us national interests 1. 1.what are the threats to the us? 2. 2.what role should the us have in the...
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US National InterestsUS National Interests
1. What are the threats to the US?
2. What role should the US have in the world?
Who decides the answer?
Theories?Theories?
““Isolationism” (regional power only)Isolationism” (regional power only)
vs. vs.
InternationalismInternationalism
RealistsRealists IdealistsIdealists
(Liberalism/Wilsonianism)(Liberalism/Wilsonianism)
Pre-WW II Policies: Pre-WW II Policies: US as a Regional PowerUS as a Regional Power
1.1. Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny
2.2. Free Market economics Free Market economics 1.1. Open access for US Open access for US
investmentinvestment
3.3. Spreading Democracy*****Spreading Democracy*****
4.4. Nervousness about Nervousness about CommitmentsCommitments
Post-WW II ChoicePost-WW II Choice
Regional Power Regional Power
vs. vs.
Global PowerGlobal Power
Choice: Global (1947-1952)Choice: Global (1947-1952)
Explaining the Cold WarExplaining the Cold War
1.1. RealismRealism
2.2. IdealismIdealism
3.3. Economic InterestsEconomic Interests
Marxism, CommunismMarxism, Communism
The Theory: The Theory: Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels The Communist Manifesto 18481848
In Practice:In Practice: DictatorshipDictatorship No political freedomsNo political freedoms Command Economy: no economic Command Economy: no economic
freedomsfreedoms
Communism in Communism in PowerPowerSoviet Union 1917 Soviet Union 1917
– 20 million deaths in 1950s20 million deaths in 1950s
LeninLenin StalinStalin
Communism in Communism in PowerPower
People’s Republic of China People’s Republic of China 19491949– Estimates from 50-100 Estimates from 50-100 million (1949-76)million (1949-76)
– Mao ZedongMao Zedong
US Cold War PoliciesUS Cold War Policies
1.1. Anti-Soviet/Anti-CommunistAnti-Soviet/Anti-Communist
2.2. Free MarketsFree Markets
3.3. Spreading Democracy***Spreading Democracy***
4.4. MultilateralismMultilateralism
5.5. Regional ConflictRegional Conflict
6.6. Deterrence and Forward Deterrence and Forward PresencePresence
1. Anti-Soviet/Anti-1. Anti-Soviet/Anti-CommunismCommunism
““Truman Doctrine”Truman Doctrine” speech, March 1947 NSC-68
– (US rearmament(US rearmament plan, 1950)plan, 1950)
Harry Harry TrumanTruman
BipolarityBipolarityThe Cold War Balance of Power The Cold War Balance of Power
IsraelIsrael Syria/EgyptSyria/Egypt
EthiopiaEthiopia SomaliaSomalia
TaiwanTaiwan ChinaChina
S. KoreaS. Korea N. KoreaN. Korea
S. Viet NamS. Viet Nam N. Viet NamN. Viet Nam
W. BerlinW. Berlin E. BerlinE. Berlin
W. GermanyW. Germany E. GermanyE. Germany
Britain/France/JapanBritain/France/Japan Poland/CzechPoland/Czech
USUS USSRUSSR
ContainmentContainment
Kennan’s Long Telegram as published in Kennan’s Long Telegram as published in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Affairs, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” by “X”, 1947by “X”, 1947
George KennanGeorge Kennan
2. Free Markets2. Free Markets
Strong Strong political political
economyeconomy strong strong stabilitystability
through through middle middle
free marketsfree markets class and class and failurefailure
economic andeconomic and ofof
social mobilitysocial mobility communistcommunist
subversion*subversion*
peacepeace*Still US belief that free markets will discourage radical ideologies*Still US belief that free markets will discourage radical ideologies
(radical Islam in 21(radical Islam in 21stst century) century)
US PoliciesUS Policies
For Europe: For Europe: ““Marshall Plan” Marshall Plan” Speech, June 1947
Building Global Economic OrderBuilding Global Economic Order International Monetary Fund – International Monetary Fund – IMF General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
– GATT – GATT (example of GATT Agreements)– World Trade Organization - World Trade Organization - WTO
World Bank
3. Spreading Democracy3. Spreading Democracy
The Good NewsThe Good NewsEurope and Northeast AsiaEurope and Northeast AsiaLatin America and Southeast Latin America and Southeast
AsiaAsia
Freedom HouseMap of free nations
The Bad NewsThe Bad News
Non-democratic nations that were US Non-democratic nations that were US allies or US-supported during some allies or US-supported during some part of the cold war:part of the cold war:
Nicaragua, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Panama, El Salvador, Guatemala, Panama, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Brazil, South Africa, Honduras, Brazil, South Africa, Somalia, Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kenya, Zaire, South Korea, Iran, Kenya, Zaire, South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Pakistan, Turkey, Thailand, Burma, Pakistan, Turkey, Thailand, Burma, CubaCuba
Worse NewsWorse News
PM MossadeghPM Mossadegh Pres. ArbenzPres. Arbenz Pres. AllendePres. Allende
Iran, 1953Iran, 1953 Guatemala, 1954 Guatemala, 1954 Chile, Chile, 19731973
4. Multilateralism4. Multilateralism
North Atlantic Treaty Organization - North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NATO
Central Treaty Organization - CENTO Central Treaty Organization - CENTO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization-
SEATO Australia, New Zealand, US Pact – Australia, New Zealand, US Pact – ANZUS United Nations
In Europe NATO vs. Warsaw PactIn Europe NATO vs. Warsaw Pact– deploymentsdeployments
Regional ConflictsRegional Conflicts
Israel vs. Syria/Egypt/PLOIsrael vs. Syria/Egypt/PLO
Ethiopia vs. Somalia (1970s)Ethiopia vs. Somalia (1970s)
Taiwan vs. China (1949-present)Taiwan vs. China (1949-present)
S. Korea vs. N. Korea (1948-present)S. Korea vs. N. Korea (1948-present)
S. Viet Nam vs. N. Viet Nam (1956-1975)S. Viet Nam vs. N. Viet Nam (1956-1975)
FNLA/UNITA vs. MPLA (Angola, 1970s-80s)FNLA/UNITA vs. MPLA (Angola, 1970s-80s)
Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador (1970s-Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador (1970s-80s)80s)
USUS USSRUSSR
Rules of Regional Rules of Regional ConflictConflict
1. No direct US-Soviet 1. No direct US-Soviet conflictconflict
2. No escalation2. No escalation
6. Deterrence and Forward 6. Deterrence and Forward PresencePresence
From Great Powers to Superpowers!From Great Powers to Superpowers!
What would WW III look like?What would WW III look like?
Underneath all the political and military Underneath all the political and military action during Cold War…action during Cold War…
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, The Effects of Nuclear WarThe Effects of Nuclear War, 1979, 1979
Info on Nuclear WeaponsInfo on Nuclear Weapons
Federation of American ScientistsFederation of American Scientists US Strategic CommandUS Strategic Command Bulletin of the Atomic ScientistsBulletin of the Atomic Scientists Natural Resources Defense CouncilNatural Resources Defense Council Nuclear Threat InitiativeNuclear Threat Initiative
Deterrence and CredibilityDeterrence and Credibility
Influencing the enemy’s decision Influencing the enemy’s decision making processmaking process
Why so many Weapons: Why so many Weapons: DeterrenceDeterrence
Soviet First Strike: Successful: USSR Soviet First Strike: Successful: USSR “wins”“wins”
US Second strikeUS Second strike
US USSR
US Second Strike CapabilityUS Second Strike CapabilitySoviet First StrikeSoviet First StrikeUS Second strikeUS Second strike
Scenario: Everyone DiesScenario: Everyone Dies
US USSR