us marine corps - mwtc winter survival course handbook.pdf

7/25/2019 US Marine Corps - MWTC Winter Survival Course Handbook.pdf

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SURVIVAL MANUAL

WINTER 2002


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UNITED STATES MARINE CORPSMountain Warfare Training CenterBridgeport, California 93517-5001

WINTER SURVIVAL COURSE HANDBOOK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAP COT!T"

1 #!$%!M!T" 'O# "%#(&(A)* "%#(&(A) +&T3 WAT!# P#OC%#!M!T !P!.&!T "H!)T!#" A. '!"5 CO#! (A)%!" A. MO%TA& )!A.!#"H&P CHA))!/!" "%#(&(A) "&/A)&/ A. #!CO(!#7 "%#(&(A) A(&/AT&O2 T#AP" A. "A#!"9 %"!" 'O# /AM!

10 "%#(&(A) '&"H&/11 '&!). !P!.&!T TOO)", W!APO", A. !$%&PM!T1* !P!.&!T "OW"HO!"13 W&T!# T#AC+&/1 "%#(&(A) M!.&C&!15 W!ATH!# 1 &T#O TO !(A"&O17 A(A)ACH! A. &C! HAA#."

APP!.&

A !(A"&O P)A O' ACT&O 'O#MATB 4TH! !./! /%&.!. .&"C%""&OC "%#(&(A) $%&C+ #!'!#!C! CH!C+)&"T. A&MA) HAB&T"! TACT&CA) CO"&.!#AT&O"' /#A.&/ "TA.A#."


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WSVX 0201 02!0"!05

STUDENT HANDOUT

REQUIREMENTS FOR SURVIVAL

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE #n a $old %eat&er 'ountainou( en)iron'ent, appl* t&e

re+uire'ent( for (ur)i)al, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e( (WSVX.02.01)

ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1 Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e( and gi)en t&e a$ron*' .S/V#V, de($ri4e in %riting t&e

a$ron*' .S/V#V, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e( (WSVX.02.01a)

2 Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, li(t in %riting t&e (ur)i)al (tre((or(, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&ereferen$e( (WSVX.02.01)

3 Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, li(t in %riting t&e prioritie( of %or in a (ur)i)al (ituation, in

a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e( (WSVX.02.01!)

OUTLINE

1 REQUIREMENTS FOR SURVIVAL

a T&i( 'ental .'ind-(et i( i'portant in 'an* %a*( We u(uall* $all it t&e .%ill to (ur)i)e

alt&oug& *ou 'ig&t $all it .attitude 6u(t a( %ell T&i( 4a(i$all* 'ean( t&at, if *ou do not&a)e t&e rig&t attitude, *ou 'a* (till not (ur)i)e

4 guideline t&at $an a((i(t *ou i( t&e a$ron*' . S/V#V WSVX.02.01a

1 Sie up

a Sie up t&e (ituation

1 Con$eal *our(elf fro' t&e ene'*

2 /(e *our (en(e( to &ear, ('ell, and (ee to deter'ine and $on(ider %&ati( de)eloping on t&e 4attlefield 4efore *ou 'ae *our (ur)i)al plan

4 Sie up *our (urrounding(

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1 8eter'ine t&e r&*t&' or pattern of t&e area

2 ote ani'al and 4ird noi(e( and t&eir 'o)e'ent

3 ote ene'* traffi$ and $i)ilian 'o)e'ent

$ Sie up *our p&*(i$al $ondition

1 C&e$ *our %ound( and gi)e *our(elf fir(t aid

2 Tae $are to pre)ent furt&er 4odil* &ar'

3 :)aluate $ondition of (elf and unit prior to de)eloping (ur)i)alplan

d Sie up *our e+uip'ent

1 Con(ider &o% a)aila4le e+uip'ent 'a* affe$t (ur)i)al (en(e(;

tailor a$$ordingl*

2 Undue &a(te 'ae( %a(te

a rea( t&at %ill pro)ide good $o)er and $on$eal'ent

> Van+ui(& fear and pani$

01-2

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a eali(ti$ and $&allenging training 4uild( (elf-$onfiden$e and $onfiden$e for aunit?( leader(&ip

4 T&e feeling of fear and pani$ %ill 4e pre(ent T&e (ur)i)or 'u(t$ontrol t&e(e feeling(

5 I'pro)i(e and #'pro)e

a /(e tool( de(igned for one purpo(e for ot&er appli$ation(

4 /(e o46e$t( around *ou for different need( ie u(e a ro$ for a&a''er

" Value li)ing

a


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d o% energ* le)el

e Con(tant %orr*ing

f


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f #(olation Being in $onta$t %it& ot&er( pro)ide( a greater (en(e of (e$urit* and a feeling(o'eone i( a)aila4le to &elp if pro4le'( o$$ur

> NATURAL REACTIONS Man &a( 4een a4le to (ur)i)e 'an* (&ift( in &i( en)iron'ent t&roug&outt&e $enturie( Di( a4ilit* to adapt p&*(i$all* and 'entall* to a $&anging %orld ept &i' ali)e T&ea)erage per(on %ill &a)e (o'e p(*$&ologi$al rea$tion( in a (ur)i)al (ituation T&e(e are (o'e of t&e'a6or internal rea$tion( *ou 'ig&t eperien$e %it& t&e (ur)i)al (tre((or(

a ear ear i( our e'otional re(pon(e to dangerou( $ir$u'(tan$e( t&at %e 4elie)e &a)e t&epotential to $au(e deat&, in6ur*, or illne(( ear $an &a)e a po(iti)e fun$tion if it en$ourage(u( to 4e $autiou( in (ituation( %&ere re$le((ne(( $ould re(ult in in6ur*

4 niet* niet* $an 4e an unea(*, appre&en(i)e feeling %e get %&en fa$ed %it& dangerou((ituation( (ur)i)or redu$e( &i( aniet* 4* perfor'ing t&o(e ta(( t&at %ill en(ure &i($o'ing t&roug& t&e ordeal

$ nger and ru(tration ru(tration ari(e( %&en a per(on i( $ontinuall* t&%arted in &i(atte'pt( to rea$& a goal @ne outgro%t& of fru(tration i( anger Eetting lo(t, da'aged orforgotten e+uip'ent, t&e %eat&er, in&o(pita4le terrain, ene'* patrol(, and p&*(i$al

li'itation( are 6u(t a fe% (our$e( of fru(tration and anger ru(tration and anger en$ourage,irrational 4e&a)ior, poorl* t&oug&t-out de$i(ion(, and, in (o'e in(tan$e(, an .# +uit attitude

d 8epre((ion 8epre((ion i( $lo(el* lined %it& fru(tration and anger %&en fa$ed %it& t&epri)ation( of (ur)i)al de(tru$ti)e $*$le 4et%een anger and fru(tration $ontinue( until t&eper(on 4e$o'e( %orn do%n-p&*(i$all*, e'otionall*, and 'entall* t t&i( point, &e (tart( togi)e up, and &i( fo$u( (&ift( fro' .W&at $an # do to .T&ere i( not&ing # $an do

e oneline(( and Boredo' Man i( a (o$ial ani'al and en6o*( t&e $o'pan* of ot&er(oneline(( and 4oredo' $an 4e anot&er (our$e of depre((ion Marine( 'u(t find %a*( toeep t&eir 'ind( produ$ti)el* o$$upied

f Euilt T&e $ir$u'(tan$e( leading to *our (ur)i)al (etting are (o'eti'e( dra'ati$ and tragi$#t 'a* 4e t&e re(ult of an a$$ident or 'ilitar* 'i((ion %&ere t&ere %a( a lo(( of life &our( T&e fir(t 2> &our( are $riti$al in a (ur)i)al (ituation Fou 'u(t 'ae aninitial e(ti'ate of t&e (ituation :ne'*, %eat&er, terrain, ti'e of da*, and a)aila4le re(our$e(%ill deter'ine %&i$& ta(( need to 4e a$$o'pli(&ed fir(t T&e* (&ould 4e follo%ing

1 S&elter

2 ire

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3 Water

> Signaling

4 Se$ond 2> &our( fter t&e fir(t 2> &our( &a)e pa((ed, *ou %ill no% no% *ou $an (ur)i)eT&i( ti'e period need( to 4e (pent on epanding *our no%ledge of t&e area B* $o'pletingt&e follo%ing ta((, *ou %ill 4e a4le to gain )alua4le no%ledge

1 Tool( and %eapon( B* tra)eling a (&ort di(tan$e fro' *our (&elter to lo$ate t&ene$e((ar* re(our$e(, *ou %ill noti$e edi4le food (our$e( and ga'e trail(

2 Trap( and (nare( Mo)ing furt&er a%a* fro' *our (&elter to e'plo* trap( and (nare(,*ou %ill 4e a4le to lo$ate *our (&elter area for' )ariou( )antage point( T&i( %illena4le *ou to identif* liel* a)enue( of approa$& into *our (&elter area

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3 $$eptan$e of Sugge(tion and Criti$i('( - T&e (enior 'an 'u(t a$$eptre(pon(i4ilit* for t&e final de$i(ion, 4ut 'u(t 4e a4le to tae (ugge(tion and$riti$i('( fro' ot&er(

> Con(ideration of Ti'e - @n-t&e-(pot de$i(ion( t&at 'u(t 4e a$ted upon i''ediatel*u(uall* deter'ine( (ur)i)al (u$$e((

5 C&e$ :+uip'ent - ailure to $&e$ e+uip'ent $an re(ult in failure to (ur)i)e

" Sur)i)al Gno%ledge and Sill( - Confiden$e in one?( a4ilit* to (ur)i)e i( in$rea(ed4* a$+uiring (ur)i)al no%ledge and (ill(

REFERENCE-

1 Barr* 8a)ie( BM:, SS :($ape, :)a(ion, and Sur)i)al Manual, 199"2 M 21-7", Sur)i)al, 19923 Ho&n Wi(e'an, SS Sur)i)al Euide, 19A"

> M ">-5, Sear$& and e($ue Sur)i)al, 19"95 B-E-217-001!


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WSVX 02022!"!05

STUDENT HANDOUT

SURVIVAL KIT

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE #n a $old %eat&er 'ountainou( en)iron'ent,

$on(tru$t a (ur)i)al *it, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e( (WSVX.02.02)


+1 Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, li(t in %riting t&e $o'ponent( for a (ur)i)al *it, in

a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e( (WSVX.02.02a)

+2 Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, li(t in %riting one ea'ple of ea$& $o'ponent for a

(ur)i)al *it, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e( (WSVX.02.02b)

OUTLINE

1 COMPONENTS FOR A SURVIVAL KIT

a T&e en)iron'ent i( t&e *e. to t&e t.pe( of ite'( .ou %ill need in .our (ur)i)al *it/o% 'u$& euip'ent .ou put in .our *it depend( on &o% .ou %ill $arr. t&e *it *iton .our od. %ill &a)e to e 'u$& ('aller t&an one $arried in a )e&i$le

l%a.( la.er .our (ur)i)al *it, *eeping t&e 'o(t i'portant ite'( on .our od.

$ #n preparing .our (ur)i)al *it, (ele$t ite'( t&at $an e u(ed for 'ore t&an onepurpo(e

d our (ur)i)al *it doe( not need to e elaorate ou onl. need fun$tional ite'( t&at%ill 'eet .our need( and a $a(e to &old t&e' T&e $a(e 'ig&t e a fir(t aid $a(e, ana''unition pou$&, or anot&er (uitale $a(e T&i( $a(e (&ould e-

+1 Water repellent or %aterproof

+2 4a(. to $arr. or atta$& to .our od.

+3 Suitale to a$$ept )ariou( (ied ite'(

+6 urale

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e W&en $on(tru$ting a (ur)i)al *it, .ou (&ould &a)e t&e follo%ing $o'ponent(8

(WSVX.02.02a)

+1 ire (tarting ite'(

+2 Water pro$ure'ent ite'(

+3 ood pro$ure'ent ite'(

+6 Signaling ite'(

+5 ir(t aid ite'(

+" S&elter ite'(

2 ITEMS CONTAINED WITHIN EACH COMPONTENT(WSVX.02.02b)

a ire Starting 4uip'ent

+1 Mat$&e(

+2 Magnif.ing gla((

+3 lint and Steel

+6 :ig&ter

+5 ;ota((iu' ;er'anganate, %it& $ontainer of (ugar or anti-freee

+" ;repa$*aged Tinder

-Co''er$iall. Manufa$tured-Cotton Ball( and ;etroleu'


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+3 Water Carr.ing #te'(

-Canteen-;la(ti$ Bag-;la(ti$!Metal!>la(( Container %&i$& $ontained no petroleu' produ$t(

$ ood ;ro$ure'ent #te'(

+1 i(&

-Variou( (ied &oo*(-Variou( (ied (in*er(!%eig&t(-Metal leader( and (%i)el(

-S'all %eig&ted ?ig(-i(&ing line

-T&in* aout t&e (ie of fi(& for t&at en)iron'ent %&en (ele$ting %eig&t(and (ie(

+2 >a'e

-Snare(@Co''er$iall. Manufa$tured@ir$raft Cale@Tie Wire! Co'' Wire

-Bait@MA4 C&ee(e Spread, ill et and Trap Con(tru$tion-4ngineer!Mar*ing Tape-Sling (&ot ruer and pou$&

-:arge trele &oo*(

d Signaling #te'(

+1 a.

-Mirror-W&i(tle-;.rote$&ni$( +S'o*e, ;en lare(-ir ;anel(! Brig&tl. $olored 'aterial

+2 ig&t

-;.rote$&ni$( +;en lare(, Star Clu(ter(-:ig&t( +la(&lig&t, Stroe, C&e'lig&t-W&i(tle-Bu Sa%

02-3WSVX0202


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e S&elter #te'(

+1 Cordage

- 550 Cord- Wire-Co''uni$ation %ire

-Tie %ire

+2 inger Sa%

+3 Se%ing =it %it& eedle( for $on(tru$tion!repair of $lot&ing

+6 Tentage

-pon$&o-(pa$e lan*et

+5 Candle

f ir(t id #te'(

+1 Band-id(

-Steri(trip(-d&e(i)e Tape-on-(ti$* pad(, 66(, >aue, Battle re((ing(-Mu(lin Bandage-Butter flie( %! Super glue

+2 Dint'ent(

-Burn-nti-(epti$

+3 Mi($ellaneou(

-Salt-Sugar

-4.e Wa(&-l$o&ol prep pad(-Suture =it-S$alpel-Vile of arro%

g Mi($ellaneou( ite'(

+1 ingernail $lipper(

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+2 Co'pa((

+3 oteoo* %it& pen or pen$il

+6 Wood e.e ($re%( and nail(

+5 Surgi$al tuing

N!"# I! $% a%%&'" !a! !" Ma*$+" $% a,-a% /a**$+ a $ 1&a,$! $3" b,a" 4+$"5 a

'&,!$6!, 4+$"5 a+ a %a*7"+$+ %!+".

REFERENCE8

1 Barr. a)ie( BM4, SS 4($ape, 4)a(ion, and Sur)i)al Manual, 199"2 M 21-7", Sur)i)al, 19923


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STUDENT HANDOUT

WATER PROCUREMENT

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE #n a $old %eat&er 'ountainou( en)iron'ent, andgi)en %ater pro$ure'ent 'aterial(, o*tain pota*le %ater, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e(.

(WSVX.02.03)


(1) Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, de($ri*e in %riting %&+ i$e i( 'ore prefera*le t&an

(no% for 'elting into drining %ater, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e(. (WSVX.02.03a)

(2) Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, li(t in %riting t&e &aardou( fluid( to a)oid

(u*(tituting for pota*le %ater, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e(. (WSVX.02.03b)

(3) Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, li(t in %riting t&e 'et&od( for di(infe$ting %ater, in

a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e(. (WSVX.02.03)

(!) Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, and gi)en a 'ilitar+ *ottle of %ater purifi$ation ta*let(,(tate in %riting it( (elf-life, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e(. (WSVX.02.03")

(#) Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, and gi)en t&e %ater te'perature and $&e'i$al$on$entration, (tate in %riting t&e $onta$t ti'e to di(infe$t %ater, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e

referen$e(. (WSVX.02.03$)

(%) Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, $on(tru$t a %ater generator, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e

referen$e(. (WSVX.02.03&)

OUTLINE

1. WATER INTA'E

a. T&ir(t i( not a (trong enoug& indi$ator.

*. T&e *e(t plan i( to drin utiliing t&e V/ #2 'et&od. rin plent+ of %ater%&en it i( a)aila*le e(pe$iall+ %&en eating.

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$. e&+dration i( a 'a4or t&reat. lo(( of onl+ 5 6 of +our *od+ fluid( $au(e( t&ir(t,irrita*ilit+, nau(ea, and %eane(( a 106 lo(( $au(e( diine((, &eada$&e, ina*ilit+ to%al, and a tingling (en(ation in li'*( a 156 lo(( $au(e( di' )i(ion, painfulurination, (%ollen tongue, deafne((, and a feeling of nu'*ne(( in t&e (in al(o a lo((of 'ore t&an 156 *od+ fluid( $ould re(ult in deat&.

d. 8our %ater reuire'ent( %ill *e in$rea(ed if:

;1< 8ou &a)e a fe)er.

;< 8ou are e=perien$ing fear or an=iet+.

;3< 8ou e)aporate 'ore *od+ fluid t&an ne$e((ar+. ;i.e., not u(ing t&e proper(&elter to +our ad)antage< 8ou &a)e i'proper $lot&ing.

;5< 8ou ration %ater.

;"< 8ou o)er%or.

. LOCATING WATER.

a. T&e en)iron'ent 'a+ (o'eti'e( pro)ide +ou %it& opportunitie( to a$uire %ater. #na $old %eat&er 'ountainou( region %ater $an generall+ *e lo$ated in t&e follo%ing:

;1< Sno% . Sno% $an *e 'elted for pota*le %ater. Melting (no% %ill re(ult in a&ig&er fuel u(age. ?n$onta'inated (no% doe( not need to *e di(infe$ted.

;< #$e . (WSVX.02.03a) #$e $an *e 'elted for pota*le %ater. Melting i$e i(prefera*le to 'elting (no% due to t&e &ig&er $on$entration of %ater per)olu'e. @o%e)er, (in$e i$e i( froen %ater it need( to *e di(infe$ted.

;3< Strea'( and i)er( . Strea'( and ri)er( $an generall+ *e found in a'ountainou( region. /=tre'e $aution 'u(t *e u(ed %&en approa$&ing t&eedge to a)oid a$$idental $old-%ater (u*'er(ion.

;>< Sea #$e . #n ti'e, (ea i$e lo(e( it( (alinit+. 8ou $an identif+ t&i( i$e *+ it(

rounded $orner( and *lui(& $olor. Ara+ i$e &a( not +et lo(t it( (alt $ontent.

*. T&e follo%ing are (o'e general $on(ideration( %&en u(ing (no% and i$e for %ater.

;1< 2e)er 'elt (no% or i$e in(ide +our 'out&. T&i( re'o)e( *od+ &eat andin$rea(e( t&e $&an$e of $old %eat&er in4urie(.

03- WSVX.0.03


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;< W&en on t&e 'o)e, u(e *od+ &eat to 'elt (no%. la$e (no% or i$e in a %ater*ag and pla$e t&e *ag *et%een +our la+er( of $lot&ing, not dire$tl+ on t&e (in.

;3< o not %a(te fuel to 'elt (no% or i$e %&en drina*le %ater ;i.e., (trea'< i(

a)aila*le.

;>< #f 'elting (no% in a $ontainer *+ a fire, utilie a &ot ro$ to (peed up t&epro$e(( and $on(er)ing fuel.

3. HAARDOUS LUIDS (WSVX.02.03b)

a. Sur)i)or( &a)e o$$a(ionall+ atte'pted to aug'ent t&eir %ater (uppl+ %it& ot&er fluid((u$& a( al$o&oli$ *e)erage(, urine, *lood, or (ea%ater. W&ile it i( true t&at ea$& oft&e(e fluid( &a)e &ig& %ater $ontent, t&e i'puritie( t&e+ $ontain reuire t&e *od+ toe=pend 'ore fluid to purif+ t&e'.

;1< Sea%ater . Sea%ater in 'ore t&an 'ini'al uantitie( i( a$tuall+ to=i$. T&e$on$entration of (odiu' and 'agne(iu' (alt( in it i( (o &ig& t&at fluid 'u(t *edra%n fro' t&e *od+ to eli'inate t&e (alt( and e)entuall+ t&e idne+( $ea(e tofun$tion.

;< l$o&ol . rining al$o&oli$ liuid( %ill de&+drate t&e *od+, redu$e *od+&eat, and $loud 4udg'ent. #nge(ting a (uper-$ooled liuid $an $au(ei''ediate fro(t*ite of t&e t&roat and po((i*le deat&.

;3< Blood . Blood i( $on(idered a food. rining *lood %ill reuire +our *od+ toe=pend additional fluid in order to dige(t it.

;>< ?rine . rining urine i( fooli(&. ?rine i( not&ing 'ore t&an *od+ %a(te.rining urine return( %a(te into +our *od+ and reuire( 'ore fluid to e=pelit.

>. WATER *UALIT+. Water $ontain( 'ineral(, to=in(, and pat&ogen(. #f $on(u'ed in largeenoug& uantitie( t&e(e 'a+ *e &ar'ful to &u'an &ealt&. at&ogen( are our pri'ar+ $on$ern.at&ogen( are di)ided into Viru(, C+(t(, Ba$teria, and ara(ite(. Certain pat&ogen( are 'orere(i(tant to $&e'i$al( and ('all enoug& to 'o)e t&roug& 'i$ro($opi$ &ole( in euip'ent ;i.e., T-(&irt, para$&ute


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*. #'pure %ater, no 'atter &o% o)erpo%ering +our t&ir(t, i( one of t&e %or(t &aard( ina (ur)i)al (ituation.

$. T&e fir(t (tep in di(infe$ting i( to (ele$t a treat'ent 'et&od. T&e t%o 'et&od( %e

%ill di($u(( are a( follo%(: (WSVX.02.03)

;1< @eat . T&e Manual of 2a)al re)enti)e Medi$ine ;-5010< (tate( t&at +ou'u(t *ring t&e %ater to a rolling *oil *efore it i( $on(idered (afe for &u'an$on(u'ption. T&i( i( t&e 'o(t preferred 'et&od.

;a< Bringing %ater to t&e *oiling point %ill ill 99.96 of all Aiardia $+(t(.T&e Aiardia $+(t die( at "0C and Cr+pto(poridiu' die( at "5C. Water%ill *oil at 1>,000 ft at E"C and at 10,000F at 90C. Wit& t&i( in 'ind+ou (&ould note t&at altitude doe( not 'ae a differen$e unle(( +ou aree=tre'el+ &ig&.

;< C&e'i$al(. T&ere are nu'erou( t+pe( of $&e'i$al( t&at $an di(infe$t %ater.T&e(e $&e'i$al( are $alled &alogen(. #n a (ur)i)al (ituation, +ou %ill u(e%&ate)er +ou &a)e a)aila*le.

;a< #odine Ta*let(.

;*< C&lorine Blea$&.

;$< #odine Solution.

;d< Betadine Solution.

;e< Militar+ %ater purifi$ation ta*let(. (WSVX.02.03")T&e(e ta*let( are(tandard i((ue for all agen$ie(. T&e(e ta*let( &a)e a (&elf life offour +ear( fro' t&e date of 'anufa$ture unle(( opened. n$e t&e (eal i(*roen, t&e (&elf life i( one +ear not to e=$eed t&e initiale=piration date of four +ear(.

!,-03Mont& ! 8ear ! Bat$& 2u'*er

;3< Water i(infe$tion Te$&niue( and @alogen o(e(.

03-> WSVX.0.03


19/187

I"/a/ $/4$5dded to 1 liter or uart of %ater

'ount for> pp'

'ount forE pp'

#odine ta*let(Tetragl$ine &+droperiodide /WAT

ota*le uaAlo*aline

G ta*let 1 ta*let

6 iodine (olution ;tin$ture< 0. 'l5 gtt(

0.> 'l10 gtt(

106 po)idone-iodine (olutionH 0.35 'lE gtt(

0.70 'l1" gtt(

C67/a/ $/4$5 'ount for5 pp'

'ount for10 pp'

@ou(e&old *lea$& 56 Sodiu' &+po$&lorie

'l gtt(

'l> gtt(

uaClear Sodiu' di$&loroi(o$+anurate

1 ta*let

uaCure, uaure, C&lor-flo$ C&lorine plu( flo$$ulating agent

E pp'1 ta*let

Hro)idone-iodine (olution( relea(e free iodine in le)el( adeuate for di(infe$tion, *ut ($ant datai( a)aila*le.

Mea(ure %it& dropper ;1 dropI0.05 'l< or tu*er$ulin (+ringe

p'-part per 'illion gtt(-drop( 'l-'illiliter

C$7a/ & Ca /8$ / 8/4$5 a 9a7/45 :a$7 $8;$7a47$5 (WSVX.2.3$)

a60 15 C ! "0 30 C ! E5

pp' >0 1E0 "0

> pp' 1E0 50 >5E pp' "0 30 15

N$= T&e(e $onta$t ti'e( &a)e *een e=tended fro' t&e u(ual re$o''endation( to a$$ount forre$ent data t&at prolonged $onta$t ti'e i( needed in )er+ $old %ater to ill Giardia$+(t(.

N$= $&e'i$al( 'a+ not de(tro+ Cr+pto(poridiu' due to it( e=tre'el+ toug& 'e'*rane.

d. urifi$ation . Water purifi$ation i( t&e re'o)al of organi$ and inorgani$ $&e'i$al(and parti$ulate 'atter, in$luding radioa$ti)e parti$le(. W&ile purifi$ation $an

WSVX.0.03 03-5


20/187

eli'inate offen(i)e $olor, ta(te, and odor, it 'a+ not re'o)e or ill all'i$roorgani('(.

;1< Co''er$ial Water ilter( . Co''er$ial %ater filter( are generall+ a)aila*le in'o(t retail (tore( and 'a+ *e %it& +ou. ?nder(tanding %&at t&e filter $an do i(

t&e fir(t (tep in (afeguarding again(t future illne((e(.

;a< filter %it& greater t&an a .03 'i$ron opening %ill not (topCr+pto(poridiu'.

;*< filter (+(te' t&at doe( not relea(e a $&e'i$al ;i.e., iodine< 'a+ notill all pat&ogen(.

;$< filter t&at &a( *een o)eru(ed 'a+ *e $logged. ?(age 'a+ re(ult ine=$e((i)e pu'ping pre((ure t&at $an 'o)e &ar'ful pat&ogen( t&roug&t&e opening. ilter $&a'*er( 'a+ *e$o'e plugged $au(ing t&epat&ogen to 'utate.

e. ota*le . ota*le onl+ indi$ate( a %ater (our$e, on a)erage o)er a period of ti'e,$ontain( a J'ini'al 'i$ro*ial &aard,J (o t&e (tati(ti$al lieli&ood of illne(( i(a$$epta*le.

;1< Sedi'entation . Sedi'entation i( t&e (eparation of (u(pended parti$le( largeenoug& to (ettle rapidl+ *+ gra)it+. T&e ti'e reuired depend( on t&e (ie oft&e parti$le. Aenerall+, 1 &our i( adeuate if t&e %ater i( allo%ed to (it %it&outagitation. fter (edi'ent &a( for'ed on t&e *otto' of t&e $ontainer, t&e $lear%ater i( de$anted or filtered fro' t&e top. Mi$roorgani('(, e(pe$iall+ $+(t(,e)entuall+ (ettle, *ut t&i( tae( longer and t&e organi('( are ea(il+ di(tur*ed

during pouring or filtering. Sedi'entation (&ould not *e $on(idered a 'ean(of di(infe$tion and (&ould *e u(ed onl+ a( a la(t re(ort or in an e=tre'eta$ti$al (ituation.

5. WATER GENERATOR. (WSVX.02.03&)

a. Aeneral . #$e i( a *etter (our$e for o*taining %ater t&an (no% *e$au(e of &ig&er %ater$ontent. #t tae( appro=i'atel+ 3-> $up( of (no% for ea$& $up of %ater.

;1< 2e)er let t&e generator $o'pletel+ run out of (no% or i$e.

;< n$e (tarted t&e generator %ill (uppl+ 'ore t&an enoug& %ater for people.

*. Con(tru$tion . Material %ill *e deter'ined *+ %&at +ou are $arr+ing: para$&ute, pla(ti$*ag, T-(&irt, or *ar.

03-" WSVX.0.03


21/187

;1< #f %ood i( a)aila*le, gat&er t&ree pole(, appro=i'atel+ (i= feet long and t&reein$&e( in dia'eter. Tie t&e' toget&er for'ing a tripod.

;< ill t&e 'aterial ;T-(&irt, para$&ute, or pla(ti$ *ag< %it& (no% and tie

$o'pletel+ (&ut. Con(tantl+ *ang it on t&e ground to $o'pa$t t&e (no%,'aing it den(e. dd 'ore (no% and repeat t&e pro$e(( until t&e 'aterial i($o'pletel+ full.

;3< Tie t&e 'aterial of (no% to t&e tripod and pla$e near t&e fire. /n(ure t&e'aterial i( (afe fro' *eing *urnt fro' t&e fire.

;>< #n a*out 1! &our, t&e generator %ill (tart to drip fro' one (pot. la$e an+ indof $ontainer under t&i( drip.

;5< dd (no% a( ne$e((ar+.

;"< #f %ood i( not readil+ a)aila*le to $on(tru$t a tripod, a )ariation $an *e$on(tru$ted *+ (e$uring a (ingle pole to a tree. Tie t&e *ag of (no% to t&i((ingle pole. Sno% $an *e pla$ed on *ar. T&e *ar $an *e pla$ed near t&e fireat a (lig&t angle and t&e 'elted %ater $olle$ted.

WSVX.0.03 03-7


22/187

WATER GENERATOR

REERENCE=

M 1-7", Sur)i)al, 199.aul uer*a$&, Wilderne(( Medi$ine, 3rd/dition, 1995

@o%ard Ba$er M, M@, ield Water i(infe$tion, 1999/ri$ Cudno&o(e, Wi($on(in &ar'a$al Co'pan+, 1999

03-E WSVX.0.03


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WSVX.0.0! WSVX.0.05

0"0#"05

STUDENT HANDOUT

EXPEDIENT SHELTERS AND FIRES

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE

(1) $n a %old &eat'er (ountainou) en*iron(ent, %on)tru%t )'elter), in a%%ordan%e &it'

t'e referen%e). (WSVX.02.04)

(2) $n a %old &eat'er (ountainou) en*iron(ent, %on)tru%t fire), in a%%ordan%e &it' t'ereferen%e). (WSVX.02.05)


+1 Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e, li)t in &riting t'e %'ara%teri)ti%) of a )afe epedient

)'elter, in a%%ordan%e &it' t'e referen%e). (WSVX.02.04)

+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e), li)t in &riting t'e 'aard) to a*oid &'en u)ing natural

)'elter), in a%%ordan%e &it' t'e referen%e). (WSVX.02.04!)

+3 Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e), li)t in &riting (an-(ade )no& )ur*i*al )'elter), ina%%ordan%e &it' t'e referen%e). (WSVX.02.04"

+! $n a %old &eat'er (ountainou) en*iron(ent, li)t in &riting t'e ta%ti%al fire la/, in

a%%ordan%e &it' t'e referen%e). (WSVX.02.05)

+5 $n a %old &eat'er (ountainou) en*iron(ent, )tart a fire u)ing a pri(iti*e (et'od, in

a%%ordan%e &it' t'e referen%e). (WSVX.02.05!

OUTLINE

1. BASIC CRITERIA FOR SHELTER . (WSVX.02.04)n/ t/pe of )'elter, &'et'er iti) a per(anent uilding, tentage, or a )ur*i*al )'elter (u)t (eet )i a)i% %riteria to e

)afe and effe%ti*e. T'e goal i) /ou (u)t Prepare For So(e V#r/ Hard Da/).

a. 2rote%tion ro( t'e 4le(ent) . T'e )'elter (u)t pro*ide prote%tion fro( rain, )no&,&ind, )un, et%.

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24/187

. ree fro( atural 6aard) . S'elter) )'ould not e uilt in area) of a*alan%'e'aard), under ro% fall or 8)tanding dead tree), &'i%' 'a*e t'e potential to fall on/our )'elter.

%. Stale . S'elter) (u)t e %on)tru%ted to &it')tand t'e pre))ure) eerted / )e*ere

&eat'er.d. Ventilation . Ventilation (u)t e (aintained, e)pe%iall/ if urning fuel for 'eat. T'i)pre*ent) t'e a%%u(ulation of %aron (onoide. Ventilation i) al)o needed for %arondioide gi*en off &'en reat'ing.

e. 6eat :etention . $t (u)t 'a*e )o(e t/pe of in)ulation to retain 'eat, t'u) pre*entingt'e &a)te of fuel.

f. ;r/ing a%ilit/ . dr/ing fa%ilit/ (u)t e %on)tru%ted to dr/ &et %lot'e).

. NATURAL SHELTERS. atural )'elter) rea% of Ventilation . atural )'elter) (a/ not 'a*e ade


25/187

3. MAN$MADE SHELTERS. (WSV.02.04")

a. Sno& Wall.

. Sno& Ca*e.

%. Tree-pit Sno& S'elter.

d. Sno& Tren%'.

e. -fra(e S'elter.

f. allen Tree Bi*oua%.

g. Sno& Coffin

!. CONSTRUCTION OF MAN$MADE SHELTERS.

a. Con)ideration) .

+1 ?roup )ie.

+ lo& )il'ouette and redu%ed li*ing area &ill i(pro*e 'eat retention.

+3 *oid epo)ed 'illtop), *alle/ floor), (oi)t ground, and a*alan%'e pat').

+! Create a t'er(al )'elter / appl/ing )no&, if a*ailale, to roof and )ide) of)'elter.

+5 >o%ate in *i%init/ of fire &ood, &ater, and )ignaling, if ne%e))ar/.

+# 6o& (u%' ti(e and effort i) needed to uild t'e )'elter@

+7 Can t'e )'elter ade


26/187

+a ;eter(ine &ind dire%tion.

+ Con)tru%t a &all of %o(pa%ted )no& in t'e )'ape of a 'or)e)'oe to)'ield /ou fro( t'e &ind. T'e &all )'ould e at lea)t 3 feet 'ig' and a)

long a) /our od/.

+% pon%'o or tarp %an e atta%'ed to t'e top of t'e &all &it' t'e ot'erend )e%ured to t'e ground for added prote%tion. Si), pole), ran%'e),and e


27/187

+d Create a %ooing"&oring )elf and a )leeping en%' in)ide t'e )'elter.

+e *entilation 'ole )'ould e dug t'roug' t'e roof at a !5-degree angleao*e t'e entran%e. )i pole or ran%' i) left in t'e 'ole to (ar t'e

'ole and allo& %learing )'ould t'e *entilation 'ole e%o(e %logged. pine oug' ran%' %an e pla%ed into t'e out)ide of t'e roof ao*e t'e'ole to aid in eeping t'e 'ole %lear during falling )no&. ;uring t'eda/ and at nig't t'ere )'ould e an r%ti% %entur/ po)ted for )afet/ in%a)e t'e %a*e %ollap)e).

+f 2er)onnel &'o are digging &ill e%o(e &et fro( per)piration &'iledigging in)ide t'e %a*e. 2er)onnel t'at are digging )'ould &ear a(ini(u( a(ount of %lot'ing &it' a prote%ti*e la/er.

+g =n%e t'e %a*e 'a) een dug, %o(pletel/ fill in t'e entran%e 'ole &it')no& lo%. 2a% in loo)e )no& et&een t'e %ra%) and allo& it to'arden for approi(atel/ -3 'our), &eat'er dependant. fter it 'a)'ardened, %ut out a )(all entran%e 'ole.

+' Sno& %a*e) %an e 'eated / a %andle, &'i%' &ill rai)e t'e in)idete(perature, approi(atel/ degree). $f a %andle i) left urning &'ileindi*idual) )leep, a fire &at%' (u)t re(ain po)ted to redu%e t'e dangerof a)p'/iation. Burning )to*e) to 'eat a %a*e &ill %au)e )no& to (eltand )'ould e a*oided.

+i 2a%), pon%'o, or )no& lo%) %an e u)ed to lo% t'e entran%e to t'e%a*e.

SNOW CAVE

WSVX.0.0!0!-5


28/187

d. Tree-pit Sno& S'elter . tree-pit )no& )'elter i) de)igned for 1-3 (en for )'ortperiod) of ti(e. $t pro*ide) e%ellent o*er'ead %o*er and %on%eal(ent and )'ould eu)ed for >2"=p).

+1 Ba)i% prin%iple) for %on)tru%tion.

+a >o%ate a tree &it' u)'/ ran%'e) t'at pro*ide) o*er'ead %o*er.

+ ;ig out t'e )no& around t'e tree trun until /ou rea%' t'e dept' anddia(eter de)ired, or until /ou rea%' t'e ground.

+% ind and %ut ot'er e*ergreen oug'). 2la%e t'e( o*er t'e top of t'e pitfor additional %on%eal(ent. ;o not utilie oug' fro( t'e tree /ou areunder.

+d 2la%e e*ergreen oug') in t'e otto( of t'e pit for in)ulation.

TREE$PIT SHELTER

e. allen Tree Bi*oua% . T'e fallen tree i*oua% i) an e%ellent )'elter e%au)e (o)t oft'e &or 'a) alread/ een done.

+1 4n)ure t'e tree i) )tale prior to %on)tru%ting.

+ Bran%'e) on t'e under)ide are %ut a&a/ (aing a 'ollo& underneat'.

+3 2la%e additional in)ulating (aterial to t'e top and )ide) of t'e tree.

WSVX.0.0!

0!-#


29/187

+! )(all fire i) uilt out)ide of t'e )'elter.

FALLEN TREE BIVOUAC

f. -ra(e S'elter. n -ra(e )'elter i) %on)tru%ted for 1-3 indi*idual). fter t'efra(e&or i) %on)tru%ted, pine oug'"tentage i) inter&o*en onto t'e fra(e and )no&i) pa%ed onto t'e out)ide for in)ulation.

A$FRAME

g. Sno& Tren%' . )no& tren%' i) a )'ort-ter( )'elter u)ed on etre(el/ 'ard pa%)no& and &'en tree) or uilding (aterial) are not a*ailale, +i.e., alpine and gla%ier

en*iron(ent). Blo%) of )no& or i%e are %ut and pla%ed to uild t'i) )'elter.

WSVX.0.0!0!-7


30/187

SNOW TRENCH (FIRST STEP

WSVX.0.0!

0!-A


31/187

SNOW TRENCH

WSVX.0.0!0!-9


32/187

'. Sno& Coffin . )no& %offin i) uilt for 1-! (en for etended period) of ti(e. $t i) a*ariation of t'e )no& tren%' and -fra(e, &'i%' re


33/187

i. T'i) tale %an e u)ed a) a general guideline to deter(ine &'i%' )'elter to %on)tru%t.

S=W 2C S=W ;42T6 4ST. 6:S. T=C=ST:DCT

:4C=MM4;4;S64>T4:

>==S4 E 44T -:M4C=M2CT4; !-# 44T -3 S=W C=$

C=M2CT4; F # 44T 3 S=W CV4

$C4; " -3 S=W T:4C6

" " 1- >>4 T:44

" F ! 44T 1- T:44-2$T

" F 44T 30 M$ S=W W>>

5. FIRES . ire) fall into t&o (ain %ategorie) t'o)e uilt for %ooing and t'o)e uilt for&ar(t' and )ignaling. T'e a)i% )tep) are t'e )a(e for ot' preparing t'e fire la/, gat'ering

fuel, uilding t'e fire, and properl/ etingui)'ing t'e fire.

a. 2reparing t'e fire la/ . T'ere are t&o t/pe) of fire la/) fire pit and ;aota 'ole. irepit) are proal/ t'e (o)t %o((on.

+1 Wit'out a platfor( in t'e )no&, t'e fire &ill )in. Create a platfor( a)follo&)

+a >a/ )e*eral green log) )ide / )ide for t'e )ie of /our fire.

+ Build /our fire on top of t'e platfor( or,

+% ;ig do&n to t'e eart' and )tart fire.

+d Create a &indrea if po))ile.

+e *oid u)ing &et ro%). 6eat a%ting on t'e da(pne)) in )and)tone,)'ale, and )tone) fro( )trea() (a/ %au)e t'e( to eplode.

+ ;aota 6ole . (WSV.02.05) T'e ;aota 6ole i) a ta%ti%al fire la/. lt'oug'no fire i) 100G ta%ti%al.

+a :edu%e) t'e )ignature of t'e fire / pla%ing it elo& ground.

+ B/ %reating a large air draft, t'e fire &ill urn &it' le)) )(oe t'an t'efire pit.

+% $t i) ea)ier to lig't in 'ig' &ind).

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DA%ATA HOLE

. ?at'er uel . Man/ Marine) tae )'ort%ut) &'en gat'ering fire&ood. Taing a fe&etra (inute) %an (ean t'e differen%e et&een ea)e and fru)tration &'en uilding afire.

+1 Tinder . Tinder i) t'e initial fuel. $t )'ould e fine and dr/. ?at'er a doule'andful of tinder for t'e fire to e uilt and an etra doule 'andful to e)tored in a dr/ pla%e for t'e follo&ing (orning. ;e& %an (oi)ten tinderenoug' to (ae lig'ting t'e fire diffi%ult. So(e ea(ple) of tinder are

+a S'redded %edar"Huniper ar, pine needle).

+ Sli*er) )'a*ed fro( a dr/ )ti%.

+% atural fier) fro( e


35/187

+ indling . T'i) i) t'e (aterial t'at i) ignited / t'e tinder t'at &ill urn longenoug' to ignite t'e fuel.

+a S(all )ti%)"t&ig) pen%il-t'i% up to t'e t'i%ne)) of t'e t'u(.4n)ure t'at t'e/ are dr/.

+ ;ue to a t/pi%all/ large re)in %ontent, e*ergreen li() often (ae t'ee)t indling. T'e/ urn 'ot and fa)t, ut t/pi%all/ do not la)t long.

+3 uel Wood . uel Wood i) u)ed to eep t'e lae going long enoug' to fulfillit) purpo)e. $deall/, it )'ould urn )lo& enoug' to %on)er*e t'e &oodpile,(ae plent/ of 'eat, and lea*e an a(ple )uppl/ of long-la)ting %oal).

+a ire&ood roen fro( t'e dead li() of )tanding tree) or &indfall)'eld off t'e ground &ill 'a*e a)ored le)) (oi)ture and t'erefore)'ould urn ea)il/.

+ :efrain fro( %utting do&n li*e, green tree).

+% Soft&ood) +e*ergreen) and %onifer) &ill urn 'ot and fa)t &it' lot) of)(oe and )par, lea*ing little in t'e &a/ of %oal). 6ard&ood) +roadleaf tree) &ill urn )lo&er &it' le)) )(oe and lea*e a good ed of%oal).

+d >earn t'e &ood) indigenou) to t'e area. Bir%', dog&ood, and (apleare e%ellent fuel). =)age orange, iron&ood, and (ananita, t'oug'

diffi%ult to rea up, (ae terrifi% %oal). )pen and %otton&ood urn%lean ut lea*e little %oal).

+e Sta% /our &ood )uppl/ %lo)e enoug' to e 'and/, ut far enoug' fro(t'e fla(e) to e )afe. 2rote%t /our )uppl/ fro( additional pre%ipitation.

+f $f /ou 'appen to go do&n in an air%raft t'at 'a) re(ained inta%t, a(iture of ga) and oil (a/ e u)ed. D)e %aution &'en igniting t'i)(iture.

%. Building t'e ire . T'e t/pe of fire uilt &ill e dependent upon it) intended u)e,

eit'er %ooing, 'eating, or )ignaling.

+1 Cooing ire) . Cooing fire) are u)ed to %oo food and oil &ater.

+a Teepee ire . T'e teepee fire i) u)ed to produ%e a %on%entrated 'eat)our%e, pri(aril/ for %ooing. =n%e a good )uppl/ of %oal) %an e)een, %ollap)e t'e teepee and pu)' e(er) into a %o(pa%t ed.

WSVX.0.0!0!-13


36/187

+ 6eating ire) . 6eating fire) are u)ed to dr/ %lot'ing and pro*ide a (ean) of)ignaling.

+a 2/ra(id ire . 2/ra(id fire) are u)ed to produ%e large a(ount) of lig'tand 'eat, to dr/ out &et &ood, and pro*ide %oal) for %ooing.

TEEPEE FIRE P&RAMID FIRE

d. Starting ire) . >ig'ting fire) fall) into t&o %ategorie) (odern (et'od) and pri(iti*e(et'od).

+1 Modern Met'od) . Modern igniter) u)e (odern de*i%e) &e nor(all/ t'in ofto )tart a fire. :elian%e upon t'e)e (et'od) (a/ re)ult in failure during a)ur*i*al )ituation. T'e)e ite() (a/ fail &'en reig'ter). 4n)ure /ou &aterproof t'e)e ite().

+ Con*e >en). Bino%ular, %a(era, tele)%opi% )ig't), or (agnif/ing len)are u)ed on rig't, )unn/ da/) to ignite tender.

+% lint and Steel. So(e t/pe) of flint I )teel de)ign) &ill 'a*e a lo%of (agne)iu( atta%'ed to t'e de*i%e, &'i%' %an e )'a*ed onto t'etinder prior to igniting. =t'er de)ign) (a/ 'a*e (agne)iu( (iedinto t'e flint to produ%e a 'ig'er


37/187

+3 Bo& I ;rill . (WSV.02.05!)T'e te%'ni


38/187

+% >oad t'e o& &it' t'e drill. 4n)ure t'e drill i) et&een t'e &ood oft'e o& and o& )tring. 2la%e t'e drill into t'e depre))ion on t'efireoard. 2la%e t'e )o%et on t'e tapered end of t'e drill.

+d D)e t'e left 'and to 'old t'e )o%et &'ile appl/ing do&n&ardpre))ure.

+e D)e t'e rig't 'and to gra)p t'e o&. Wit' a )(oot' )a&ing (otion,(o*e t'e o& a% and fort' to t&irl t'e drill.

+f =n%e /ou 'a*e e)tali)'ed a )(oot' (otion, )(oe &ill appear. =n%e)(oe appear), appl/ (ore do&n&ard pre))ure and )a& t'e o&fa)ter.

+g W'en a t'i% la/er of )(oe 'a) a%%u(ulated around t'e depre))ion,)top all (o*e(ent. :e(o*e t'e o&, drill, and )o%et fro( t'efireoard, &it'out (o*ing t'e fireoard. Carefull/ re(o*e /our leftfoot off t'e fireoard.

+' ?entl/ tap t'e fireoard to en)ure all of t'e e(er 'a) fallen out of t'eV-)'aped not%' and i) l/ing on t'e e(er pat%'. :e(o*e t'e fireoard.

+i Slo&l/ fan t'e la% po&der to )olidif/ it into a glo&ing e(er.?ra)ping t'e e(er pat%', %arefull/ drop t'e e(er into t'e %/linder oft'e irdJ) ne)t.

+H ?ra)p t'e irdJ) ne)t &it' t'e %/linder fa%ing to&ard) /ou and parallel

to t'e ground. ?entl/ lo& air into t'e %/linder. ) )(oe fro( t'ene)t e%o(e) t'i%er, %ontinue to lo& air into t'e %/linder until fireappear).

+5 Troule S'ooting t'e Bo& I ;rill.

+a T'e drill &ill not )ta/ in depre))ion- ppl/ (ore do&n&ard pre))ureand"or in%rea)e &idt'"dept' of depre))ion.

+ T'e drill &ill not t&irl- >e))en t'e a(ount of do&n&ard pre))ureand"or tig'ten o&)tring.

+% So%et )(oing- de%rea)e t'e a(ount of do&n&ard pre))ure. Woodtoo )oft &'en %o(pared to 'ardne)) of drill. dd )o(e luri%ationani(al fat, oil, or grea)e.

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+d o )(oe- Wood (a/ not e )ea)oned. C'e% drill to en)ure t'at it i))traig't. eep left 'and lo%ed again)t left )'in &'ile )a&ing.

+e S(oe ut no e(er- V-)'aped not%' not %ut into %enter of t'edepre))ion or not enoug' 'eat generated.

+f Bo&)tring run) up and do&n drill- D)e a lo%ed rig't ar( &'en)a&ing. C'e% drill to en)ure t'at it i) )traig't. 4n)ure o&)tring run)o*er t'e top of t'e left oot.

+g Bird) ne)t &ill not ignite- Tinder not dr/. e)t &o*en too tig't. Tindernot neaded enoug'. Blo&ing too 'ard +e(er &ill fra%ture.

e. E'*+,-*+ # F/# . T'e fire (u)t e properl/ etingui)'ed. T'i) i)a%%o(pli)'ed / u)ing t'e dro&n, )tir, and feel (et'od.

+1 D/* t'e fire / pouring at &ater in t'e fire la/.

+ S/ t'e e(er ed to en)ure t'at t'e fire i) %o(pletel/ out.

+3 C'e% t'e ed of /our fire / ##3*+for an/ 'ot )pot).

(4) I * -- /# ,*67 -/ # /"#-- 33 8#/ +*.

REFERENCE9

1. M 1-7#, Sur*i*al, 199.. C'ri) Kano&)i, Manual t'at %ould )a*e /ou life, 199#.3. Ko'n Wi)e(an, SS Sur*i*al ?uide, 1993.!. 2 3#-!#, ir%re& Sur*i*al, 199#.

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MSVX.01.0!"!05

STUDENT HANDOUT

CORE VALUES AND MOUNTAIN LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES

LESSON PURPOSE# T$e purpo%e of t$i% period of in%tru&tion i% to e'p$a%i(e t$e )ital role ofleader%$ip in t$e &ondu&t of %u&&e%%ful operation% and to pro'ote a'ong leader% at all le)el% anunder%tanding of t$e pro*le'% &o''on to unit% operating in a %u''er 'ountainou%en)iron'ent. T$i% le%%on relate% to all of t$e training t$at +ou ill re&ei)e $ere at MCMWTC.

OUTLINE

One of the most important tenets of o!" #eather operations is that stron$ an" onsistent

!ea"ership is essentia! to s%r&i&a! an" to minimi'e in(%ries)*-MM 7-1 Ta&ti&al unda'ental% for Cold Weat$er Warfig$ting/

1. POSITIVE LEADERSHIP AND THE RIGHT ATTITUDE . eader%$ip 'u%t *e *+ea'ple. 2t fir%t, $ar%$ and unfa'iliar &ondition% tend to *e frig$tening. Marine% ill findt$e'%el)e% up again%t 'an+ &$allenge% t$e+ $a)e ne)er 'et *efore and t$e en)iron'ent ill&on%tantl+ re'ind t$e' t$at t$e+ &an *e&o'e a &a%ualt+ if t$e+ 'ae 'i%tae%. 2ggre%%i)eleader%$ip, $i&$ &on%i%tentl+ 'eet% and o)er&o'e% t$e &$allenge% of t$e en)iron'ent, i%e%%ential to 'i%%ion a&&o'pli%$'ent. T$ere ill *e to ene'ie% to &ontend it$# t$e ene'+%oldier and t$e en)iron'ent it%elf. T$e fir%t %tep toard% defeating t$e%e ene'ie% i% getting+our Marine% in t$e rig$t 'ental attitude. T$e leader 'u%t 'aintain a po%iti)e attitude

toard% t$e 'i%%ion, $i% Marine%, and t$e e4uip'ent t$e+ $a)e to &arr+ out t$e o*. 6ou &an*e defeated p%+&$ologi&all+, if +ou are not aare of t$e %+'pto'% of a poorl+ 'oti)ated unit.

a. Core Value% applied in a %ur)i)al %ituation . Core )alue are )er+ appli&a*le toleader%$ip in a %ur)i)al %ituation. n t$e a*%en&e of &on%tant ad$eren&e to our &ore)alue%, %u*ordinate Marine% 'a+ %uffer t$e &on%e4uen&e% of inur+ and in etre'e&a%e%, 82T:.

*. :onor . :onor i% integrit+, re%pon%i*ilit+, and a&&ounta*ilit+. Wit$out $onor in t$i%t+pe of en)iron'ent, de&i%ion% are 'ade it$ ina&&urate and!or 'i%leadinginfor'ation. 8i%$onora*le a&tion% or intention% ulti'atel+ lead to unet$i&al

*e$a)ior...tru%t *eteen Marine% ill erode, dependa*ilit+ ill *e&o'e uni'portant,and t$e re%ulting &on%e4uen&e% to energ+ &on%er)ation ill greatl+ affe&t a unit;%&o$e%ion and a*ilit+ to a&&o'pli%$ it% 'i%%ion.

&. Courage . Courage i% doing t$e rig$t t$ing for t$e rig$t rea%on. Courage in t$i% t+pe ofen)iron'ent for %'all unit leader% to tae &$arge of t$eir unit. T$e added %tre%% andpre%%ure indu&ed in 'ountainou% terrain 'ae% t$e toug$ de&i%ion% e)en toug$er to

05-1

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'ae# o%ra$eo%s !ea"ers ta+e that e,tra step) Tru%t and &onfiden&e in leader%$ipi% *uilt upon t$oroug$ training to en%ure t$eir 'en are &apa*le of o)er&o'ing t$e fearand un&ertaint+ of ene'+ and t$e $ar%$ en)iron'ent. 2 fe ea'ple% of &ourage are#


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'ea%ure% 'a+ *e eopardi(ed. Man+ ti'e%, it i% t$e leader%$ip t$at )iolate% t$i%, t$u%de%tro+ing t$e unit;% tru%t and &onfiden&e.

er%onal Conta&t and Co''uni&ation% . t i% e%%ential t$at ea&$ indi)idual and group*e ept infor'ed of $at i% $appening. 8ue to t$e deadening of t$e %en%e% t+pi&all+en&ountered in &old eat$er, a 'an left alone 'a+ 4ui&l+ *e&o'e o*li)iou% to $i%%urrounding%, lo%e $i% %en%e of dire&tion, $i% &on&ern for $i% unit, and in etre'e&a%e%, for $i'%elf. :e 'a+ *e&o'e lie a %$eep and 'erel+ follo% along, notnoing or &aring $et$er $i% unit i% ad)an&ing or it$draing. a&$ &o''ander'u%t tae %trong 'ea%ure% to en%ure t$at %'all unit leader% eep t$eir %u*ordinate%

infor'ed. T$i% i% parti&ularl+ true of t$e &o'pan+ &o''ander% eeping t$eir platoon&o''ander% infor'ed, of platoon &o''ander% infor'ing t$eir %4uad leader%, and t$e%4uad leader% infor'ing t$eir 'en. eneral infor'ation i% of )alue, *ut t$e greate%ti'portan&e 'u%t *e pla&ed on 'atter% of i''ediate &on&ern and intere%t to t$eindi)idual. T$e &$ain of &o''and 'u%t *e rigidl+ folloed and leader% 'u%t %ee t$atno 'an i% left uninfor'ed a% to $i% i''ediate %urrounding and %ituation.

;%. Deep t$eir 'ind% *u%+.


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i% 'ade for troop on foot in t$e %u''erti'e or troop on %i% in t$einterti'e. f on foot in deep %no, 'ultipl+ t$e total ti'e *+ .


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WSVX020!

2"!"05

STUDENT HANDOUT

SURVIVAL SIGNALING AND RECOVERY

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE #n a $old %eat&er 'ountainou( en)iron'ent,

$ondu$t (ur)i)al re$o)er*, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e( (WSVX.02.06)


(1) Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, de($ri+e in %riting t&e audio international di(tre(( Signal,in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e( (WSVX.02.06a)

(2) Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, de($ri+e in %riting t&e )i(ual international di(tre(( (ignal,

in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e( (WSVX.02.06)

(!) Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, $on(tru$t an i'pro)i(ed )i(ual (ignaling de)i$e, in

a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e( (WSVX.02.06")

(#) Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e, utilie a &oi(t re$o)er* de)i$e, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e

referen$e( (WSVX.02.06$

OUTLINE

1 SIGNALING DEVICES T&e e.uip'ent li(ted +elo% are ite'( t&at 'a* +e on *our +od*or ite'( in(ide an air$raft /enerall*, t&e(e ite'( are u(ed a( (ignaling de)i$e( during'o)e'ent T&e* 'u(t +e a$$e((i+le for u(e at an* 'o'ent( noti$e

a *rote$&ni$( *rote$&ni$( in$lude (tar $lu(ter( and ('oe grenade( W&en u(ing ('oegrenade( in (no% pa$, a platfor' 'u(t +e +uilt Wit&out a platfor', t&e ('oe grenade%ill (in into t&e (no% pa$ and t&e (no% %ill a+(or+ all ('oe

+ M-1! en lare T&e M-1! en lare i( a (ignaling de)i$e $arried in t&e )e(t of all$re% $&ief( and pilot( 4e'e'+er to $o$ t&e gun prior to ($re%ing in t&e flare

$ Stro+e ig&t 6 (tro+e lig&t i( generall* $arried in t&e flig&t )e(t( of all $re% $&ief( andpilot( #t $an +e u(ed at nig&t for (ignaling Care 'u(t +e taen +e$au(e a pilot undergoggle( $ant di(tingui(& a fla(&ing (tro+e fro' &o(tile fire

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d la(&lig&t B* u(ing fla(&lig&t(, a Mor(e $ode 'e((age $an +e (ent 6n S8S di(tre(( $all$on(i(t( of (ending t&ree dot(, t&ree da(&e(, and t&ree dot( eep repeating t&i( (ignal

e W&i(tle T&e %&i(tle i( u(ed in $on:un$tion %it& t&e audio international di(tre(( (ignal #ti( u(ed to $o''uni$ate %it& for$e( on t&e ground

f 6;"4C-90 < 6;"4C-112 T&e 6;" 4C 90 (ur)i)al radio i( a part of t&e a)iator((ur)i)al )e(t T&e 6;"4C-112 %ill e)entuall* repla$e t&e 6;"4C-90 Bot& radio(

$an tran('it eit&er tone =+ea$on or )oi$e re.uen$* for +ot& are 2%2.% &' '*"+, and

2#!.0 &' +a"', Bot& of t&e(e fre.uen$ie( are on t&e >? Band

g @a*";ig&t lare T&e da*"nig&t flare i( a good pea$eti'e (ur)i)al (ignal T&e flare i(for nig&t (ignaling %&ile t&e ('oe i( for da* T&e older )er(ion flare i( identified +* ared $ap %it& t&ree nu++in( %&ile t&e ne% generation &a( t&ree ring( around t&e +od* foridentifi$ation during darne(( T&e flare +urn( for approAi'atel* 20 (e$ond %&ile t&e('oe +urn( for approAi'atel* !0 (e$ond(

NOTE 8n$e one end i( u(ed up, dou(e in %ater to $ool and (a)e t&e ot&er end for future u(e

& Signal Mirror 6 'irror or an* (&in* o+:e$t $an +e u(ed a( a (ignaling de)i$e #t $an +eu(ed a( 'an* ti'e( a( needed #t $an +e $on$entrated in one area, 'aing it (e$ure fro'ene'* o+(er)ation 6 'irror i( t&e +e(t (ignaling de)i$e for a (ur)i)or ?o%e)er, it i(onl* a( effe$ti)e a( it( u(er earn &o% to u(e one no% +efore *ou find *our(elf in a(ur)i)al (ituation

=1 Militar* (ignal 'irror( &a)e in(tru$tion( on it( +a$ (&o%ing &o% to u(e it #t(&ould +e ept $o)ered to pre)ent a$$idental fla(&ing t&at 'a* +e (een +* t&eene'*

=2 6n* (&in* 'etalli$ o+:e$t $an +e (u+(tituted for a (ignal 'irror

=3 ?ae, ground fog, or a 'irage 'a* 'ae it &ard for a pilot to (pot (ignal( fro' afla(&ing o+:e$t So, if po((i+le, get to t&e &ig&e(t point in *our area %&enfla(&ing #f *ou $ant deter'ine t&e air$raft( lo$ation, fla(& *our (ignal in t&edire$tion of t&e air$raft noi(e

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;8TD ilot( &a)e reported (eeing 'irror fla(&e( up to 1!0 ilo'eter( a%a* under ideal$ondition(

AIMING THE SIGNAL MIRROR

2. METHODS O- COMMUNICATION

a 6udio Signaling +* 'ean( of (ound 'a* +e good, +ut it doe( &a)e (o'edi(ad)antage(

=1 #t &a( li'ited range unle(( *ou u(e a de)i$e t&at %ill reall* pro:e$t t&e (ound

=2 #t 'a* +e &ard to pinpoint one( lo$ation, due to e$&oe( or %ind

=3 #nternational @i(tre(( Signal (WSVX.02.06a) T&e (ur)i)or %ill 'ae (iA+la(t( in one 'inute, returned +* t&ree +la(t( in one 'inute +* t&e re($uer

+ Vi(ual Vi(ual (ignal are generall* +etter t&an audio (ignal( T&e* %ill pin point *ourlo$ation and $an +een (een at a greater di(tan$e( under good %eat&er $ondition(

=1 T&e )i(ual international di(tre(( (*'+ol i( re$ognied +* a (erie( of t&ree

e)enl* (pa$ed i'pro)i(ed (ignaling de)i$e( (WSVX.02.06)

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3 IMPROVISED SIGNALING DEVICES (WSVX.02.06") #'pro)i(ed (ignaling de)i$e(are generall* (tati$ in nature T&e* 'u(t +e pla$ed in a po(ition to +e (een +* re($uer( T&e*are 'ade fro' an* re(our$e( a)aila+le, %&et&er natural or 'an-'ade

a S'oe /enerator T&e ('oe generator i( an eA$ellent i'pro)i(ed )i(ual (ignaling

de)i$e #t gi)e( t&e (ur)i)or t&e fleAi+ilit* to (ignal in eit&er da* or nig&t $ondition(Build t&e' a( (oon a( ti'e and (ituation per'it, and prote$t t&e' until needed

=1 Con(tru$t *our fire in a natural $learing or along t&e edge of (trea'( =or 'aea $learing Signal fire( under den(e foliage %ill not +e (een fro' t&e air

=2 ind t%o log(, ! - 10 in$&e( in dia'eter, and approAi'atel* fi)e feet longla$e t&e t%o log( parallel to ea$& ot&er %it& a t%o foot (pa$ing

=3 /at&er enoug& (ti$(, approAi'atel* t%o in$&e( in dia'eter and t%o feet longto lie a$ro(( t&e fir(t t%o log( T&i( (er)e( a( a platfor' for t&e fire

= /at&er enoug& $o'pletel* dr* indling to fill t&e entire fra'e

=5 la$e *our tinder under t&e platfor'

=! /at&er enoug& pine +oug& to la* on top of t&e p*ra'id fire T&i( (er)e( toprote$t t&e fire and t&e tinder

=7 To lig&t, re'o)e t&e pine +oug& and ignite t&e tinder #f a)aila+le, $on(tru$t ator$& to (peed up t&e lig&ting pro$e((, e(pe$iall* for 'ultiple fire(

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SMOE GENERATOR

= To $reate a ('oe effe$t during t&e da* lig&t &our(, pla$e t&e pine +oug& ont&e ignited fire

=9 la$ing a ('oe grenade or $olored flare under t&e platfor' %ill $&ange t&e$olor of t&e ('oe generated T&e fire to dra% in t&e $olored ('oe T&e$olored ('oe (&ould $ontra(t %it& *our en)iron'ent and in$rea(e *our$&an$e( of re$o)er*

=10#f on loo(e deep (no% pa$, a platfor' of +oug&( need to +e +uilt under t&et%o 'ain log( prior to $on(tru$tion

+ 6rrange'ent or alteration of natural 'aterial( Su$& t&ing( a( t%ig( or +ran$&e( $an+e pla$ed into letter( or (*'+ol( to $ontra(t %it& t&e (no% To attra$t 'ore attentionground (ignal( (&ould +e arranged in +ig geo'etri$ pattern(

=1 #nternational (*'+ol( T&e follo%ing (*'+ol( are internationall* no%n

INTERNATIONAL SYMBOLS

=2 S&ado%( #f no ot&er 'ean( are a)aila+le, *ou 'a* &a)e to $on(tru$t 'ound(t&at %ill u(e t&e (un to $a(t (&ado%( T&e(e 'ound( (&ould +e $on(tru$ted inone of t&e #nternational @i(tre(( attern( iled (no% or (no% +lo$( 'a* +eu(ed to $a(t (&ado%( To +e effe$ti)e, t&e(e (&ado% (ignal( 'u(t +e orientedto t&e (un to produ$e t&e +e(t (&ado%( #n area( $lo(e to t&e e.uator, a ;ort&ESout& line gi)e( a (&ado% an*ti'e eA$ept noon 6rea( furt&er nort& or(out& of t&e e.uator re.uire t&e u(e of Da(tEWe(t line or (o'e point of t&e$o'pa(( in +et%een to gi)e t&e +e(t re(ult

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=3 Sie T&e letter( (&ould +e large a( po((i+le for a pilot or $re% to (pot

=

SI/E AND RATIO

=5 Contra(t W&en $on(tru$ting letter (*'+ol(, $ontra(t t&e letter fro' t&e(urrounding )egetation and terrain #deall*, +ring 'aterial fro' anot&erlo$ation to +uild t&e letter T&i( $ould +e $lot&ing, air panel(, (pa$e +lanet,et$

=a 8n (no%, pile pine +oug& or u(e (ea d*e fro' a life )e(t $an +eutilied

AIR TO GROUND COMMUNICATIONS 6ir to ground $o''uni$ation( $an +ea$$o'pli(&ed +* (tandard air$raft a$no%ledg'ent(

a 6ir$raft %ill indi$ate t&at ground (ignal( &a)e +een (een and under(tood +*

=1 4o$ing fro' (ide to (ide T&i( $an +e done during t&e da* or in +rig&t'oonlig&t

=2 Maing green fla(&e( T&i( i( done %it& a (ignal la'p during dar nig&t(

+ 6ir$raft %ill indi$ate t&at ground (ignal( &a)e +een (een +ut not under(tood +*

=1 Maing a $o'plete $ir$le to t&e left during t&e da* or in +rig&t 'oonlig&t

=2 Maing red fla(&e( T&i( i( done %it& a (ignal la'p during dar nig&t(

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5 RECOVERY Marine( trapped +e&ind ene'* line( in future $onfli$t( 'a* not eAperien$e.ui$ re$o)er* Marine( 'a* &a)e to 'o)e to a pla$e %&i$& %ill 'ini'ie ri( to t&e re$o)er*for$e 6 Marine 'u(t tae re(pon(i+ilit* for t&e (afet* of t&e re$o)er* for$e

a la$e'ent Con(ideration( #n a &o(tile (ituation, (ignaling de)i$e( (&ould not +e

pla$ed near t&e follo%ing area( due to t&e po((i+ilit* of $o'pro'i(e

=1 8+(ta$le( and +arrier(

=2 4oad( and trail(

=3 #n&a+ited area(

= Water%a*( and +ridge(

=5 ;atural line( of drift

=! Man-'ade (tru$ture(

=7 6ll $i)ilian and 'ilitar* per(onnel

+ Ta$ti$al Con(ideration T&e follo%ing ta$ti$al $on(ideration( (&ould +e ad&ered toprior to e'plo*ing a (ignaling de)i$e

=1 >(e t&e (ignal in a 'anner, %&i$& %ill not :eopardie t&e (afet* of t&ere$o)er* for$e or *ou

=2 o$ate a po(ition %it& good e($ape route( and o+(er)ation of a)enue( of

approa$& o(ition (&ould +e lo$ated relati)el* $lo(e to eAtra$t (ite in order to'ini'ie ti'e (pent on ground +* t&e re$o)er* for$e

=3 Maintain $ontinuou( (e$urit* %&ile t&e (ignaling de)i$e i( e'plo*ed

= #f ene'* 'o)e'ent i( dete$ted in t&e area prior to re$o)er*, atte'pt tore$o)er or $on$eal t&e (ignal

=5 D'plo* (ignaling de)i$e( onl* during t&e pre($ri+ed ti'e( a( (tated in t&e'i((ion order

$ 4e$o)er* @e)i$e( (WSVX.02.06$)#n 'ountainou( terrain, a &eli$opter landing 'a*+e i'po((i+le due to ground (lope, (no% pa$, or )egetation T&e (ur)i)or 'u(t +efa'iliar %it& re$o)er* de)i$e( t&at 'a* +e a+oard t&e air$raft

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JUNGLE PENETRATOR

SLING HOIST

d 4e$o)er* +* ot&er t&an air$raft 4e$o)er* +* 'ean( ot&er t&an air$raft 'a* o$$ur>nit S8( (&ould in$lude (ignaling and lin-up %it& for$e( at t&e follo%inglo$ation(

=1 Border Cro((ing( T&e e)ader %&o $ro((e( into a neutral $ountr* i( (u+:e$t todetention +* t&at $ountr* for t&e duration of t&e %ar

=28T

=a Stati$ 4e$o)er* along a (tati$ 8T i( al%a*( diffi$ult >nder t&e(e$ondition(, ene'* and friendl* for$e( $an +e den(el* arra*ed and %ell$a'ouflaged %it& good field( of fire 6tte'pt( to penetrate t&e 8T(&ould +e a)oided

=+ 6d)an$ing #ndi)idual( i(olated in front of ad)an$ing friendl* unit((&ould i''ediatel* tae $o)er and %ait for t&e friendl* unit( too)errun t&eir po(ition

=$ 4etreating #ndi)idual( +et%een oppo(ing for$e( (&ould i''ediatel*

tae $o)er and %ait for ene'* unit( to pa(( o)er t&eir po(ition 6fter'o(t ene'* unit( &a)e 'o)ed on, e)ader( (&ould tr* to lin up %it&ot&er i(olated friendl* ele'ent( and return to friendl* for$e(

=3 in-up %it& friendl* patrol( >nit aut&enti$ation nu'+er( and"or lo$all*de)eloped $ode( 'a* a((i(t t&e e)ader( to (afel* 'ae $onta$t in or aroundt&e 8T and %&en approa$&ed +* friendl* for$e( #dentif* *our(elf to

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friendl* unit %&ile +e&ind $o)er 8n$e *ou &a)e +een a$no%ledged follo%an* $o''and( a( *ou 'ae *our approa$&

RE-ERENCE

1 M 21-7!, Sur)i)al, 19922 Barr* @a)ie( BDM, T&e S6S D($ape, D)a(ion, and Sur)i)al Manual, 199!3 6 !-, Sear$& and 4e($ue Sur)i)al Training, 195 F 3-503, Foint @o$trine for D)a(ion and 4e$o)er*, 199!

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!"!05STUDENT HANDOUT

SURVIVAL NAVIGATION

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE. #n $old %eat&er 'ountainou( en)iron'ent, na)igate in a

(ur)i)al (ituation, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e(. (WSVX.02.07)


*1+ Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, li(t in %riting t&e $on(ideration( for tra)el, in a$$ordan$e %it&

t&e referen$e(. (WSVX.02.07a)

*+ Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, de($rie in %riting t&e (ea(onal relation(&ip of t&e (un and it('o)e'ent during t&e euino and (ol(ti$e, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e(.

(WSVX.02.07b)

*3+ Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, and gi)en a $ir$ular na)igational $&art and operating latitude,deter'ine t&e earing of t&e (un at (unri(e and (un(et, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e(.

(WSVX.02.07c)

*/+ Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, $on(tru$t a po$et na)igator, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e

referen$e(. (WSVX.02.07)

*5+ Wit&out t&e aid of referen$e(, de($rie in %riting t&e t%o 'et&od( for lo$ating t&e ort&

Star, in a$$ordan$e %it& t&e referen$e(. (WSVX.02.07!)

OUTLINE

1. CONSIDERATIONS "OR STA#ING OR TRAVELLING . (WSVX.02.07a)

a. Sta2 %it& t&e air$raft or )e&i$le if po((ile. More t&an liel2 (o'eod2 no%( %&ere it %a(going. #t i( al(o a read2-'ade (&elter.

. ea)e onl2 %&en4

*1+ Certain of pre(ent lo$ation, &a)e no%n de(tination, and t&e ailit2 to get t&ere.

*+ Water, food, (&elter, and!or &elp $an e rea$&ed.

*3+ Con)in$ed t&at re($ue i( not $o'ing.

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$. #f t&e de$i(ion i( 'ade to tra)el, t&e follo%ing 'u(t al(o e $on(idered4

*1+ W&i$& dire$tion to tra)el and %&2.

*+ W&at plan i( to e follo%ed.

*3+ W&at euip'ent (&ould e taen.

*/+ o% to 'ar t&e trail.

*5+ 6redi$ted %eat&er.

d. #f t&e ta$ti$al (ituation per'it( lea)e t&e follo%ing infor'ation at t&e departure point4

*1+ eparture ti'e.

*+ e(tination.

*3+ 8oute of tra)el!dire$tion.

*/+ 6er(onal $ondition.

*5+ )ailale (upplie(.

. DA#TIME SURVIVAL NAVIGATION

a. Sun Mo)e'ent . #t i( taen for granted t&e (un ri(e( in t&e ea(t and (et( in t&e %e(t. T&i( i( uite

'i(leading. In fact, depending on an observers latitude and the $!a$%&,the sun could rise andset up to 50 degrees off of true east and west.

P%$''%& % *! S+& a E,+'&%- a& S%$'c!

*1+ Su''er!Winter Sol(ti$e4 *1 :une!1 e$e'er+ T%o ti'e( during t&e 2ear%&en t&e (un &a( no apparent nort&%ard or (out&%ard 'otion.

*+ Vernal!utu'nal ;uino4 *0 Mar$&!3 Septe'er+ T%o ti'e( during t&e2ear %&en t&e (un $ro((e( t&e $ele(tial euator and t&e lengt& of da2 and nig&tare approi'atel2 eual.

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SEASONAL RELATIONSHIP

. Sunourne2, t&e (un %ill e dire$tl2 (out& of an o(er)er *or nort& if t&e o(er)er i( in t&e Sout&erne'i(p&ere+. T&i( rule 'a2 not appl2 to o(er)er( in t&e tropi$( *et%een 3.5 degree( nort& and(out& latitude+ or in t&e polar region( *"0 degree( latitude+. #t i( at t&i( point t&at (&ado%( %illappear t&eir (&orte(t. T&e ti'e at %&i$& t&i( o$$ur( i( referred to a( ?lo$al apparent noon.@

$. Sun


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C'c+a Na4'1a'%&a C*a

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d. S&ado% Sti$ Con(tru$tion . T&i( te$&niue %ill a$&ie)e a $ardinal dire$tion %it&in 10 degree( ofa$$ura$2 if done %it&in t%o &our( of lo$al apparent noon. Dn$e again, t&i( te$&niue 'a2 ei'pra$ti$al near t&e polar region( a( (&ado%( tend to e )er2 long= (i'ilarl2, in t&e tropi$(

(&ado%( are generall2 )er2 ('all. Ca& %&5 b! +$! 6'*'& 2 *%+$ % %ca a//a!& &%%&.

*1+ Eet a (traig&t, 3-" foot (ti$ free of ran$&e( and pointed at t&e end( and 3-5 ('all 'arer(4i.e., (ti$(, ro$(, or nail(.

*+ 6la$e t&e (ti$ uprig&t in t&e ground and 'ar t&e (&ado% tip %it& a 'arer.

*3+ Wait 10-15 'inute( and 'ar (&ado% tip again %it& a 'arer.

*/+ 8epeat t&i( until all of t&e 'arer( are u(ed.

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SHADOW STIC METHOD

*5+ T&e 'arer( %ill for' a We(tF;a(t line.

*"+ 6ut 2our left foot on t&e fir(t 'arer and 2our rig&t foot on t&e la(t 'arer, 2ou %ill t&en efa$ing nort&.

e. L%ca A//a!& N%%& . W&ene)er u(ing an2 t2pe of (&ado% $a(ting de)i$e to deter'inedire$tion, ?lo$al apparent noon@ *or t&e (un


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f. T&e po$et na)igator %ill %or all da2 and %ill not e out of date for approi'atel2 one %ee.

W *37.5+ ; *.5+ *0!3"0+

W *315+ ; */5+ WW *9.5+ ;; *"7.5+

W *70+ ; *90+# BDTTDM TDCDM6;T; C#8C;

POCET NAVIGATOR

/. NIGHTTIME SURVIVAL NAVIGATION

a. Mar ort& . To aid 2ou in na)igating at nig&t, it i( enefi$ial to %at$& %&ere t&e (un goe( do%n.#f 2ouHre going to (tart 'o)ing after dar 'ar t&e nort&erl2 dire$tion.

. o$ating t&e ort& Star . T&ere are t%o 'et&od( u(ed in lo$ating t&e ort& Star.

(WSVX.02.07!)

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*1+ (ing t&e Big ipper *Ursa Major+. T&e e(t indi$tor( are t&e t%o Jdipper( J. T&e ort&Star i( t&e la(t (tar in t&e &andle of t&e little dipper, %&i$& i( not t&e ea(ie(t $on(tellationto find. o%e)er, t&e Big ipper i( one of t&e 'o(t pro'inent $on(tellation( in t&eort&ern e'i(p&ere. T&e t%o lo%e(t (tar( of t&e Big ipperH( $up a$t a( pointer( to t&eort& Star. #f 2ou line up t&e(e t%o (tar(, t&e2 'ae a (traig&t line t&at run( dire$tl2 to

t&e ort& Star. T&e di(tan$e to t&e ort& Star along t&i( line i( 5 ti'e( t&at et%een t&et%o pointer (tar(.

*+ (ing Ca((iopeia *Big M or W+. ra% a line (traig&t out fro' t&e $enter (tar,approi'atel2 &alf t&e di(tan$e to t&e Big ipper. T&e ort& Star %ill e lo$ated t&ere.

LOCATING THE NORTH STAR

NOTE4 Be$au(e t&e Big ipper and Ca((iopeia rotate around t&e ort& Star, t&e2 %ill not al%a2(

appear in t&e (a'e po(ition in t&e (2. #n t&e &ig&er latitude(, t&e ort& Star i( le(( effe$ti)e for t&epurpo(e of orienting e$au(e it appear( &ig&er in t&e (2. t t&e $enter of t&e r$ti$ $ir$le, it %ould edire$tl2 o)er&ead, and all dire$tion( lead Sout&.

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$. Sout&ern Cro(( . #n t&e Sout&ern e'i(p&ere, 6olari( i( not )i(ile. T&e Sout&ern Cro(( i( t&e'o(t di(tin$ti)e $on(tellation. n i'aginar2 line t&roug& t&e long ai( of t&e Sout&ern Cro((, orTrue Cro((, point( to%ard( a dar (pot de)oid of (tar( approi'atel2 t&ree degree( off(et fro't&e Sout& 6ole. T&e True Cro(( (&ould not e $onfu(ed %it& t&e larger $ro(( near2 no%n a( t&eal(e Cro((, %&i$& i( le(( rig&t, 'ore %idel2 (pa$ed, and &a( fi)e (tar(. T&e True Cro(( $an e

$onfir'ed 2 t&e t%o $lo(el2 (pa$ed )er2 rig&t (tar( t&at trail e&ind t&e $ro((pie$e. T&e(e t%o(tar( are often ea(ier to pi$ out t&an t&e $ro(( it(elf. oo for t&e'. T%o of t&e (tar( in t&eTrue Cro(( are a'ong t&e rig&te(t (tar( in t&e &ea)en(= t&e2 are t&e (tar( on t&e (out&ern andea(tern ar'(. T&e (tar( on t&e nort&ern and %e(tern ar'( are not a( apparent.

N%!8 T&e i'aginar2 point depi$ted in t&e pi$ture i( t&e dar (pot de)oid of (tar(.

SOUTHERN CROSS

d. Moon a)igator . ie t&e (un, t&e 'oon ri(e( in t&e ea(t and (et( in t&e %e(t. (e t&e (a'e

'et&od of t&e (&ado% (ti$ a( 2ou did during t&e da2. o%e)er, lunar illu'ination i( not$on(i(tent and $an e o($ured 2 $loud(.

5. IMPROVISED COMPASSES . T&ere are t&ree i'pro)i(ed te$&niue( to $on(tru$t a $o'pa((. We%ill $o)er t&e' in order of 'o(t reliale to lea(t.

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a. ME;T T;C#K;. T&e 'agnet te$&niue %or( e(t. T&e 'agnet( 2ou are 'o(tliel2 to &a)e a)ailale to 2ou are t&o(e in a (peaer or &eadp&one( of a radio. Geep t&e endof t&e needle on t&e atter2 for a 'ini'u' of 'inute(. But of $our(e 2ou $ould eep t&eneedle atta$&ed to t&e atter2 a( long a( needed.

1. ('all pie$e of iron or (teel t&at i( long, t&in, and lig&t. lu'inu' or 2ello%'etal( %onHt %or *onl2 t&ing( t&at ru(t %ill do+. pin or needle *t&e ('aller t&eetter+ i( perfe$t, ut a (traig&tened paper $lip, pie$e of (teel aling %ire, or ared%ire $ould al(o %or.

. loat t&e 'etal on (till %ater u(ing a pie$e of i(o'at, %ood $&ip, or leaf. Eat&er(o'e %ater in a non-'agneti$ $ontainer or a ($ooped out re$e(( in t&e ground, (u$& a(a puddle. o not u(e a Jtin $anJ %&i$& i( 'ade of (teel. *an alu'inu' $an %ould%or.+ 6la$e t&e float on t&e %ater, t&en t&e 'etal on it. #t %ill (lo%l2 turn to orientit(elf. 8epeat t&e pro$e(( (e)eral ti'e( to $onfir' 2our dire$tion.

*a+. Lou $ould al(o &ang 2ou


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". NATURAL NAVIGATION .

a. ind out %&ere t&e pre)ailing %ind( originate.

. Sun


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*$+ Write do%n an2 i'portant infor'ation (een (u$& a(= ene'2 'o)e'ent( or po(ition(,ga'e, )egetation, road(, trail(, et$N

*+ Maintenan$e.

*a+ Maintain and update field (et$& a( 'o)e'ent progre((e(.

*+ ;n(ure readailit2 of 2our field (et$&. *i.e.= donHt $lutter t&e (et$& (o 'u$& it $anHt e read.+ Geep it (i'pl2 (o an2one %ould e ale to under(tand it.

$. uring Mo)e'ent Con(tantl2 8efer To .

*1+ og.

*+ Steering 'ar(.

d. $tion( #f Lou Be$o'e o(t .

*1+ #''ediate a$tion.

*a+ Drient 2our (et$&.

*+ Corre$ti)e a$tion.

*a+ Ba$tra$ u(ing (teering 'ar( until 2ou &a)e deter'ined t&e lo$ation of 2ourerror.

*+ 8e-orient 2our (et$&.

*$+ Sele$t dire$tion of tra)el and $ontinue to 'ar$&.

RE"ERENCE8

1. M 1-7", Sur)i)al, 199.. M "/-5, Sur)i)al, 19"9.3. a)id Seid'ond, T&e ;((ential Wilderne(( a)igator, 1995./. ir$re% Sur)i)al 199".5. Wilderne(( Wa2 'agaAine, atural a)igation 6art 1.

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WSVX.0.0!"#"05

STUDENT OUTLINE

TRAPS AND SNARES

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE $n a %old &eat'er (ountainou) en*iron(ent, ta+e

ga(e, in a%%ordan%e &it' t'e referen%e). (WSVX.02.08)


1 Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e), li)t in &riting t'e eig't general %on)ideration) to ta+e

ga(e, in a%%ordan%e &it' t'e referen%e). (WSVX.02.08a)

Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e), li)t in &riting t'e general te%'niue) to ta+e ga(e, ina%%ordan%e &it' t'e referen%e). (WSVX.02.08b)

3 Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e), li)t in &riting t'e reuire(ent) for )naring and

trapping, in a%%ordan%e &it' t'e referen%e). (WSVX.02.08c)

/ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e), e(plo a )nare, in a%%ordan%e &it' t'e referen%e).

(WSVX.02.08d)

5 Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e), li)t in &riting t'e tpe) of trigger), in a%%ordan%e &it'

t'e referen%e). (MSVX.02.08)

# Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e), e(plo a trap, in a%%ordan%e &it' t'e referen%e).

(WSVX.02.08!)

(") Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e), e(plo a noi)e produ%ing pat' guard, in a%%ordan%e

&it' t'e referen%e). (WSVX.02.08#)

OUTLINE

1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS TO TA$E GAME (WSVX.02.08a)

. 2eneral Con)ideration) . no&ing a fe& general 'int) and tip) &ill (a+e t'etrapping of ani(al) ea)ier and %on)idera4l (ore effe%ti*e. T'e eig't general%on)ideration) to ta+e ga(e are

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1 no& our ga(e . no&ing t'e 'a4it) of t'e ani(al ou &ant to trap or)nare &ill 'elp in%rea)e our %'an%e). Su%' t'ing) a) &'en and &'ere t'e(o*e, feed, and &ater &ill 'elp ou deter(ine &'ere t'e )et %an 4e (o)teffe%ti*el pla%ed.

eep t'ing) )i(ple . 6ou dont 'a*e ti(e in a )ur*i*al )ituation to %on)tru%tela4orate )et) and t'e do not ne%e))aril do a 4etter 8o4.

3 la%e )et) in t'e rig't pla%e . ni(al) &ill tra*el and )top in %ertain lo%ation).T'at i) &'ere to 4uild )et).

/ Co*er up our )%ent . ni(al) &ill a*oid a )et &'i%' )(ell) t'reatening orunu)ual to t'e( i.e., 'u(an )%ent or .:.;.


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tree li(4, allo&ed to freel (o*e &it' t'e 4reee.

. G%&a' Tc%*+, - /'' a%a', . (WSVX.02.08b) general te%'niue i) t'e(et'od in &'i%' t'e trap i) intended to +ill t'e ani(al. T'e a%ron( S$C i) u)eful inre(e(4ering t'e)e te%'niue).

. S- Strangle . T'i) (et'od )trangle) t'e ani(al, )u%' a) a )nare.

B. $(pale . T'i) (et'od pu)'e) a )ta+e t'roug' t'e ani(al, )u%' a) a )pi+eddead fall.

C. C- Cru)' . T'i) (et'od %ru)'e) t'e ani(al, )u%' a) a deadfall for a %'ip(un+.

@. - no%+ . T'i) (et'od +no%+) a larger ani(al un%on)%iou), )u%' a) adeadfall.

3. SNARE NOMENCLATURE AND IMPROVISED SNARES. )nare in not'ing(ore t'an a pie%e of &ire, rope, or %ord &it' a loop at one end, &'i%' tig'ten) do&naround ani(ale(e(4er t'at ou &ant t'e )(alle)t dia(eter %a4le %apa4leof 'olding t'e ani(al.

B. ;o%+ing de*i%e . lo%+ing de*i%e i) i(perati*e for a )nare to &or+ properl.;o%+ing de*i%e) )e%ure t'e )nare around t'e ani(al


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$NOT

/. SNARING . $n a &inter en*iron(ent, )naring i) t'e (o)t effe%ti*e (ean) to ta+e ga(e

. >euire(ent) for )naring. (MSVX.02.08c) T'ere are t'ree reuire(ent) toeffe%ti*el e(plo )nare). T'e are lo%ation, pre)entation, and %on)tru%tion.

1 ;o%ation . ;o%ation i) para(ount to )u%%e)). T'e follo&ing guide %an a))i)tou.

a Coote), DoAe), and Badger. long rarel tra*eled road), fire lane),irrigation dit%'e), fen%e line), in )addle), along ridge top), (eado&4order), 4 %ar%a))e).

4 Bo4%at and ;nA. t 4a)e) of %liff) and large ro%+ fa%e)E on ridge) and)addle %ro))ingE along )trea( 4otto(). Cat) need )e%urit )o rarel getfar fro( tree, 4ru)' or e)%ape %o*er.

% >a%%oon, :po))u(, S+un+, and >ing-tailed Cat). Strea( 4ed) and4an+)E trail) along )trea( 4ed), pond), ri*er) and ot'er &ater %our)e)E>a%%oon) li+e a %o(4ination of &ater, old (ature tree), 4uilding) and8un+ pile), and a %on)i)tent food )uppl li+e grain or prepared feed.

d Wea)el. Mar)', gra)) (eado&).

e Marten and Di)'er. long (eado& edge), ridgeline), and do&nfall).

f Min+. =nder 4ridge)E around %ul*ert), tile) and 8un+ in or near)trea(), ri*er) and la+e), )pring) and )eep), Mu)+rat and Bea*er

lodge) and da(). Min+ &ill )top and in*e)tigate nearl e*er 'ole or%a*it around a )trea(4ed.

g Bea*er and Mu)+rat. round t'e food %a%'e under t'e i%e.

' >a44it). $n t'i%+ &illo& )tand) along run) and trail).

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re)entation . re)entation i) t'e tpe of )et for t'e intended ani(al. Cu44ie)et) &or+ &ell for 4o4%at, ra%%oon, (arten, fi)'er, opo))u(, and )+un+ &'iletrail )et) &or+ &ell for %oote, foA, (in+, and ra44it.

3 Con)tru%tion . Con)tru%tion i) t'e a%tual 4uilding of t'e )et.

a )plit )ti%+ i) utilied to )upport t'e )nare and en)ure t'e )nare fire)

properl. T'e )plit )ti%+ %an 4e eit'er green or )ea)oned &ood.Fo&e*er, t'e )nare (u)t not )lip t'roug' t'e )plit. T'e lo%+ing de*i%e(u)t 4e neAt to t'e )plit )ti%+. T'e )plit )ti%+ (u)t 4e )e%urel pla%edin t'e ground. $f ou are utiliing a &eig'ted )nare t'e lo%+ing de*i%e(a 4e in t'e 1 o


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G$M; G::S? S$H? 2>:=G@ C;?>GC?

SI=$>>?; 1" T: 3 $GCF?S 1" T: 1 1" $GCF?S>BB$T / T: 5 1" $GCF?S 1 1" T: 3 $GCF?S>CC::G # $GCF?S 3 T: / $GCF?SD:X 7 T: 10 $GCF?S ! T: 10 $GCF?SC:6:T?S 1 T: 1/ $GCF?S 1 $GCF?SB:BCT 9 $GCF?S ! $GCF?S

N- -Goo)e )ie i) t'e dia(eter of t'e )nare loop.-2round %learan%e i) (ea)ured fro( t'e 4otto( of t'e loop to t'e ground.

e Den%ing . T'e o48e%ti*e of fen%ing i) to 'a*e t'e ani(al (o*e t'roug't'e Jpat' of lea)t re)i)tan%eK or (ore i(portantl t'e )nare. Den%ing(u)t 4e )u4tle and not o*er done.

f ;ure . $n a )ur*i*al )ituation, ou &ill not 4e a4le to e(plo nu(erou))nare). ;uring all )nare) in%rea)e) our %'an%e) of )u%%e)). Fo&e*er,it i) not ne%e))ar for trail )et).

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5. SNARE SETS. (MSVX.2.8d) lt'oug' t'ere are nu(erou) idea) to e(plo )nare),'ere are a fe&.

CUBBIE SET

TRAIL SET

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DEN SET

VARIOUS LOG SETS

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UNDER T1E ICE BEAVER SET

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#. IMPROVISED TRAPS . $(pro*i)ed trap) are (ade fro( a *ariet of (aterial).2enerall, t'e in%orporate a (ean) to +ill t'e ani(al i.e., loop or &eig't 4 t'e u)e of atrigger.

. Tpe) of Trigger) . (WSVX.02.08) T'ere are t&o 4a)i% trigger) u)ed for alltrap) and pat' guard). @epending on t'e )ituation, *ariation) of t'e)e trigger) %an4e u)ed.

1 Toggle .

a. Spring ole . T'e )pring pole reuire) a )(all )apling and %ordage to%on)tru%t. T'e trigger for t'e )pring pole i) t'e toggle. $t i) de)igned tolift t'e ani(al off t'e groundE not allo&ing predator ani(al) to ta+eour ga(e. >e(e(4er, t'e trigger %an not 4e )o tig't t'at t'e intended

ga(e %an not )et it off. T ,3&%# 3' ca% !&4 % 3,-%.

SPRING POLE

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$n*erted Digure / .

B. Con)tru%tion of i(pro*i)ed trap) . (WSVX.2.8!) Trap) are de)igned to 'old or+ill ani(al) 4 u)e of )o(e tpe of a%tion. T'i) a%tion i) generall %au)ed 4eit'er a &eig't or )pring loaded de*i%e.

1 Weig'ted ;ift ole . T'e lift pole reuire) a )(all )apling and %ordage to%on)tru%t. T'e trigger for t'e )pring or lift pole i) a *ariation of t'etoggle. $t i) de)igned to lift t'e ani(al off t'e ground, pre*enting predatorani(al) fro( ta+ing ga(e. >e(e(4er, t'e trigger %an not 4e )o tig't t'att'e intended ga(e %an not tip it.

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WEIG1TED LI5T

WEIG1TED LI5T

Baited Tre4le Foo+ . Tie a large tre4le 'oo+ onto a tree li(4 'ig' enoug'to %au)e t'e ani(al to 8u(p 4ut not )o 'ig' it %annot rea%' it. Bait t'e

tre4le 'oo+.

7. PAT1 GUARDS (WSVX.02.08#)at' guard) are de)igned to prote%t and pro*ide )e%uritfor

our )'elter area again)t t'e ene( and predator ani(al). T'e are %la))ified a%%ording tonoi)e or %a)ualt produ%ing pat' guard).

. Goi)e produ%ing pat' guard) . Goi)e produ%ing pat'guard) )er*e a) an alar( forour )'elter area. W'en triggered, it )'ould produ%e )o(e tpe of loud noi)e.lt'oug' %on)tru%tion %an *ar, depending on (aterial) a*aila4le, one eAa(ple i)a) follo&)

1 Se%ure an in*erted figure / trigger to a tree.

:n t'e &eig'ted end of t'e trigger, atta%' )e*eral pie%e) of (etal to t'e%ord. =)e &'ate*er i) a*aila4le for (etal.

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3 tta%' a trip %ord to t'e trigger )ti%+. >un t'e trip %ord a%ro)) t'e trail andan%'or on t'e far )ide.

/ la%e a )olid o48e%t i.e., &ood, and ro%+) underneat' t'e )u)pended(etal. W'en triggered, t'e (etal )'ould fall on top of t'e )olid o48e%tE(a+ing an audi4le noi)e.

B. Ca)ualt produ%ing pat' guard) . Ca)ualt produ%ing pat' guard) in a &inter

en*iron(ent are diffi%ult to %on)tru%t. W'en triggered, t'e )'ould %au)e deat' orin8ur to t'e ene( or predator ani(al. large-)%ale deadfall trap %an 4e(odified for a %a)ualt produ%ing pat' guard).

1 S'arpen )pi+e) and )e%ure t'e( on t'e under)ide of t'e deadfall. Spi+e)%an 4e poi)oned.

Set up an in*erted figure / trigger &it' trip %ord a) di)%u))ed for t'e noi)eprodu%ing pat' guard.

3 Set t'e deadfall to land a%ro)) t'e trip %ord along t'e trail.

/ Creati*it and ingenuit are t'e +e) to effe%ti*el e(ploing pat'guard).

RE5ERENCE

1. @r. Ma8or ;. Boddi%+er, Trapping >o%+ Mountain Dur4earer), 19!0.. >a(ond T'o(p)on, Snare) and Snaring, 3rd?dition 199#.3. C'ri) Lano&)+i, Manual t'at %ould )a*e our life, 19!9.

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WSVX.0.090!0"!05

STUDENT HANDOUT

SURVIVAL USES OF GAME

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE #n a $u%%er %ountainou$ en&iron%ent, prepare

ga%e, in a''ordan'e (it) t)e referen'e$. (WSVX.02.09)


(1) Wit)out t)e aid of referen'e$ and gi&en an ani%al, dre$$ and $*in ga%e, in

a''ordan'e (it) t)e referen'e$. (WSVX.02.09a)

(2) Wit)out t)e aid of referen'e$ and gi&en a green )ide, 'on$tru't a $uita+le produ't, ina''ordan'e (it) t)e referen'e$. (WSVX.02.09)

(!) Wit)out t)e aid of referen'e$ and gi&en a pie'e of %eat, pre$er&e %eat, in a''ordan'e

(it) t)e referen'e$. (WSVX.02.09")

(#) Wit)out t)e aid of referen'e$, li$t in (riting t)e a'ron% TM/, in a''ordan'e (it)

t)e referen'e$. (WSVX.02.09$)

(%) Wit)out t)e aid of referen'e$, li$t in (riting t)e part$ of ga%e t)at 'an +e u$ed for

)u%an 'on$u%ption, in a''ordan'e (it) t)e referen'e$. (WSVX.02.09&)

OUTLINE

1. 'ILLING GAME .

. Bleeding. Sli'ing t)e ani%al2$ t)roat or pier'ing t)e ')e$t 'a&it a''o%pli$)e$ t)i$ %et)od.

B. Bludgeoning . Si%pl +eat t)e ani%al until it $top$ %o&ing.

C. Brea*ing t)e e'* . T)e fir$t $tep i$ t)e $a%e a$ t)e no$e tap. 4aing t)e 'lu+ a'ro$$ t)ene'*, pull on t)e rear leg$ until a $nap/ i$ )eard and relea$e. n'e t)e ani%al $traig)ten$ it$

)ind leg$, it i$ dead.

. PREPARING GAME (WSVX.02.09a)

. re$$ing . n'e t)e ani%al i$ dead, dre$$ing $)ould o''ur i%%ediatel. T)i$ allo($ t)e ')e$t'a&it to 'ool, t)u$ $lo(ing t)e de'a and +a'teria rate. 6$e of ')e$t 'a&it propping $ti'*$(ill aid in t)i$ pro'e$$.

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1 8a%e

a 6$ing a (ell-$)arpened po'*et *nife, 'ut around anu$. Be 'areful not topun'ture inte$tine$ or *idne$.

+ Cut t)e )ide fro% t)e anu$ to(ard$ t)e ')e$t 'a&it. T)i$ i$ perfor%ed +fir$t pla'ing t(o finger$ under t)e $*in. et, pla'e t)e +lade of t)e po'*et*nife in +et(een our finger$. T)i$ pre&ent$ rupturing t)e inte$tine$ and

'onta%inating t)e %eat.

' :ea') in and pull out t)e )eart, lung$, and li&er, *eeping t)e% $eparate fro%t)e gut$. T)e$e organ$ are edi+le. C)e'* t)e li&er for ()ite $pot$. #f ()ite$pot$ appea

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