P Afte r Recovery Ship Denotes At lan t i c or Pacif ic

s u b o r b i t a l

sub orb i t a1

t h r ee o r b i t

t h r e e o r b i t

s i x o r b i t s

2 2 o r b i t s

t h r e e o r b i t:53

. . *



P r o j e c t Date ” Crew *rank a t p r e s e n t T i m e i n S pa ce O r b i ts/Revs

Gemini 4 June 3-7, 1965m A - 20 Win. Recovery S h i p -

Wasp ( A ) * *

Gemini 5

Gemini 6

A Gemini 7

I

Gemini 8

A u g . 21-29, 1965Recovery ShipLake Champlain ( A )

Dec. 15-16, 1965Recovery Ship -Wasp ( A )

Dec. 4-18, 1965Recovery Ship -Wasp ( A )

A i r Force Majors James A . McDivit t * 9 7 ~ 5 6 6 2 r e v s.Edward H. White ‘I1w C a l . McDivitt

(White i s dece i sed)

A i r Force L t . Col. L. Gordon Cooper 190: 6 120 rev s.Naval L t . Comdr. Charles Conrad, J r .r e t r e d

Capt . Conrad

Naval Capt. Wabter M. S c h i r r a 25:51 1 6 r e v s .A i r Force &aj. Thomas P . S t a f f o r d

A i r Force L t . Col. Fra nk Boxman 330: 35 206 r evs .Naval Comdr. James A . Love11

re t i r ed , C ol . S t a f fo rd- _

r e t i r e dCapt. Love11

March 16, 1966 Ne il A . Armstrong, Civi l ianRecovery Ship - A i r Force Maj. David R. S c o t tLeonard F. Mason (P) Col . Scot t

Gemini 9 A June 3-6, 1966

U m b i l i c a l E V A of Recovery Shi p -2 hrs. 7 min. by Wasp ( A )Cernan

Umbil ica l EVA of Recovery Ship -33 min. land Standup Guadalca nal ( A )E V A o f 49 min. by

C o l l i n s

Gemini 10 Ju ly 18-21, 1966

10: 42 7 r evs .

A i r Force L t . Col. Thomas P . S t a f fo rd 72 : 21 4 4 r e v s .

Naval L t . Comdr. Eugene A . CernanCol . S taf fordC apt . j Cernan

Nava l Comdr. John W. Young 70: 47 43 re vs .Air Force Maj . M i ch ae l ‘ C ol l in s ( h i g h e s t a l t i t u d e 475 s t a t u t e

Capt. ’Young _ _r e t i r e d

c

. . I



P r o j e c t Date . , crew- *rank a t pre sen t Time i n Space Orbi t s /Revs

Ge mi n i 11 Sept. 12-15, 1966 Naval Comdr. Charles Conrad 71: 1 7 4 4 revs .Vmbil ical EVA of Recovery Ship - Naval Lt. Comdr. Richard F. Gordon, J r . ( h i g h e s t a l t i t u d e 853 s t a t u t e33 min. and Sta nd up Guam (A)** *C ap t. I Conrad miles )EVA of 2 hrs. 5 min. by Capt. GordonGordon

Gemini 1 2 NOV. 11-15, 1966 A i r Force Maj . Edwin E . Al dr i n , Jr. 9 4 : 35 59 r e v s .2 Standup EVAs o f Recovery Ship - Naval Capt. James A. Lovel l , J r .2 h r s 2 9 min. & Wasp (A) Col. Al dr in

55 min.; Umbilical Capt. Lov ellEVA of 2 h r s . 6 min.by Aldrin

I +,, .m ,I

APOLLO

Apollo 7

Apollo 8

Apollo 9(Gumdrop andSpider) .

*it

Oct. 11-22, 1968 Naval Capt. Walter M. S c h i r r aRecovery Ship - A i r Force Maj. Donn Eise leEssex ( A ) C i v i l i a n Walter Cunningham

I r e t i r e d \Lt . Col . E isele

260:8:45 1 6 3 r evs .

Dec. 21-27, 1968 A i r Forc e Col. Frank Barman 1 4 7 : O O : l l 10 r e v s . of MoonRecovery Ship - Naval Capt. James A . Lovel l , J r .Yorktown (P) A i r Force Lt. Col. W i l l i a m Anders

r e t i r e dC a p t . L o v e l l

. r e t i r e d I

March 3-13, 1969 A i r Force C o l . James A. McDivit t 241:00:53 151 rev. of E a r t hRecovery Ship - A i r Force Col. David R . S c o t tGuadalcanal (A C i v i l i a n R u s s e l l L. Schweickar t

Col. McDivit t

Col . Scot t

** A or P Afte r R ecovery S h i p Denot es A t l an t i c o r P ac i f i c



-r ( , e c Date C r e w *rank a t pres ent Time i n Space Orbi t s /Revs

Apllllo 1 0 Ma y 18-26, 1 9 6 9(Cl i a r l i e Brown Recove ry Shi p -an( Snoopy ) Princeton (P)**

Apollo 11 J u l y 1 6 - 2 4 , 1 9 6 9(Cclumbia, Eagle, Recovery Ship -Tr:lnq. Base) Hornet ( P )

Apollo 1 2 November 1 4 - 2 4 , 1 9 6 9(Ymkee Cl ip per Recovery Ship -and In t r ep i d ) Horne t (P )

I

=fI

Apollo 13 A p r i l 1 1 - 1 7 , 1970(Odyssey and Recovery Ship -Aquar ius ) Iwo J i m a (P )

T o t a l F l i g h t s :2 3

(A t l an t i c R ecover i e s : 1 5P a c i f i c R e c ov e r ie s : 8

A i r Force Col. Thomas P . S t a f f o r d 192: 03 : 23 31 r e v s . of MoonNavy Commander John W . YoungNavy Commander Eugene A . Cernan“01. S t a f f o r dCapt. YoungCapt. Cernan

C i v i l i a n N e i l A . ArmstrongA i r Force L t . Col. Michael C o l l i n sA i r Force Col. Edwin E . Al dr i n , J r .

Navy Comdr. Ch ar le s Conrad, J r .Navy Comdr. Richard F . Gordon, J r .Navy Comdr. Alan L . Bean

Captains Conrad, Gordon & Bean

C ol . C o l l i ns i s r e t i r e d

1 9 5:18: 5 Lunar Landing3 0 r e v s . o f Moon

Navy Captain James A . L ove l l , J r .C i v i l i a n F r ed W . Haise, J r .C i v i l i a n J o hn L . Swiger t , J r .

Aborts :G - 8A - 1 3

2 4 4 : 36: 2 5 Lunar Landing2 EVAs t o t a l7hrs. 39 min.4 4 1 / 2 r e v s o fMoon

4 2 : 5 4 : 4 1 Planned lunarl and i ng abor t eda r t e r s e r v ic emodule oxygent a n k r u p t u r e

Cum ula tive Man Hours

Total6,262:50:03

THE APOLLO 1 4 MISSION I S SCHEDULED FOR LAUNCH AT KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA., NO EARLIER THAN JA N U A R Y 31,1971.

**A o r P A f t e r R ecovery S h i p Denot es A t l an t i c o r P ac i f i c



-5 -

MANNED SPACE FLIGHT COSTS

MERCURY

Spacecraf t - - - - - - - - - - - - 135,300,000

Operat ions- - - - .- - - - - - - ... - 49,300,000

Tracking Operations and Equipment - - - 71,900,00053,200,000

T o t a l $392,100,000

Launch Vehicles - - - - - - - - - - - - 82,900,000

F a c i l i t i e s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

GEMINI

Spacecraf t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 797,400,000Launch Vehicles - - - - - - - - - - - - 409.800,000

APOLLO MANNED LUNAR LANDING COST E S T I M A T E

The estimate c a r r i e s c o s t s of developing andproducing 1 2 Saturn I B and 15 Saturn V l aunch veh ic les ,18 s p a c e c r a f t command and s e r v i c e modules and 1 2 l u n a rmodules configured f o r manned f l i g h t , althaugh some oft h e s e w i l l be used f o r o t he r programs . Also inc ludeda re c o s t s of a l l f a c i l i t i e s and the manned space f l i g h tt r a ck i n g n et wo rk. In ad d i t i o n , t h e c o s t of all o p era t i o n si n s up po rt o f manned space f l i g h t t h ro u g h f i s ca l year1970 i s inc luded .

( i n b i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s )

ApoI .10 s p acec ra f t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - $7 795Sa t u rn l au n ch v eh i c l e s - - - - - - - - - - - 8 770Engine development - - - - - - - - - - - - - .8540 p e r a t i o n s . s u p p o r t - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 393Tracking and data a c q u i s i t i o n - - - - - - - .664F a c i l i t i e s - ... - - -.- - - -. - - - - - - - - 1 . 8 3 0I n s t a l l a t i o n o pe r at io ns - - - - - - - - - - 2 . 4 1 2T o t a l Tzmm

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Apollo Program accrued costs through J u l y 3 1 , 1969;i n c l u d es t h e f i r s t manned lu na r lan din g. (Excludingf i s c a l y e a r 70 funds)

Ap011 Space c r a f t 6,939Saturn Launch Vehic les 7 , 9 4 0

Saturn I 7 6 7Saturn I B 1 , 1 2 7Saturn V 6,046

Mission Control Systems 229

Launch Operations 2 1 9

Engine Development 854Operat ions Support 1 , 1 3 7

Fl i g h t an d C r e w Operat ions 477Technical Support 2 12

Tracking And Data Acquis i t ion 5 4 1F a c i l i t i e s 1 , 8 1 0

Manned Space F l i g h t F a c i l i t i e s 1 , 6 3 1

Tracking And Data F a c i l i t i e s 1 7 9MSF Center Operat ions 2 128Tot 1 $21,349

Launch vehicles and spacecraf t on hand o r i n f i n a l

product ion f o r manned lu na r landing miss ions and ot he rprograms a f t e r J u l y 1 9 6 9 :

7 Saturn I B Launch Vehicles9 Saturn V Launch Vehicles13 Sapcecraft Command and Service Modules9 Spacecraft Lunar Modules

Value of t h e space hardware remaining a f t e r Apollo11 was approximately $2 b i l l i o n . T h e r e f o r e , t h e f i r s tmanned l u n a r lan di ng was a ch ie ve d f o r $19.3 b i l l i o n .

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-

-7 -APOLLO MISSION COSTS

(included in T o t a l Estimated Costs, above)

.Apollo 7Command & Service ModuleSaturn IB Launch Vehicle

Operations

Command & Service ModuleSaturn V Launch VehicleOperations

Apollo 8

Apollo 9Command & Service ModuleLunar ModuleSatu-m VOperations

Apollo 10Command & Service ModuleLunar ModuleS a t u r n VOpe ai ns

Apollo 11Command & Service ModuleLunar ModuleSaturn VEASEP (lunar surface

Operations

instruments)

Apollo 12'& 13 (per mission)

Command & Service ModuleLunar ModuleSaturn.VALSEP (lunar surface

Operationsinstruments

Apollo 1 4 & 1 5 (per mi-ssion)

Command & Service ModuleLMSaturn VALSEP (same as other)Operations

$55 million

45

45$145

$551857 0

$310

$554 0

18560

$ 3 4 0 0

$5540

1857 0

$350

$5540

1855

70$355

$5540

18525

&

$5540

1852595"

$400

11

11

11

11

11

11:I

11

11

11

11

111

11

11

11

I!

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

!l

11

11

1 )

* - Increase results from reduced launch rate

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APOLLO HISTORICAL SUMMARY

Initial planning for a launch vehicle having a payloadcapability o f the Saturn I began in April 1967. In August

1958, studies concluded that a clustered booster of 1.5million pounds thrust was feasible and the research anddevelopment effort was begun. Initial results proved thatthe engine clustering technique, using existing hardware,could furnish large amounts of thrust.

updated the Thor-Jupiter engine, increased its thrust, thusdeveloping the 200,000 pound thrust H - 1 engine. Concurrently,from advanced studies, the 1.5 million pound thrust F-1engine was conceived and subsequently used as the powerplant for the even larger boosters.

Rocketdyne, a division of North American Rockwell Corp,,

In October 1958, the Army team moved to develop a high-performance booster for advanced space missions. Tentativelycalled Juno V and finally designated Saturn, the booster wasturned over to NASA in later 1959.

In July 1960, NASA first proposed publicly a post-Mercury program for manned flight and designated ti ProjectApollo. The Apollo goals envisioned at the time were Earth-orbital and circumlunar flights of a three-man spacecraft.

During 1960, Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc. (nowMcDonnell Douglas) was selected to build the Saturn I second

stage (S-IV) and Rocketdyne was chosen to develop thehydrogen fueled J-2 engine for future upper stages of theSaturn vehicles.

On May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy proposed toCongress that the United States accelerate its space program,establishing as a national goal a manned lunar landing andreturn by the end of this decade. In his report to CongressPresident Kennedy said:

"Now is the time...for this nation to take a clearlyleading role in space achievement, which in many ways mayhold the key to our future on Earth.

"..,this is not merely a race. Space is open to usnow; and our eagerness to share its mearsing is not governedby the efforts of others. We go into space because whatevermankind must undertake, free men must fully share.

"No single space project in this period will be moreimpressive to mankind oremore important for the long-rangeexploration of space. .

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"Let it be clea??...that I am asking the Congress and theCountry to accept a firm commitment to a new course of action,a course which will last for many years and carry very heavy

costs... If we are t o go only halfway, or reduce our sightsin the face of difficulty, in my judgment it would be betternot to go at all."

With endorsement by Congress, the national objective ofmanned lunar exploration created an immediate need for aconsiderably more powerful booster -- later designated theSaturn V. Following another six-month study, NASA announcedin January 1962 that the Saturn V, using a cluster of' five€7-1engines, would generate 7.5 million pounds of thrust,thus providing the liftoff power f o r the lunar landingprogram. After announcing that NASA would undertake the taskof developing the Saturn V , contracts were awarded to BoeingCompany and North American to build the first two stages ofthe Saturn V.

The second stage has a cluster of five J-2 enginesdeveloping a combined thrust of one million pounds. Thethird stage ( S - I V B ) and instrument unit were already underdevelopment for the smaller Saturn by Douglas Aircraft andIBM, respectively.

Later in 1962, NASA announced it was developing theSaturn IB which combined the first stage of the Saturn I andthe top stage of the Saturn V for Earth orbital tests of the

Apollo spacecraft.

spacecraft guidance and navigation system. Three and a halfmonths later, NASA selected North American Rockwell Corp.for the Apollo spacecraft command and service module program.

In mid-July 1962, the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration selected the lunar orbital rendezvous modefor the lunar mission. This called for development of atwo-man lunar module to be used for landing on the Moon andreturning to lunar orbit. Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp.was selected to design and build the lunar module on

November 7, 1962.

On August 9, 1961, MIT was selected to develop the Apollo

One year later, the first Apollo command module wasflown at White Sands Missile Range in a launch pad abortt e s t . The first high altitude abort was successfullydemonstrated on May 13, 1964. Fifteen days later a Saturn Iplaced the first Apollo command module into orbit fromCape Kennedy.

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The first full systems Apollo command module waslaunched aboard a Saturn IB, and successfully tested themodule's reentry heat shield. The February 26, 1966 testwas also the first flight of a Saturn IB.

The first phase of the Saturn launch vehicle programwas completed in 1965. In ten flights of the Saturn I,ten were successful -- an unprecedented record in rocketdevelopment. Much technology was proven in the Saturn Iprogram. The rocket guidance system was developed. Theconcept of clustered rocket engines was validated m d , theprogram supplied experience in using liquid hydrogen asrocket fuel. Liquid hydrogen provides double the fuel

economy of earlier fuels.

The Saturn IB launch vehicle was successfully flownthree times in three attempts in 1966. Two of these flightscarried spacecraft to space where they satisfactorily com-pleted requirements for Apollo command and service modulesin Earth orbital operations.

On January 27, 1967, tragedy struck the nation spaceeffort when a fire erupted inside an A p o l l o spacecraft duringground testing at Cape Kennedy, resulting in the deaths ofAstronauts Virgil Grissom, Edward White I1 and Roger Chaffee.After two and a half months of investigation, involving 1,500

people, the Board of Inquiry determined that the most likelycuase of the fire was electrical arcing from certain space-craft wiring, After an extensive investigation by anAccident Review Board, the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration followed with detailed descriptions of COP-

rective actions, schedule modifications, and cost estimatesnecessary to move the program toward its objective.

On November 9, 1967, the first flight test of the Apollo/Saturn V space vehicle was successfully accomplished.Designated Apollo 4 , the unmanned flight demonstrated per-formance of the previously unf'lown first and second Saturn Vs t a ge s , the restart-in-orbit capability of its third stage,

the Apollo spacecraft ability t o reenter Earth's atmosphereat lunar mission return speeds, performance of the integratedspace vehicle, and the operational readiness of Kennedy SpaceCenter Launch Complex 39. All mission objectives were metfollowing an on-time launching and an 8-hour 37-minute mis-sion. The Saturn V placed a total weight into orbit of over278,699 pounds after a near perfect countdown. The spacecraftheat shield performed satisfactorily during the 24,800 mileper hour plunge into Earth's atmosphere.

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During the January 22-23, 1968 Apollo 5 mission, lunarmodule systems and structural performance met all objectives,including two firings of both the ascent and descent pro-pulsion'systems. The unmanned Lunar Module I was boostedinto Earth orbit by a Saturn IB. Post-flight analysisdetermined the lunar module ready for manned Earth orbitalrnlssions.

The April 4, 1968 flight of Apollo 6 was the secondunmanned Saturn V mission to demonstrate launch vehicle andspacecraft systems performance. Two problems were experiencedwith the rocket systems -- vertical oscillations or "POGO"effect in the first stage and rupture of small propellantlines in the upper stages -- in an otherwise, very successful

mission.

The precise reentry and splashdown on October 22, 1968of the 11-day Apollo 7 flight ended what was called a 101percent successful mission. Manned by AstronautsWalter Schirra, Donn Eisele, and Walt Cunnlngham, theApollo 7 performed flawlessly for more than 780 hours inspace, including 8 firings of the spacecraft's primarypropulsion system and the first live TV frop a manned '

vehicle,

1968 from the Kennedy Space Center for history's first

flight from Earth to another body in the solar system.Ap.ollo 8 performed flawlessly for 147 hours and over ahalf mission miles of space flight which included tenrevolutions around the Moon, lunar and Earth photography,and live television broadcasts.

Apollo 8 lifted off precisely on time, December 21,

Apollo 9 splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean, northeastof Puerto Rico, at 12:00:53 EST, March 13, 1969, after a10-day, 6-million mile Earth orbital mission. All majormission objectives were met in the first five days offlight. Apollo 9 was the first all-up manned'flight ofthe Apollo Saturn V space vehicle, first manned flight ofthe lunar module, first Apollo EVA, and included rendezvousand docking, live television, photographic surveys ofEarth, and obserVation of Pegasus I1 satellite and Jupiter.This was the fouPth Saturn V on-time launch (11:OO am EST).

Apollo 10 su-ccessfully completed man's second lunarorbital flight, passing within 9 miles of the lunar surfacein a dress rehearsal for the actual lunar landing mission.Lifting off at 12:49 pm, May 18, Apollo 10 spent nearly62 hours (31 revolutions) in lunar orbit, sent 19 live colorTV transmissions, and splashed down within 7,000 yards ofits primary recovery ship in the Pacific Ocean 8 days and3 hours after launching.

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Apollo 11 attained the national goal, set by PresidentKenriedy in 1961, or^ iai6ing men on Liie ivioon a116 returningthem safely to Earth within the decade of the 1960s. Themission was launched precisely on time from Kennedy Space

Center at 9:32 am EDT, July 16, by a Saturn V. The LMtouched down in the Moon's Sea of Tranquillity at 4:18 pm,July 20, and Commander Neil Armstrong stepped onto thelunar surface at 10:56 that evening followed by LM PilotEdwin E. Aldrin, Jr. Their activities were viewed livearound the world by the largest television audience in history.The returning spacecraft splashed down in the Pacific,southwest of Hawaii, at 12:51 pm EDT, July 24 after a flightof 8 days, 3 hours, 19 minutes. Scientific instruments wereleft on the Moon and samples of the Moon's soil and rockswere brought back, along with still and motion pictures.

Exactly four months after the Apollo 11 landing, the

Apollo 12 repeated this achievement, landing and exploringat the Ocean of Storms, opening a new era in manned scientificexploration. The November 10 launched Apollo 12 missiondemonstrated the poing landing capability, and implaced thefirst Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments package on the surfacefor continued science reporting. Two EVA periods were com-pleted by the astronauts, which included experiments emplace-ment, field geology investigation, and Surveyor I11 inspection.The crew for the 10 day 4*5 our mission was commander,Captain Charles Conrad, Jr.; Command Module Pilot, CaptainRichard F. Gordon, Jr.; and Lunar Module Pilot, CaptainAlan L. Bean.

Apollo 13 was launched April 11, 1970 to land on theFrau Mauro upland area of the Moon where the crew wouldretrieve surface samples and emplace geophysical instrumentsduring two EVA periods. A rupture of the service moduleoxygen tank at 10:ll pm EST, April 13 caused a power failureof the command and service electrical system which preventedthe lunar landing. The crew used the lunar module as thecommand post and living quarters for the remainder of theflight. The lunar module descent engine provided propulsionto make corrections in the flight path which sent thespacecraft around the Moon on a free-return trajectory forreentry and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean 142 hours,54 minutes, 41 seconds after liftoff.

The Apollo 13 Review Board announced on June 30 thata short circuit ignited electrical inkulation in the space-craft oxygen tank No. 2, causing failure of the tank. TheBoard recommended the command and service module systems bemodified to eliminate potential combustion hazards in high-pressure oxygen of the type revealed by the accident.

The spacecraft is being modified in accordance withthe Board's recommendations and Apollo 14 is planned to belaunched no earlier than January 31, 1971 to land or] theFrau Mauro area of the Moon.

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APOLLO FLIGHT CR

(PriPne, Backup and Support Te

Commander, Walter M. Schfrra, Jr.CM Pilot, Donn F. Eisele .

LM Pilot, Walter Cunnilzgham

Commander, Thomas P. StaffordCM Pilot, John W. YoungLM Pilot, Eugene A. Cernan

John L e Swigert, Jr.Ronald E. Evans

William R, Pogue

Apollo 8

Commander,Frank BormanCM Pllot, James A. Lovell, JP.LM Pilot, William A. Anders

Commander, Neil A. ArmstrongCM Pilat, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.LM P i l o t , Fred W. Nalse, Jr,

Thomas I?, Mattingly I1

Gerald P. CarsVance D. Brand

e

Apol l o 9

Commander, James A, M l c D i v i t tCM Pilot, David R e Scott - SpiderLM Pilot, Russell L. Sc eickanot - Gumdrop

Commander, Charles Conrads, reCM Pilot -Richard

Pilot, Alan L.

Edgar D. MitchellJack R . Lousma

F. GordonBean

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Apollo 10

Commander, Thomas P. StaffordCM Pilot, John W. Young - Charlie BrownLM Pilot, Eugene A, Cernan - Snoopy

Commander, L, Gordon CooperCM Pilot, Donn F, EiseleLM Pilot, Edgar D. Mi$chell

Joe H. Engle

James B. IrwinCharles M, Duke, Jr.

Apollo 11

Commander, Neil A. Armstrong - Tranquility Bas9CM Pilot, Michael Collins - ColumbiaLM Pilot, Edwin E. Aldrin - Eagle

Commander, James A. Love11CM Pilot, William A. AndersLM Pilot, Fred W. Haise

John L. SwigertRonald E, EvansWilliam R. Pogue

I

Apollo 12

Commander, Charles Conrad, Jr.CM Pilot, Richard R . Cordon, Jr. - Yankee ClipperLM Pilot, Alan L, Bean - Intrepid

Commander, David R . ScottCM Pilot, Alfred M. WordenLM Pilot, James B. Irwin

Geraid P. CarrPaul J. WeitsEdward G. Gibsor,

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Apollo 13

Commander, James A . LovellCM Pilot, John L. Swigert, Jr.* - OdysseyLM Pilot, Fred W. Haise, Jr. - Aquarius

Commander, John W. YoungCM Pilot, John L. Swigert, Jr,LM Pilot, Charles M. Duke, Jr,

Jaok R. LousmaVance D, Br,and

Apollo 14

Commander, Alan B. Shepard, Jr.CM Pilot, Stuart A. RoosaLM Pilot, Edgar D. Mitchell

Commander, Eugene A . CerpanCM Pilot, Ronald E. EvansLM Pilot, Joe H. Engle

WiLLiam R. PogueBruce McCandless 'I1C, Gordon Fullerton

Apollo 15

Commander, David R. Scott ,

CM Pilot, Alfred M. Worden, Jr.LM Pilot, James B. Irwin

Commander, Richard F. GordQn, Jr.Cl!J Pilot, Vance D. BrandLM Pilot Harrison H. Schmitt

Karl G. HenizeRobert A . Parker

* Substituted for USN LCdr. Thos. K. Mattingly, who had beenexposed to but did not contractp measles.

August 1970

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H I S T O R I C A L ORIGINS OF THEI

RONAUTTCS AND SPACE A DM I N ISTRATION

The Nat iona l Aeronau t ic s and Space Admin is t ra t ion wasborn on October 1, 1 9 5 8 . H i s t o r i c a l l y , e s t a b l i s h m e n t of N A S A

fo l lowed t h e launch of S P UTNIK I , t h e f i r s t man-made E a r t hs a t e l l i t e , which a year b e f o r e had spa rked a worldwide chainr e a c t i o n o f e v e n t s .

When S P UTNIK I was l a un ch e d i n t o o r b i t by t h e So v i e t U nionon October 4 , 1 95 7, t h e U n it e d S t a t e s be ga n an i n t e n s iv ec o n s i d e r a t i o n o f i t s r o l e as a n a t i o n i n t h e e x p lo r a t i o n a n d e x -p l o i t a t i o n o f s p ac e. The f i r s t U.S. s a t e l l i t e p r o g r a m , e a r l i e ri n i t i a t e d as p a r t o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l G eo p hy s ic a l Y ea r ( I G Y )

a nd c a l l e d P r o j e c t V an gua rd , was prematurely . judged by many

Americans as a p ro pa ga nd a f a i l u r e i n t h e s o - c a l l e d " s pa c e r a c e "i n s t e a d o f t h e g r e a t s c i e n t i f i c s u cc e ss u l t i m a t e l y a ch i ev ed by

i t s t h r e e s a t e l l i t e s .

EXPLORER I , t h e f i r s t U.S. s a t e l l i t e , was s u c c e s s f u l l yl a u n c h e 8 i n t o o r b i t b y t h e A r m y B a l l i s t i c Miss i le Agency ( A B M A )on January 31, 1958. It c a r r i e d a n I G Y exper imen t , conduc ted b y

p r o f e s s o r James A. Van Allen of t h e St a t e U n iv e r s i t y o f I ow a,which made t h e most impor tan t d i sc overy of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a lGeophysical Year, t h e r a d i a t i o n b e l t s which carry h i s name.VANGUARD I , f i r s t w i t h s o l a r - p o w e r e d b a t t e r i e s , was launchedon Thrch 1 7 , 1958, and remains to d a t e t h e o n ly e a r l y s a t e l l i t es t i l l t r a n s m i t t i n g .

The pi on ee r i ng work of D r . Rober t H. Goddard of C l a r kU n i v e r s i t y had a n t e d a t e d t h e s p e c t a c u l a r G e r m a n V-2 r o c k e t s o fWorld War 11. Rocket technology t h a t made space ex p l o r a t io np r a c t i c a l was acc ru ing f rom t h e a c c e l e r a t e d m i l i t a r y m i s s i l eprograms growing out of t h e "co ld war" of t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s . U n t i lS PUT : J I K I, m i l i t a r y s e c u r i t y r eq ui re me nt s f o r o p e r a t i o n a l b a l l i s t i cm i s s i l e s r e c e i ve d h i g h e s t p r i o r i t i e s a nd su p po r t i n t h e U n it edS t a t e s . A f t e r S P UTNIK I , i t was c l e a r t h a t t h e U ni te d S t a t e smust p lace a sound and long-range spa ce p ro g ram on a c o h e r e n ta n d p u r p o s e f u l b a s i s f o r i t s own sake .

Pres ident Dwight D . Eisenhower c rea ted a S c i e n t i f i cAdvisory Committee headed b y D r . James R . K i l l i a n , p r e s i d e n tof X . I . T . , on November 7 , 1357. T h i s top-drawer committee of

s p e c i a l i s t s s o u g h t to d et e rm i ne o u r n a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s a ndr e q u i r e me n t s i n s p a c e. I t s o u g h t a l s o to recommend a b a s i cf ramework i n wn ich th e r o l e o f sc ie nc e and techno logy wou ldp r o v id e a s s u r e d l o ng - te r m s u c c e s s i n t h i s new a rea of obviousf u t u r e im po r ta nc e . A f t e r e x t e n s i v e d e l i b e r a t i o n s and s t u d y ,t h e Kil l i an Commit tee submi t ted i t s r e p o r t t o P r e s i de n t E i s en -hower i n Xarch 1958. I t s recommendations f o r t h e c r e a t i o n of ac i v i l i a n a ge nc y t o c o nd u ct a n a g g r e s s iv e s p a ce e x p l o r a t i o n pr og ra mf o r i t s own sake was endorsed by t h e P r e s id e n t a nd s u b m i t t e d

t o t h e Congress on Apri l 2 , 1958.

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*I &

c Cr tje *- n me 04;a g e n c i e s p t h e aerospa 1 a . c: '- >iilj73tlJ3 y

conques t of s D a c e , No o t h e s new agency of t h e Ex ? c : a l ; l v e B:anchof t 3 e Federal Governmen% h a s been created by the t r a i s f e r a f asmany units and programs o f o t h e r d e p a ~ t r n e n t sCIP ac+,encies as wasN A S A e

?'he n u c l e u s of NASA under t h e Space Act. was %?IF? a ; i o n a lAd a r i so ~ yC o i m l t t e e f o r A e r o n a u t i c s ( N A C A ) o r g a n % z a t i o n , I nApy.1: 1 9 5 8 , Dr. Abe S i l v e r s t e i n had been c a l l e d t o Washington by

9r. Dryden from t h e L e w i s Laboratory, CleveLand , to h e l p organizet h e new c i v i l i a n s p a c e ag e nc y , Before N A S A ' s f i r s t da y of bus ines r ; ,Dr. S i l v e r s t e i n had p u l l e d t o g e t h e r a small, s e l e c t group of

NACA's s p a c e - o r i e n t e d p e o p l e ,

FOY 43 y e a r s N A C A had helped e n s m e Americar? supremacy i na e r o n a u t i c a l r e s e a r c h and t e c h n o l o g y . NACAG ; e e h r ? i z a l reportsand p:oneering wind t u n r i e l r e s e a r c h h a d t i m e a n d a g a i n r e v o Lutlon-ized b a s i c a i r c r a f t design, NACA's resear-ch and itr applicationshe lped croeate t h e w o ~ l d ' s greatest a i r t r a n s p c r t a t i o n s y s t e m oe -

f o r e World Wa- T I as w e l l as t n e world's greatest, alr f o r c e c , u r i n i r ,t h a t c o n f l i c t .

The Expancled SpaceProfframI_.

While t h e basic goals of t h e Uni ted S t a t e s in s p a c eexploration r e m a i n v a l i d as o r i g i n a l l y s t a t e d i n t i l e Space A c t ,

t h e e x p a n s io n o f t h e l e v e l of effort t o b e so inves ted camea bo ut i n 1961. Dur ing t h e e a r l y months sf 1 9 6 1 , an ana lys i? , anti

e v a l u a t i o n of t h e N a t i o n ' s s p a c e program had beer? undertaken a tthe direction of t h e White House,



-18-

Upon completion of t h i s s t u d y , P r e s i d e n t J oh n F. .Kennedy t o l dt h e Congress i n h i s h i s t o r i c address of May 2 5 , 1 9 6 1 :

"Now i s t h e t im e t o t a ke l o n ge r s t r i d e s -- t i m e f o r a g r e a t e r newAmer ican en te rp r i se -- t in t? fo r t h i s N at io n t o t a k e a c l e a r l yle ad in g r o l e i n space ach ievemen t which i n many w a y s may h o l dt h e k ey t o o ur f u t u r e on E a r t h . . .

"Space i s open t o us now; and ou r eagern ess t o share i t s meaningi s not governed by t h e e f f o r t s of o t h e r s . We go i n t o s p ac ebecaus e whatev er mankind must un de rt ak e, f r e e men must f u l l ys h a r e . . .

''1b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s Nation should commit i t s e l f t o a c hi e vi n g t h eg o a l , b e f o r e t h i s decade i s Out, of landing a man on t h e Moona n d r e t u r n i n g h im s a f e l y t o E a r t h . "

N A S A Headquar ters was g i v e n a new o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r eeffec t ive November 1, 1 9 6 1 , to r e a l i g n i t s management f o r t h eexpanded U.S. c i v i l i a n space p rogram. Major p rogram o f f i ce swere c rea ted w i t h p r o j e c t management c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i e d , t h er e s p e c t i v e r o l e s o f t h e f i e l d c e n te r s and s u p po r ti n g a c t i v i t i e swe l l def i ne d . Revised Program Ev al ua t i on and Review Techniques( N A S A ' s P E R T ) and an agencywide Q u al i t y Assurance sys te m weyei n s t i t u t e d . d a s i c c o n t r a c t s were d ev el op ed w i t h i n d u s t r y asSoon as t h ey c o uld k e p r e c i s e l y d e f in e d u n de r t h e expanded program.N A S A a l s o s e t a b o u t e x t a b l i s h i n g a long- range p rogram f o r e f fec -

t i v e w or kin g r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e a ca de mic an d s c i e n t i f i c c o mm un it ie s,which have much to c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e n a t i o n a l s pa ce e x p l o r a t i o ne f f o r t o v e r t h e l o n g h a u l . I t a l s o c o n t i n u e d i t s e f f o r t s t oe n su r e e f f e c t i v e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s between t h e N A S A space programand t h e v i t a l i n t e r e s t s of t he Department of Defense.

I n 1959, N A S A , under D r . T . Keith Glennan as f i r s tA d m in i s t r a to r , l oo k ed w e l l a h ea d w i t h a broad-based programo f a dv an ce d r e s e a r c n , t e c h n o l o g i c a l d ev el op me nt , s c i e n t i f i ce x p l o r a t i o n , p e a ce f u l e x p l o i t a t i o n of space technology, andmanned space f l igh t .

Under James E . Webb, who w a s named Adm in is tr at or of N A S A I

January 3 0 , 1961, NASA's or ga ni za t i on , p la nni ng , and programing

were t a r g e t e d f o r t h e d e ca de ahead. When Webb r e t i r e d i n O ct ober,

1968, D r . Thomas 0 . Paine became Act ing Adm in is t r a t or and wassub sequ en t l y appo in ted by Pr es i den t Nlxon t o h ead t h e Agency andd i r e c t i t s a c t i v i t i e s d ur in g and a f t e r t h e l u n a r l a n d i n g .

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-19-

Manifo ld App l ica t ions And Imp l i ca t io ns

The great e f f o r t b y American e n g i n e e r s , s c i e n t i s t s , and

t e c h n i c i a n s i n c a r r y i n g f or wa rd o u r e n t i r e s pa ce p rog ramw i l l

domuch more t ha n pl a ce a man on t h e Moon. The vast e f f o r t now underway co u ld p rov id e th e b a s i s f o r t h e g r e a t e s t t e c h n o l o g i ca l h a r v e s tm a n has eve ry known. Accura te g l ob a l wea the r f o r ec as t i ng as w e l las r e l i a b l e i n t e r c o n t i n e n t a l TV can b e f o r e s e e n , w h i l e t h es c i e n t i f i c and e n g i n e e r i n g b r ea k th r ou g hs i n e v i t a b l y ahead p r e s a g ep ro fo un d e co nom ic , s o c i a l and m a t e r i a l b e n e f i t s f o r a l l of earth-.bound mankind. With t h e l a u n c h in g of TELSTAR on J u l y 1 0 , 1 9 6 2 ,t h e i mp ac t of l i v e t r a n s a t l a n t i c t e l e v i s i o n de mo ns tr at ed v i v i d l yt h e r a p i d i t y o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l ch ange i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l c om mu ni ca ti on s,TELSTAR was a l s o t h e f i r s t p r i v a t e l y f i n a n c e d E a r t h s a t e l l i t e . k l s oi n 1 9 6 2 , Congress au tho r ized t h e c r e a t i o n of t h e CommunicationsS a t e l l i t e C o r p o r a t i o n t o manage t h e U.S. p o r t i o n o f a g l o b a lope ra t iona l communica t ions s y s t em .

corne i n areas which cannot now b e f o r e s e e n . The a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e

newly devel oped knowledge and techno logy de ri vi ng from t h e spaceprogram a l s o o f f e r s g r e a t p o s s i b i l i t i e s t o m i l i t a r y s p ac e s y s -tems, which remain a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e De pa rtme nt o f D e fe ns e.The f u l l e xp l or a ti o n of s p a c e f o r i t s own sake b y N A S A seems t o o f f e ra d d i t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g i c a l insUTanCe a g a i n s t t h e hazards of m i l i t a p ys u r p r i se f o r t h e long- range fu tu re . The unknowns i n space a wa i t in gd i s c o v e r y a nd e v a lu a t i o n , and s u bs e qu e nt a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e newlya c q ui r e d e x t r a t e r r e s t i a l knowledge and n as c e nt s pa ce t r a n s p o r t a t i o nt ec hn ol og y t o t h e p u r s u i t s o f s o c i e t y on E a r t h , f o r e t e l l f u tu r ein n o v a t i o n s w hich are n o t w ho ll y p r e d i c t a b l e a t t h e p r e s e n t t ime .

Many pay of f s f o r so c i e t y on E a r t h from t h e space program w i l l

I n a l i t t l e more than 1 0 s h o r t a n d b r e a t h l e s s y e a r s , t h eN A S A program as w e l l as t h e s p a c e e f f o r t s of t h e Department ofDefense have achieved many " f i r s t s " and mi l e s to nes i n man' s con -q u e s t of' s p a c e . These c lea r ly documen t t h e United S t a t e s ' f u l laccep tance o f t h e b a s i c c h a l l e n g e o f s p a c e e x p lo r a t i o n . But o nef a c t a pp ea rs c e r t a i n : N A S A ' s e f f o r t to meet t h i s h i s t o r i cc h a l l e n g e has just begun. In t h e t h o u g h t f u l words of As t ronau tJohn Glenn: "We a re j u s t p r ob i ng t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e g r e a t e s tadvancement i n man's knowledge of h i s su r round ings t h a t ha s e v e rbeen made. ''

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x.

-20-

F i s c a l Year Approp r i a t ed

1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330.9 m i l l i o n

111960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523.6

1 9 6 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966.7 ??

1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,825.3 b i l l i o n

1963 I1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,674.I

1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,100.0 ? ?

1965 ?I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,250.0

111 9 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,175.0

1967 ?I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,968.0

1968 I?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,588.9

1969 ?f. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,953.0

1970 r?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,696.6

T o ta1

1971 (FY 1971 $3.333 B i l l i o n request)

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-21-

NUMBER OF CONTRACTOR PERSONNEL ON NASA PROJECTS

FY-60

6 1

62

63

, 6 4

6 5

66

6 7

6 8

69

70

71

N A S A ABOARD

10,000

17,000

22,000

28,000

32,000

33,000

34,000

34,000

33,000

32,000

31,000'

30,500

(in round figures)

CONTRACTOR(Est)

37 9 000

58,000 .

116,000

218,000

347,000

377,000

360,000

273,000

2 3 5 , 0 0 0

186,000

135,000

113,000

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TOTAL

48 ,000

7 5 , 0 0 0

138,000

246,000

379,000

410,000

394,000

307,000

268 , 000

218,000

166,000

1 4 4 , 0 0 0



-229

August 1, 1970

UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS ON FLIGHT STATUS

Mercury - Gemini - Rpol lo

ALDRIN, Edwln Eugene, Jr., Air Force Col. BcDrALLEN, Joseph P e m l v a l IV, Scientist-Astronaut (PhD)

BEAN, Alan Lavern, Navy Capt.

BOBKO, Karol Joseph , Air Force Major (only USAF Academygraduate astssnaut)BRAND, Vance DeVoe, Civilian

CARR, Gerald Paul, Marine Corps Lt. Col.CERRAN, Eugene Andrew, Navy Capt.CHAPMAN, Philip Kengon, Scientist-Astronaut (ScD)CONRAD, Charles (NNN) .Jr., Navy Capt.CRIPPEM, Robert Laurel, Navy Lt. Comdr.

CUNNINGHAM, Walter. Civilian

DUKE, Charles MOSS, Jr., Air Force Major

ENGLAND, Anthony Wayne, Scientist-Astronaut (PhD)ENGLE, Joe Henry, Air Force Lt. C O ~ .

EVANS, Ronald E l lw i n , Navy Comdr.

, haples Gordon, Air Force Major

IOTT, 3wen Kay, Scientist-Astronaut (PhD)GIBSON, Edward George, Scientist-Astronaut (PhD)

GORDON, RichaPd Francis, Jr, Navy Capt

aP1ace, 3r,, Clvilianr r e n , Jr., Air Force Major

G o P ~ Q ~ , cientist-Astronaut (PhD)ald Lee, Scientist-Astronaut (MD)

IN, James Igensons Air Force Lt. Col.

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- 2 3 -

KERWIN, Jogeph P e t e r , N a v y Comdr., S c i en t i s t -A st ro na u t (MD)

LENOIR, W i l l i a m B e n j a mi n , Sc i e n t i s t -A s t ro n a u t (PhD)L I N D , Don L e s l i e , C i v i l i a n (PhD)LOUSMA, J a c k R o b er t , M ar in e Corps MajorLOVELL, James. A r t h u r , Navy C ap t a i n

MATTINGLY, Thomas Kenneth 11, Navy Lt. Comdr.McCANDLESS, Bruce W N ) 11, Navy L t . Comdr.MITCHELL, Edgar Dean, Navy Comdr. GcD]MUSGRAVE, F r a n k li n S to ry , S c ie n ti s t -A st ro n au t (PhD) (MD)

OVERMYE-R_-, R o b e r t F r a n k l i n , Marine Corps Major

PARKER, Robert Allan, S c i e n t i s t - A s t r o n a u t ( P h D )PETERSON, Donald Herod, A i r Force MajorPOGUE, W i l l i a m Reid, A i r Force L t . Col.

ROOSA, S t u a r t A l l e n , A i r Force Major

SCHMITT, H a rr is o n Hagan, S ci en ti st -A st ro n au t (PhD)SCHWEICKART, R u s s e l l Loui s , C i v i l i a n

SCOTT, David Randolph, A i r Force Col.SHEPARD, Alan B a r t l e t t , J r . , Navy C a p t a i nSTAFFORD, Thomas P a t t e n , A i r Force Col .SWIGERT, John Leonard, J r . , C i v i l i a n

THORNTON, W i l l i a m E d g a r , Sc i e n t i s t -A s t ro n a u t (MD)TRULY, Richard Marr i son , Navy Lt. Comdr.

WEITZ, P au l J o s e p h , Navy Comdr.WORDEN, A l f r e d M e r r i l l , A i r Force Major

YOUNG, John Watts, Navy Capt.

TOTAL 49

A i r Force Off i ce r s 13Navy O f f i c e r s 15M a r i n e C o rp s O f f i c e r s 3C i v i l i a n s 1 8

TOTAL FLIGHT STATUS 49-more-



-24-JULY 1, 1970

NASA ASTRONAUT STATUS

T o t a l S e l e c t e d : 73

No Lon ger on F l i g h t S t a t u s 16De cea se d 8

z

T o t a l F l i g h t Status Astronauts: 49

Se l e ti .n Dates : See Fol lowing Pages f o ro u m e n k s t a t u s

Group I Ap r i l 9 , 1 9 5 9 Carpenter , Cooper , Glenn,G ri ssom, S c h i r r a , S l ay t o n andShepard

McDivit t , Lo v e l l , S ee ,Staf ford , Whi te and Young

( 7 )

Group I1 S ep t . 17, 1 9 6 2 Armstrong, Borman, Conrad,

( 9 )

Group 111 O c t . 8, 1963 Aldrfn , Anders , Basset t , Bean,Cernan , Chafee , Co l l ins ,Cunningham, E i s e l e , Freernar.,Gordon, Sc hwe ickar t , S c ot t andW i l l i a m s

(14)

*Group IV June 28, 1 9 6 5 G a r r i o t t , Gibson , Grave l ine ,Kerwin, Michel and Schmitt( 6 )

Group v A p r i l 4, 1 9 6 6 Brand, B u l l , Carr, Duke, Engle,Evans, Givens , Hafse, I r w i n ,Lind, Lousma, Matt ingly,McCandless , Mi tchel l , Fogue,Roosa, S wi ge rt , W eitz andWorden e

(19)

*Group VI Aug. 4 , 1 9 6 7 Allen, Chapman, England,He niz e, Holmquest Len02 rLlewel lyn , Musg-r sv e , 0 Lea-y,

Parker and Thornton

(11)

%*GroupVI1 Aug. 1 4 , 1 9 6 9 Bobko, C r i p p e n , F u l l e r t o n ,H ar t s f i e l d , O v e r my er , P e t e r so nand T r u l y

( 7 )

* S c i e n t i s t - A s t r o n a u t s%*Formerly A i r For ce Manned O rb i t in g La bor ator y Aerospace Research

P i l o t s t r a n s f e r r e d to NASA 8/14/69

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-25-

CURRENT STATUS

Group I

1.Comdr. Malcolm S co tt Ca rp en te r, USN (R et. ) r es ig n e dSeptember 1 9 6 7 t o j o i n U . S. Navy Se a l a b , r e t i r e d from U . S.

Navy Se a l a b , r e t i r e d from U.S. Navy, July 1, 1 9 6 9 .

2 . Col. Leroy Gordon Cooper, USAF (R et .) P r e s i d e n t ,N a t i o n a l Exhibi_ts I n c . D i r e c t o r , In t e r s a l e s , Inc . , Washington,J u l y 3 1 , 1 9 7 0 .

3 . Col . John Herschel Glenn, J r . , USMC (R e t . ) , r e s i g n e d

4 . L t . C o l . V i r g i l Ivan Grissom, USAF,--DECEASED, Died i n

5 . Capt . Walter M a r t y S c h i r r a , J r . , USN (R et .) now a s s o c i a t e d

6 . Donald Kent S l ay t on , D i r e c t o r , F l i g h t C r e w O p e r a t i o n s ,

1 9 6 4 t o e n t e r b u s i n e s s , p o l i t i c s .

Apol lo 204 f i r e , Cape Kennedy, ?January 2 7 , 1 9 6 7 .

with Regency Corp. , Denver, Coloyado , Ju ly 1, 1 9 6 9 .

NASA Manned S p a c e c r a f t Center , Houston, November, 1 9 6 3 .

7 . Capt . Shepard - F l i g h t S t a tu s .

Group I1

8. N e i l A . Armst rong , Deputy As soc ia t e Adm in is t ra to r ,

Ae ro na ut ic s, NASA He ad qu ar te rs , O f f i c e of Advanced Research andTechnology, July 1, 1970

9 . Col . Fra nk Borman, USAF (R et. ) Vice Pr es id e n t , Ea st er nA i r Lines , J u l y 1, 1 9 7 0 .

1 0 . Capt. Conrad - F l i g h t S t a t u s .

11. Col . James Al to n McD iv itt , USAF, Manager, Apol lo

12 . Capt. Love11 - F l i g h t S t a t u s .

13.

1 4 .

S p a ce cr af t Program, MSC, S ep t. 25, 1 9 6 9 .

E l l i o t McKay Se e, J r . , DECEASED.

C o l . Thomas Pa t t en S ta f fd r d , USAF, Ch ief , As tron aut

D ie d i n T-38 j e t crashFeb. 28 , 1 9 6 6 , St. Louis ' Lambert Munic ipa l Ai rp or t .

O f f i c e , NASA MSC, Ho uston, 1 9 6 9 . F l i g h t S t a t u s .

15. Lt. Col. Edward Higgins White 11, ,DECEASED. Died i nCape Kennedy Apollo 204 f i r e J a n u a ry 2 7 , 1 9 6 7 .

16. Capt. Young, USN - F l i g h t $ t a t u s .

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-26-

Group 111

17. William Alison Anders, Executive Secretary, NationalAeronautics and Space Council, September 1, 1969. (Resignedfrom Air Force in rank of Lt. Col.)

18. Col, Aldrin

-Flight status

19. Maj. Charles A . Bassett$II, SAF, DECEASED. Died inT-38 jet crash with See Feb. 28, 1966 at St. Louis.

20. Capt, Bean - Flight Status

21. Capt. Cernan - Flight Status

22. Lt. Comdr. Roger Bruce Chaffee, USN, DECEASED. Diedin Cape Kennedy Apollo 204 fire January ,27, 1967.

23. Michael Collins, named Assistant Secretary of State

for Public Affairs, December 12, 1969. (Resi$ned from AirForce in. ank of Colonel,

24,’ Mr. Cunningham - Flight Status

2 5 . Lt, Col, Donn Fulton Eisele, USAF, Technical Assistant(Manned Flight), NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va.

26. Capt. Theodore C. Freeman, USAF, DECEASED. Died inT-38 jet crash at Ellington AFB, Houston, October 31, 1964.

2 7 . Capt. Gordon - Flight Status

28. Mr. Schweickart - Flight Status

29. Col. Scott - Flight Status

30. Maj. Clifton Curtis Williams, Jr,, USMC, DECEASED.Died in T-38 jet crash near Tallahassee, Fla., October 5, 1967.

31

32

33

34

35

persona1

Group IV

Mr. Garriott - Flight Status

Mr. Gibson - Flight Status

Duane E. Graveline, Scientist-Astronaut, resigned forreasons in 1965.

Comdr. Kerwin - Flight Status

Frank Curtis Michel, Scientist-Astronaut3 resignedAugust 4, 1969, to return to-full-time cientific-research.

36. Mr. Schmitt - Flight Status

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- 27 -

Group V

3 7 . M r . Brand - F l i g h t St a t u s

38. Lt. Comdr. John Sumter B u l l , U S N , withdrew because ofp ul mo na ry d i s e a s e , J u l y 1 6 , 1 9 6 8 .

3 9 . L t . Col . Carr - F l i g h t S t a t u s

40. Maj. Duke - F l i g h t S t a t u s

4 1 . Lt . Col.' Engle - F l i g h t S t a t u s

4 2 . Comdr. Evans - F l i g h t S t a t u s

43. Maj. Edward Galen Givens , Jr., U S A F , DECEASED. Diedi n an a u t o mo b i l e c r a s h near Houston, J u n e 6, 1 9 6 7 .

4 4 .

45

46 .

47

48.

49

50

51

5 2

53

54 *

55

M r . Haise - F l i g h t S t a t u s

L t . Col. I r w i n - F l i g h t S t a t u s

M r . Lind - F l i g h t S t a t u s

Maj. Lousma - F l i g h t S t a t u s

Lt. Comdr. M a t t i n g l y - F l i g h t S t a t u s

L t . Comdr. McCandless - F l i g h t S t a t u s

Comdr. Mitchell - F l i g h t S t a t u s

Lt. C o l . PoWe - F l i g h t Status

Maj. Roosa - F l i g h t S t a t u s

M r . Swiger t - F l i g h t S t a t u s

Comdr. W e i t z - F l i g h t S t a t u s

Maj. Worden - F l i g h t S t a t u s

Group V I

5 6 . M r . Allen - F l i g h t S t a t u s

57 . M r . Chapman - F l i g h t S t a t u s

58 . M r . England - F l i g h t S t a t u s

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-28-

59. Mr. Henize - Flight Status

60. Mr. Holmquest - Flight Status

61. Mr. Lenoir - Flight Status

62. Mr. John Anthony Llewellyn - Scientist-Astronaut,

63. Mr. Musgrave - Flight Status

64. Brian Todd O'Leary, Scientist- Astronaut, resigned for

65. Mr. Parker - Flight Status

!

resigned for personal reasons, August 23, 1968.

personal reasons, April 23, 1968. Now on Cornell U. faculty.

66. Mr. Thornton - Flight Status

Group V I 1

67. JtMaj. Bobko - Univ. of Calif., working toward Master's

68. Comdr. Crippen - Flight S t a t u s

degree in Astro-physics.

69. Maj. Fullerton - Flight Status

70. JtMaj. Hartsfield - Univ. of Tennessee, working towardMaster's degree.

71. Maj . Overmyer - Fltght Status

72. 8Maj. Peterson - Univ. of Tennessee, working toward

Doctor's degree in physics.

73. Lt, Comdr. Truly - Flight Status

*(Bobko, Hartsfield and Peterson are expected t oreport f o r duty at the Manned Spacecraft Centerlate this year.)

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-29-

SPECIAL QUALIFICATIONS

Sixteen flight status astronauts have doctoral degrees,including-four edical doctors -- Holmquest, Kerwin (a Navycommander), Musgrave (also a PhD) and Thornton. PhDs areAllen, England, Garriott, Gibson, Henize, Lenoir, Lind,Musgrave, Parker and Schmitt. Aldrin, Chapman and Mitchell'hold Doctor of Science degrees.

SPACE FLIGHT VETERANS NO LONGERON FLIGHT DUTY

Of the former flight status astronauts, Carpenter, Cooper,

Glenn, Grissom, Schirra, Armstrong, Borman, Collins, Eisele,McDivitt, Stafford, White and Anders had participated inspace flights.

ASTRONAUT FATALITIES

Astronauts Grissom, See, Bassett, Chaffee, Freeman andWilliams were buried in Arlington National Cemetery with fullmilitary honors [See was a member of the U S N R ) , AstronautWhite was buried at U.S. Military Academy; Astronaut Givenswas buried in Quanah, Texas, his home town. Memorial services

were held for each at l o c a l churches in the Manned SpacezraftCenter, Houston, area.

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COLUMBIA GL

SPLASHDOWN: 12:50:169: 9

southwest of

RECOVERY: The Apol

MISS ION DURATION: 195 hours 18utes and 35 seconds),

THE CREW: N e i l Alden A

a civi l i lan,Wapakonet

Michael COllce PSeeutenany 24, born in

Rome, I t a l y .

nA

DISTANCE TO MOON:

e



-31-

MISSION HIGHLIGHTS(all times E a s t e r n D a y l i g h t )

Wednesday, July 1 6

9 : 3 2 a . m .

4 3 7 p.m.

l0:56 p.m.

11:14 p . m .

11:24 p.m.

11:41 p.m.

ll:48 p.m.

12:57 a.me

1:09 a.m.

1:34 p.m.

l2:5O p.m.

2:12 p.m.

L i f t o f f

Sunday, July 2 0

Lunar Module (E ag le ) t ouches down on Moon i nth e Sea of Tra nq ui l i i t y ; Ast ronaut Armstrongre po r t s : "Houston, Tr an qu i l l i t y Base here--t h e E ag l e has landed."

Astronaut Armstrong places h i s l e f t fo o t o nt h e Moon and says : " T h a t ' s one small s t e p f o ra man, one giant l e ap f o r mankind."

Astronaut Aldr in jo ins Armstrong on lunars u r f a c e .

Ast ronauts read plaque which was l e f t onMoon."Here Men From t h e Plane t E a r t hF i r s t Set Foot Upon t h e Moon

J u l y 1969 A . D .W Came i n Peace f o r A l l Mankind*!'(The p l a q u e bears t h e s i g n a t u r e of

crew members).

_ _ - _ ._

President Nixon and the t h r e e Apollo 11

Armstrong and Aldrin erect an e i g h t f o o taluminum s t a f f w i t h a three-by-f ive foot '

nylon United Sta tes f l a g .

President Nixon speaks t o t h e a s t r o n a u t sfrom Washington. During t h e i r s t a y on t h el u n a r s u r f a c e , t h e a s t r o n a u t s p l a c e d amicrodo t d i sc on the su r face con ta in ingmessages from numerous world l eader s .

Monday, July 2 1~

Astronaut Ald r in reer l ters Eagle .

Astronaut Armstrong reenters Eagle.

Eagle l i f t s o f f o f l u n a r s u r f a c e .

Thursday, July 2 4

Splashdown i n P a ci fi c Ocean.

Arrive aboard Hornet ..- -

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RECORDS AND FIRSTS

As might be expected from the nature of the mission,Apollo 11 established a number of records and "firsts." Itput the largest payload ever in lunar orbit. In the 8-daymission, the TV networks beamed abroad, via satellite, tele-casts totaling 230 hours. Comsat estimated viewers totaled500 million. It was the healthiest flight. None of the

crew had t o resort t o the medical kit for any reason. Allphases of the lunar touchdown, the moon walk, and the ascentto 50,000 feet were "firsts." A record number of peoplewatched the launch. Local Civil Defense officials estimated1,000,000. Watchers pitched tents on nearby beaches and dunes,filled the motels and hotels and created a massive traffictie-up. More than 3,000 newsmen from 55 countries besides theU.S. were on hand to report the event. Japanese news mediawere represented by a press corps of more than 100 correspondents.

NATIONAL OBJECTIVE MET

The completion of Apollo 11 met the national objectiveof a lunar landing and safe return to earth before the end ofthe decade set by President Kennedy in 1961.

Four manned missions preceded the Apollo 11 lunar land-ing and tested out equipment and procedures. The first mannedmission in the Apollo program was the Apollo 7 Earth orbitalflight in October 1968. This was quickly followed by the

checkouts were made during Apollo 9 , another Earth orbitalmission -in MXrch, 1969-F'and a second Moon-orbital mission,-ApolIo10 In May 1969..

~ .first Moon-orbital mission, A ~ o l l o in December 1968. Final

The Apollo 11 spacecraft command module, in which theastronauts returned to earth, took 2-1/2 years to build.Fitted with more than 2million individual functional parts(not including wiring or structural components), it hummedto the moofi and back with near perfection, depositing itsthree astronauts safely in the Pacific Ocean.'

A PHONE CALL FROM WHITE HOUSE

On J u l y 20, 1969, Mission Control put through to thecrew the longest long-distance telephone call in man's history.It originated in the White House and was relayed by the facili-

ties at Mission Control to one of the giant dish antennashandling ground-moon communications, and thence to the LMcrew. Advised that President Nixon wanted to talk to them,Armstrong responded, "That would be an honor."

President Nixon told the astronauts, "As you talk from

For one pricelessthe Sea of Tranquillity, it inspires us to double our effortsto bring peace and tranquillity t o earth.moment in the whole history of man, all the people on this

us manned space flight - the manned flight program, the astronauts

Documents