us patent of carrageenan

Upload: iyan-maulana

Post on 04-Jun-2018

219 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/14/2019 US patent of carrageenan

    1/6

    United S t a t e s P a t e n t [ 1 9 1 [ 1 1 ] 4 , 0 9 6 , 3 2 7G u i s e l e y [ 4 5 ] J u n . 2 0 , 1 9 7 8[ 5 4 ] MODIFIED KAPPA-CARRAGEENAN 3 , 3 0 5 , 2 4 3 2 / 1 9 6 7 H a s k e l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3 6 / 5 2

    , 7 0 0 , 1 2 10/1972 F t h t l .[ 7 5 ] I n v e n t o r : K e n n e t h B . G u i s e l e y , U n i o n , M e . P E J I : e I : Ba x o . o[ 7 3 ] A s s i g n e e : FMC o r p o r a t i o n , Ph i l a d e l p h i a , P a . mm W ammer nm e r wn[ 5 7 ] ABSTRACT[ 2 1 ] Appl. No.: 756,815 _ _Modi? ed k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n c o n t a i n i n g h y d r o x y a l k y l[ 2 2 ] F l l e d J a n - 5 1 9 7 7 g r o u p s e a c h h a v i n g t wo t o t h r e e c a r b o n a t o m s , t h e[ 5 1 ] I n t . C l . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 0 7 I - I 5/10 degree of S u b s t i t u t i o n of Such groups above t h e c o r r e[ 5 2 ] US . C l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3 6 / 1 2 2 ; 1 0 6 / 2 0 5 ; s p e n d i n g u n s u b s t i t u t e d k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n b e i n g from

    4 2 6 / 5 7 5 ; 5 3 6 / 1 1 4 ; 5 3 6 / 1 1 8 0 . 1 t o 2 . 0 m e q . p e r g r a m , f o r m s a q u e o u s g e l s e x h i b i t i n g[ 5 8 ] F i e l d o f S e a r c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3 6 / 1 1 4 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 2 , 5 2 , d e c r e a s e d s y n e r e s i s a n d m e l t i n g p o i n t a n d i n c r e a s e d5 3 6 / 1 1 8 c o m p l i a n c y a s compared w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g un[ 5 6 ] R e f e r e n c e s C i t e d m o d i ? e d k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n . The m o d i ? e d k a p p a - c a rr a g e e n a n i s u s e f u l i n f o o d p r o d u c t s a s w e l l a s i n l a t e xU . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS p a i n t

    3 , 1 7 6 , 0 0 33 , 2 2 3 , 6 9 9 1 2 / 1 9 6 53/1965 S ta n c i o f f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536/122S c h l a g e t e r 6 C l a i m s , N o D r a w i n g s

  • 8/14/2019 US patent of carrageenan

    2/6

    4 , 0 9 6 , 3 2 71MODIFIED KAPPA-CARRAGEENAN

    T h i s i n v e n t i o n r e l a t e s t o a modi?ed k a p p a - c a r r a g e en a n c o n t a i n i n g h y d r o x y a l k y l g r o u p s e a c h h a v i n g two t ot h r e e c a r b o n a t o m s , t h e modi?ed k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a nh a v i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f f o r m i n g a n a q u e o u s g e ld i s p l a y i n g d e c r e a s e d s y n e r e s i s a n d m e l t i n g p o i n t a n di n c r e a s e d c o m p l i a n c y a s compared w i t h t h e c o r r es p o n d i n g u n m o d i ? e d k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n .I t h a s h i t h e r t o b e e n p r o p o s e d t o h y d r o x y a l k y l a t ev a r i o u s c a r b o h y d r a t e s o t h e r t h a n c a r r a g e e n a n t o a l t e rt h e i r p r o p e r t i e s . I n B e r n i e t a l . U . S . P a t . N o . 3 , 1 5 0 , 9 2 0 ,h y d r o x y a l k y l a t i o n o f c e l l u l o s e i s s a i d t o i m p a r t p e r m an e n t - c r e a s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; i n S c h l a g e t e r US. P a t . N o .3 , 2 2 3 , 6 9 9 h y d r o x y a l k y l a t i o n o f t a m a r i n d i s t a u g h t t oi m p r o v e b i n d i n g p r o p e r t i e s f o r p a p e r , e t c . The b a k i n gq u a l i t i e s o f g u a r gum a r e i m p r o v e d b y h y d r o x y a l k y l at i o n a s d e s c r i b e d i n Yue h U . S . P a t . No. 3 , 2 2 2 , 1 8 5 andt h e h y d r a t i o n r a t e o f g a l a c t o m a n n a n s i s i n c r e a s e d byh y d r o x y a l k y l a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o N o r d g r e n e t a l . U . S .P a t . N o . 3 , 7 2 3 , 4 0 8 w h i l e h y d r o x y a l k y l a t i o n o f s t a r c h i ss a i d t o l o w e r t s g e l a t i n i z a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ( i . e . , d i s s o l ut i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ) i n E l i z e r U . S . P a t . N o . 3 , 6 7 3 , 1 7 1 .S c h w e i g e r e t a l . U . S . P a t . N o . 3 , 3 4 9 , 0 7 7 d e s c r i b e s i nc r e a s i n g t h e s o l v e n t c o m p a t i b i l i t y o f x a n t h a n b y h yd r o x y a l k y l a t i o n , a n d i n G u i s e l e y U . S . P a t . N o .3 , 9 5 6 , 2 7 3 , t h e r e i s d e s c r i b e d t h e h y d r o x y a l k y l a t i o n o fa g a r o s e o r a g a r t o form p r o d u c t s h a v i n g a g e l l i n g temp e r a t u r e l o w e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g u n m o d i? e d agarose or a g a r .K a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n h a s b e e n w i d e l y u s e d a s a n a q u eo u s g e l l i n g a g e n t i n v a r i o u s g e l p r o d u c t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y a sa s u b s t i t u t e f o r g e l a t i n i n f o o d p r o d u c t s . H o w e v e r ,a q u e o u s k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n g e l s a r e d e ? c i e n t i n t h a tt h e y d i s p l a y a n u n d e s i r a b l y l a r g e e x t e n t o f s y n e r e s i sw h e n s u b j e c t e d t o a g i n g o r t o m e c h a n i c a l d e f o r m a t i o n ,e . g . , c u t t i n g ; m o r e o v e r , t h e y d i s p l a y a m e l t i n g t e m p e r at u r e a b o v e n o r m a l body t e m p e r a t u r e ( 3 7 C . ) a s w e l l a sa r e l a t i v e l y l o w c o m p l i a n c y ( a s m e a s u r e d b y p e n e t r at i o n v a l u e s ) , s o t h a t w h e n e a t e n , t h e y p r o v i d e a s e n s at i o n o f s t i f f n e s s o r r u b b e r i n e s s and do n o t m e l t i n t h emouth o r r e l e a s e ? a v o r i n g a g e n t s i n t h e mouth a s dog e l s made o f e l a t i n . A t t e m p t s h a v e b e e n made t o o v e rcome t h e s e s h o r t c o m i n g s b y a d j u s t i n g t h e p o t a s s i u ma n d c a l c i u m i o n c o n t e n t o f t h e a q u e o u s g e l c o m p o s i t i o na s w e l l a s by b l e n d i n g t h e k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n w i t h i o t acarrageenan o r with o t h e r g um s such a s l o c u s t beang u m , l o w m e t h o x y l p e c t i n a n d t h e l i k e , b u t a d j u s t m e n to f t h e c a l c i u m a n d p o t a s s i u m i o n c o n t e n t w i t h o u t a n yo t h e r c h a n g e i s i n e f f e c t i v e t o a c h i e v e t h e d e s i r e d r e s u l t sb y p r o v i d i n g a n a q u e o u s g e l h a v i n g a m e l t i n g p o i n tb e l o w 3 7 C . ; b l e n d i n g w i t h o t h e r g u m s i s e x p e n s i v ea n d r e q u i r e s c a r e f u l c o n t r o l o f t h e p u r i t y o f t h e o t h e rg u m s .I t h a s n o w b e e n f o u n d t h a t h y d r o x y a l k y l a t i o n o fk a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n t o i n t r o d u c e h y d r o x y a l k y l g r o u p se a c h h a v i n g two t o t h r e e c a r b o n a t o m s , t h e d e g r e e o fs u b s t i t u t i o n o f s u c h g r o u p s a b o v e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n gu n s u b s t i t u t e d p o t a s s i u m c a r r a g e e n a n b e i n g f r o m 0 . 1 t o2 . 0 , p r e f e r a b l y 0 . 2 t o 0 . 5 , g r a m - m i l l i e q u i v a l e n t p e r g r a mo f p r o d u c t , i s e f f e c t i v e t o p r o v i d e a p r o d u c t w h i c hf o r m s a q u e o u s g e l s m a r k e d b y d e c r e a s e d s y n e r e s i s a n dm e l t i n g p o i n t a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e u n m o d i ? e d k a p p a - c a rr a g e e n a n a n d d i s p l a y i n g i n c r e a s e d c o m p l i a n c y a s meas u r e d b y i n c r e a s e d p e n e t r a t i o n v a l u e s . M o r e o v e r , t h eg e l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o nc a n b e f u r t h e r m o d i ? e d b y a d j u s t i n g i o n c o n t e n t a n d by

    1 0

    2 0

    2 5

    4 0

    4 5

    5 0

    5 5

    6 0

    6 5

    2b l e n d i n g with o t h e r gums i n t h e same wa y a s can t h ep r o p e r t i e s o f t h e u n m o d i ? e d k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n ; t h ee f f e c t o f a d j u s t i n g p o t a s s i u m i o n c o n t e n t i s a b o u t t h esame a s i n t h e c a s e o f u nm o d i? e d k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n ,b u t t h e e f f e c t o f b l e n d i n g l o c u s t b e a n gum w i t h t h ep r o d u c t o f t h e i n v e n t i o n s d e c i d e d l y l e s s t h a n t i s i n t h ec a s e o f t h e unmodi?ed k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n .D e g r e e o f s u b s t i t u t i o n , i . e . , t h e n u m b e r o f g r a m - m i ll i e q u i v a l e n t s o f h y d r o x y a l k y l g r o u p p e r g r a m o f p r o du c t , c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d by c o n v e n t i o n a l a n a l y t i c a l p r oc e d u r e s s u c h a s t h o s e d e s c r i b e d by L o r t z , A n a l . C h e m . ,V o l . 2 8 , 8 9 2 - 8 9 5 ( 1 9 5 6 ) and Morgan, I . & . C . , A n a l .E d . , V o l . 1 8 , 5 0 0 - 5 0 4 ( 1 9 4 6 ) . E a c h h y d r o x y a l k y l g r o u pi s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e m o n o v a l e n t .The c o m p l i a n c y o f t h e a q u e o u s g e l c o m p o s i t i o n c a nb e d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a s u r i n g t h e e x t e n t o f p e n e t r a t i o n( i n c e n t i m e t e r s ) o f a p l u n g e r i n t o a s t a n d a r d s p e c i m e n o fg e l a t t h e b r e a k i n g o r r u p t u r e p o i n t o f t h e g e l u s i n g t h et e s t a p p a r a t u s a n d p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d i n F o s t e r a n dM o i r a n o U . S . P a t . N o . 3 , 3 4 2 , 6 1 2 d a t e d S e p t . 1 9 , 1 9 6 7 ,t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f w h i c h s i n c o r p o r a t e d h e r e i n b y r e f e re n c e , and p r o v i d i n g a n a u t o m a t i c d r i v e t o advance t h ep l u n g e r a t a c o n s t a n t r a t e o f 0 . 2 8 cm./ e c . By m e a s u r i n gt h e e l a p s e d t i m e f r o m i n i t i a l c o n t a c t o f t h e p l u n g e r w i t ht h e g e l u n t i l b r e a k , t h e t o t a l e x t e n t o f t r a v e l o f t h ep l u n g e r c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d ; from t h i s i s s u b t r a c t e d t h ee x t e n t o f t r a v e l o f t h e w e i g h i n g p a n ( o n w h i c h t h e g e ls p e c i m e n r e s t s ) c a u s e d b y t h e p l u n g e r - a p p l i e d l o a d ; t h ed i f f e r e n c e i s t h e e x t e n t o f p e n e t r a t i o n .H y d r o x y a l k y l a t e d k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n o f t h e p r e s e n ti n v e n t i o n f o r m s a q u e o u s g e l s h a v i n g m e l t i n g p o i n t s a smu c h a s l 0 ~ 2 0 C . lower t h a n t h o s e formed from t h ec o r r e s p o n d i n g u n m o d i ? e d k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n . T h i sm a k e s i t p o s s i b l e t o f o r m u l a t e d e s s e r t g e l c o m p o s i t i o n sw h i c h , a s a r e s u l t o f a d j u s t m e n t o f p o t a s s i u m a n d c a lcium i o n c o n t e n t , e x h i b i t m e l t i n g p o i n t s below 3 7 C . a sw e l l a s d e c r e a s e d s y n e r e s i s and a t t h e same t i m e ani n c r e a s e d c o m p l i a n c y ( a s m e a s u r e d b y p e n e t r a t i o n a tb r e a k ) . The h y d r o x y a l k y l a t e d k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n o f t h ep r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n r e s e m b l e s i n g e l p r o p e r t i e s t h e i o t ac a r r a g e e n a n w h i c h i s o b t a i n e d from a d i f f e r e n t andmore e x p e n s i v e v a r i e t y o f s e a p l a n t t h a n i s k a p p a - c a rr a g e e n a n , and can be used a s a s u b s t i t u t e f o r i o t a - c a rr a g e e n i n p r o d u c t s s u c h a s d e s s e r t g e l s which have i nt h e p a s t b e e n made f r o m b l e n d s o f o t a - w i t h k a p p a - c a rr a g e e n a n .The k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n which c a n b e h y d r o x y a l ky l a t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n i s t h a tp o r t i o n o f c r u d e c a r r a g e e n a n w h i c h s p r e c i p i t a t e d f r o ma q u e o u s s o l u t i o n by p o t a s s i u m i o n s a s d e s c r i b e d f o re x a m p l e i n K i r k - O t h m e r E n c y c l o p e d i a o f C h e m i c a lT e c h n o l o g y , V o l . 1 7 , S e c o n d E d i t i o n , p a g e 7 7 5 e t s e q .( 1 9 6 8 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n n e e d n o t b ep u r i ? e d b e f o r e h y d r o x y a l k y l a t i o n ; c r u d e c a r r a g e e n a nc o n t a i n i n g a m i x t u r e o f k a p p a - a n d l a m b d a - c a r r a g e e n a nc a n b e h y d r o x y a l k y l a t e d , b u t t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e l a m bd a - c a r r a g e e n a n a r e n o t i m p r o v e d , o n l y t h e p r o p e r t i e s o ft h e k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n p o r t i o n b e i n g c h a n g e d a s d es c r i b e d h e r e i n b y t h e hy d r o x y a l k y l a t i o n . T h e h y d r o xy a l k y l a t i o n i s p r e f e r a b l y c a r r i e d o u t i n a n a q u e o u s med i u m , t h e k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n b e i n g ? r s t d i s s o l v e d i ns t r o n g a q u e o u s a l k a l i , a b o u t 0 . 0 5 t o 1 . 5 m o l a r i n a l k a l im e t a l h y d r o x i d e . T o t h e s o l u t i o n i s added a convent i o n a l h y d r o x y a l k y l a t i n g a g e n t s u c h a s e t h y l e n e o x i d e ,p r o p y l e n e o x i d e , 2 - c h l o r o e t h a n o l , e p i c h l o r o h y d r i n , o rt h e l i k e a t a t e m p e r a t u r e from room t e m p e r a t u r e up t o1 0 0 C . The r e a c t i o n i s c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e d e s i r e d d eg r e e o f s u b s t i t u t i o n h a s b e e n a t t a i n e d , w h e r e u p o n t h e

  • 8/14/2019 US patent of carrageenan

    3/6

    4 , 0 9 6 , 3 2 73s o l u t i o n i s n e u t r a l i z e d by t h e a d d i t i o n o f a s u i t a b l e a c i dsuch a s h y d r o c h l o r i c o r a c e t i c a c i d , o r t h e a l k a l i i s r emoved by i a l y s i s o r o t h e r c o n v e nt i o n a l p r o c e d u r e , a n dt h e modi?ed k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n i s r e c o v e r e d by conv e n t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e s u c h a s g e l l i n g by c o o l i n g , o r p r ec i p i t a t i o n by m i x i n g w i t h i t a w a t e r - m i s c i b l e o r g a n i cs o l v e n t s u c h a s m e t h a n o l , e t h a n o l , p r o p a n o l , a c e t o n e ,e t c . and t h e l i k e .

    Inasmuch a s som e d i s c o l o r a t i o n or darkening o f t h ek a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n t e n d s t o o c c u r d u r i n g t h e h y d r o xy a l k y l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e , i t i s d e s i r a b l e , a l t h o u g h no t e ss e n t i a l , t o b l o c k t h e aldehyde end group o f t h e c a r r ag e e n a n w h e n d i s s o l v i n g i t i n t h e a q u e o u s a l k a l i s o l u t i o n .B l o c k i n g o f t h e a l d e h y d e g r o u p i s p r e f e r a b l y accomp l i s h e d by r e d u c i n g i t w i t h a r e d u c i n g a g e nt s u c h a s ab o r o h y d r i d e , p a r t i c u l a r l y a n a l k a l i m e t a l b o r o h y d r i d es u c h a s sodium borohydride w h i c h r e d u c e s t h e a l d eh y d e t o an a l c o h o l g r o u p .When d i f u n c t i o n a l r e a g e n t s u c h a s e p i c h l o r o h y d r i ni s employed t o e f f e c t t h e h y d r o x y a l k y l a t i o n , i t m u s t b e

    u s e d u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h p r e v e n t c r o s s - l i n k i n g a n dwhi ch r e s u l t i n a w a t e r - s o l u b l e p r o d u c t , i . e . , s o l u b l e t ot h e e x t e n t o f a t l e s t 2 by w e i g h t a t 9 0 C . As i s w e l lknown, c r o s s - l i n k i n g c a n b e a v o i d e d by e m p l o y i n g ad i l u t e ( l e s s t h a n a b o u t 3 . 5 b y w e i g h t ) s o l u t i o n o f t h ec a r r a g e e n a n f o r t h e r e a c t i o n a n d by o t h e r t e c h n i q u e sw e l l k n o w n t o t h o s e s k i l l e d i n t h e a r t . Except i n t h e c a s eo f s u c h d i f u n c t i o n a l r e a g e n t s , t h e r e i s n o t h i n g c r i t i c a la b o u t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o r o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s employedf o r t h e h y d r o x y a l k y l a t i o n r e a c t i o n .The h y d r o x y a l k y l a t i o n r e a c t i o n i s c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h ed e g r e e o f s u b s t i t u t i o n o f h y d r o x y a l k y l i s f r o m 0 . 1 t o 2 . 0g r a m - m i l l i e q u i v a l e n t p e r g r a m o f p r o d u c t , p r e f e r a b l yfrom 0 . 2 t o 0 . 5 g r a m - m i l l i e q u i v a l e n t p e r g r a m .The h y d r o x y a l k y l a t i o n p r o c e s s o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e nt i o n can a l s o be c a r r i e d o u t i n an o r g a n i c s o l v e n t such a sN , N - d i m e t h y l - f o r m a m i d e , p y r i d i n e , o r s i m i l a r s o l v e n t s ,i n which c a s e b l o c k i n g o f t h e a l d e h y d e end group i su s u a l l y u n n e c e s s a r y , l i t t l e o r n o d i s c o l o r a t i o n o c c u r r i n gd u r i n g t h e r e a c t i o n .Th e f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s a r e i n t e n d e d t o i l l u s t r a t emore f u l l y t h e n a t u r e o f t h e i n v e n t i o n w i t h o u t a c t i n g a sa l i m i t a t i o n up on i t s s c o p e .

    EXAMPLEThere was added t o 570 grams of water 30 grams of

    a commercial p r o d u c t s o l d under t h e trademark Gelcar i n HMR o n s i s t i n g o f a m i x t u r e o f k a p p a - and lambdac a r r a g e e n a n ( a b o u t 3 : 1 by w e i g h t ) . The m i x t u r e wash e a t e d i n a b o i l i n g w a t e r b a t h f o r 4 5 m i n u t e s w i t h a g i t at i o n , then allowed t o s t a n d 2 hours a t 6 3 C . t o form as o l u t i o n . There was added 20 m l . o f 3 molar aqueoussodium h y d r o x i d e s o l u t i o n and t h e m i x t u r e was s t i r r e d ,t h e n f u r t h e r d i l u t e d by t h e a d d i t i o n o f 1 5 0 m l . o f 0 . 1m o l a r a q u e o u s sodium h y d r o x i d e s o l u t i o n t o p r o v i d e a? n i s h e d s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g 4 % b y w e i g h t o f k a p p a - c a rr a g e e n a n i n 0 . 1 m o l a r sodium h y d r o x i d e s o l u t i o n .T h e s o l u t i o n was s t i r r e d a t a temperature of 6 7 ~ 7 2 C .w h i l e t h e r e was bubbled i n t o i t over a p e r i o d o f I Qh o u r s 3 5 grams o f e t h y l e n e o x i d e . T h e m i x t u r e was t h e nn e u t r a l i z e d t o a pH f 8 . 0 w i t h 2 5 m l . o f 3 molar a c e t i ca c i d p l u s a few d r o p s o f o n e m o l a r h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d ,and t h e s o l u t i o n was mixed w i t h 2 . 5 volumes o f 8 5 %a q u e o u s i s o p r o p y l a l c o h o l t o p r e c i p i t a t e t h e h y d r o x y et h y l a t e d p r o d u c t . The p r e c i p i t a t e o r c o a g u l u m wass e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e l i q u i d , s q u e e z e d o u t , w a s h e d w i t h85% i s o p r o p y l a l c o h o l , a g a i n s q u e e z e d t o remove e xc e s s l i q u i d , t h e n s h r e d d e d by hand and d r i e d i n a c i r c u

    20

    2 5

    3 0

    4 5

    5 0

    5 5

    6 5

    4 il a t i n g h o t a i r oven a t 6 0 C . T h e w e i g h t o f r e c o v e r e dp r o d u c t was 2 9 . 3 g r a m s o f m a t e r i a l c o n t a i n i n g 0 . 6 m i l l ie q u i v a l e n t o f h y d r o x y e t h y l p e r gram o f p r o d u c t .

    I n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e compliancy o f a n aqueous g e lmade w i t h t h e p r o d u c t , t h e r e was d i s s o l v e d i n 1 8 0grams of water a t 8 0 C . a mixture of 3 . 6 grams of prodn o t and 0 . 3 6 grams of p o t a s s i u m c h l o r i d e . A sample oft h e s o l u t i o n was c o o l e d i n a c r y s t a l l i z i n g d i s h , w h i l ea n o t h e r s a m p l e o f a q u e o u s g e l c o m p o s i t i o n was madeunder t h e same c o n d i t i o n s a s a c o n t r o l sample u s i n g t h esame amount o f unmodi?ed k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n i n p l a c eo f t h e h y d r o x y e t h y l a t e d p r o d u c t . B o t h s a m p l e s weret h e n g e l l e d b y c o o l i n g t h e s o l u t i o n t o 2 5 C . a n d t h ecompliancy o f each was measured by means of t h e t e s ta p p a r a t u s a n d p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , u s i n g i n t h ea p p a r a t u s a p l u n g e r head h a v i n g a d i a m e t e r o f 0 . 4 3 1i n c h ( 1 1 . 0 mm.) a n d c a r r y i n g o u t t h e m e a s u r e m e n t a t2 5 C .T h e c o n t r o l s a m p l e show ed a c o m p l i a n c y o r p e n e t r at i o n o f 0 . 6 cm. with a f o r c e o f 438 grams on t h e plungera t r u p t u r e , b u t t h e h y d r o x y e t h y l a t e d c a r r a g e e na n g e lwas too s o f t and compliant t o measure a t t h i s temperat u r e , and s o i t was thoroughly c h i l l e d a t 1 0 C . andmeasured a t t h a t t e m p e r a t u r e . I t d i s p l a y e d a p e n e t r a t i o nof 1 . 8 7 cm. with a break f o r c e of 7 3 grams a t t h e lowert e m p e r a t u r e .T h e v i s c o s i t y of a 1.5% aqueous s o l u t i o n o f t h e unmodi?ed k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n a n d o f t h e h y d r o x y et h y l a t e d carrageenan was measured a t 7 5 C . u s i n g aBrook?eld LVF i s c o m e t e r , No. 1 s p i n d l e a t 1 2 r p m .and was determined t o be 1 4 2 c p s . f o r t h e u nm o d i? e dk a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n a n d 1 0 0 c p s . f o r t h e h y d r o x y et h y l a t e d p r o d u c t , s h o w i n g t h a t o n l y a m i n o r c h a n g e i nm o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f t h e k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n o c c u r r e dd u r i n g t h e h y d r o x y e t h y l a t i o n .The h y d r o x y e t h y l a t e d p r o d u c t d i s p l a y e d a d e g r e e o fs u b s t i t u t i o n o f 0 . 6 gram m e q . p e r gram o f p r o d u c t andt h e a q u e o u s g e l c o m p o s i t i o n u s e d f o r t h e p e n e t r a t i o nt e s t e x h i b i t e d a m e l t i n g p o i n t o f 2 5 C . a s compared t oa m e l t i n g p o i n t o f 6 0 C . f o r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s a m p l eo f u n m o d i ? e d k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n .

    S y n e r e s i s was d e t e r m i n e d by p r e p a r i i n g a c o n t r o l g e lc o n t a i n i n g 3 by w e i g h t i n w a t e r o f a m i x t u r e c o n s i s ti n g o f 5 7 p a r t s b y w e i g h t o f u n m o d i ? e d k a p p a - c a r r a g e en a n, 2 3 p a r t s o f i o t a c a r r a g e e n a n , 1 0 p a r t s o f p o t a s s i u mc h l o r i d e , a n d 1 0 p a r t s o f s t a n d a r d d i l u e n t . T h i s g e l i st y p i c a l o f t h o s e u s e d c o m m e r c i a l l y w i t h c o n v e n t i o n a la d d i t i v e s s u c h a s f r a g r a n c e s t o form a i r f r e s h e n e r g e l s .A second g e l was p r e p a r e d under t h e same c o n d i t i o n sa n d h a v i n g t h e same c o m p o s i t i o n e x c e p t t h a t 2 3 p a r t sby w e i g h t o f t h e h y d r o x y e t h y l a t e d c a r r a g e g . 1 wass u b s t i t u t e d f o r t h e i o t a - c a r r a g e e n a n i n t h e f o r e g o i n gr e c i p e . The ? r s t g e l , c o n t a i n i n g i o t a - c a r r a g e e n a n , d i splayed a p e n e t r a t i o n of 0 . 8 4 cm. a t a break f o r c e of 380g r a m s , w h i l e t h e s e c o n d g e l d i s p l a y e d a p e n e t r a t i o n o f0 . 8 6 cm. a t a break f o r c e of 415 grams. Afte r s t o r i n g t h et w o g e l s f o r 2 h o u r s a t 2 5 C . , a s p o o n f u l o f g e l wasremoved from e a c h s a m p l e i n o r d e r t o promote s y n e r es i s . T h e amount o f s y n e r e s i s ?uid was 1 . 5 g . i n t h e cont r o l g e l a n d 2 . 1 g . i n t h e t e s t g e l , i n d i c a t i n g v i r t u a l l y nod i f f e r e n c e i n b e h a v i o r . I f k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n e n such a s t h eunmodi?ed s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l f o r t h e h y d r o x y e t h y l a t e dp r o d u c t h a d b e e n u s e d , t h e amount o f s y n e r e s i s wouldhave b e e n 3 - 5 g . , and t h e p e n e t r a t i o n v a l u e would havebeen 0 . 6 - 0 . 7 c m . , a s i g n i ? c a n t d i f f e r e n c e from t h e v a lu e s o b s e r v e d f o r b o t h t h e h y d r o x y e t h y l a t e d p r o d u c ta n d t h e i o t a - c a r r a g e e n .

  • 8/14/2019 US patent of carrageenan

    4/6

    4 , 0 9 6 , 3 2 75T h e h y d r o x y e t h y l a t e d k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n p r e p a r e da s d e s c r i b e d above wa s a l s o found t o be u s e f u l a s as u b s t i t u t e f o r h y d r o x y e t h y l c e l l u l o s e a s a t h i c k e n e r f o rl a t e x p a i n t . The h y d r o x y e t h y l a t e d c a r r a g e e n a n d i sp l a y e d i m p r o v e d s t a b i l i t y a g a i n s t a t t a c k b y e n z y m e sf r o m m i l d e w f u n g i , a n d t h e l a t e x p a i n t c o n t a i n i n g t h eh y d r o x y e t h y l a t e d c a r r a g e e n a n d i s p l a y e d s l o w e r r e c o ve r y o f v i s c o s i t y a f t e r s u b j e c t i o n t o h i g h s h e a r t h a n d i d ac o n t r o l s a m p l e c o n t a i n i n g h y d r o x y e t h y l c e l l u l o s et e s t e d u n d e r t h e same c o n d i t i o n s . T h e s l o w e r r e c o v e r yp r o v i d e d b e t t e r l e v e l i n g o f t h e p a i n t .

    EXAMPLEThere was d i s s o l v e d i n 2 4 0 0 m l . o f 0 . 1 molar sodium

    h y d r o x i d e , 1 0 0 g r a m s o f t h e s a m e k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a nu s e d i n Example 1 and t h e s o l u t i o n was h e a t e d t o 7 2 C .There was b u b b l e d i n t o t h e s o l u t i o n w h i l e m a i n t a i n e d a tt h i s t e m p e r a t u r e f o r a 5 5 m i n u t e p e r i o d 7 5 g r a m s o fe t h y l e n e o x i d e , a f t e r which t h e s o l u t i o n was m a i n t a i n e da t 7 2 C . f o r a n a d d i t i o n a l h o u r , t h e n n e u t r a l i z e d w i t h 8 0m l . o f 3 m o l a r a c e t i c a c i d , a f t e r which t h e s o l u t i o n wasm i x e d w i t h 6 . 2 5 l i t e r s o f 85% a q u e o u s i s o p r o p y l a l c oh o l . T h e ' p r e c i p i t a t e o r coagulum was s e p a r a t e d a s d es c r i b e d i n E x a m p l e 1 , y i e l d i n g 9 6 . 5 g r a m s o f h y d r o x ye t h y l c a r r a g e e n a n h a v i n g a d e g r e e o f s u b s t i t u t i o n o f0 . 7 3 m i l l i e q u i v a l e n t p e r g r a m o f p r o d u c t . The c o m p l ia n c y o f a n a q u e o u s g e l c o n t a i n i n g t h e p r o d u c t wasm e a s u r e d a s d e s c r i b e d i n Example 1 ; a t 1 0 C . t h e g e ld i s p l a y e d a b r e a k f o r c e o f 1 0 4 g . / s q . c m . a n d a p e n e t r at i o n o f 2 . 9 5 cm. a t b r e a k .A y p i c a l r e c i p e f o r a d e s s e r t g e l mix s a s f o l l o w s , i nw h i c h t h e p a r t s a r e b y w e i g h t :

    I n g r e d i e n t P a r t sS u c r o s e 7 6 . 9A d i p i c a c i d 3 . 0Potassium c i t r a t e m o n oh y d r a t e 1 . 0C a l c i u m s u l f a t e d ih y d r a t e 0 . 2 5F l a v o r 0 . 4 0Color 0 . 0 3C a r r a g e e n a n 3 . 5 0I n a c o n v e n t i o n a l c o m m e r c i a l d e s s e r t g e l mix t h e

    c a r r a g e e n a n i s a m i x t u r e o f 3 . 0 p a r t s o f h i g h - p u r i t yk a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n ( G e l c a r i n HWG) w i t h 0 . 5 p a r t o fi o t a - c a r r a g e e n a n .T h r e e d i f f e r e n t s a m p l e s o f s u c h r e c i p e s were p r ep a r e d , t h e ? r s t c o n t a i n i n g a m i x t u r e o f k a p p a a n d i o t ac a r r a g e e n a n a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , t h e s e c o n d c o n t a i n i n gi n p l a c e o f t h e i o t a - c a r r a g e e n a n 0 . 5 p a r t o f a l e s s p u r ef o r m o f u n m o d i f i e d k a p p a - c a r ra g e e na n ( G e l c a r i nHMR), a n d t h e t h i r d c o n t a i n i n g 0 . 5 p a r t o f t h e h y d r o xy e t h y l a t e d c a r r a g e e n a n p r e p a r e d a s d e s c r i b e d i n Examp l e 2 f r o m t h e l e s s p u r e k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n ( G e l c a r i nHMR). A q u e o u s g e l s w e r e p r e p a r e d b y d i s s o l v i n g 8 5 . 0 8g . o f e a c h s a m p l e i n 2 c u p s o f h o t w a t e r t o form a s o l ut i o n c o n t a i n i n g 1 5 . 2 o f t h e r e c i p e t o t a l s o l i d s b yw e i g h t a n d a l l o w e d t o g e l b y c o o l i n g , a n d t h e g e ls t r e n g t h a n d p e n e t r a t i o n a t b r e a k were m e a s u r e d i ne a c h a s d e s c r i b e d i n Example 1 e x c e p t t h a t t h e r e wasu s e d a p l u n g e r having a d i a m e t e r o f 2 1 . 4 mm. T h e r es u l t s w e r e a s f o l l o w s :

    C o m p o s i t i o n G e l S t r e n g t h P e n e t r a t i o n a t B r e a kM i x t u r e o f k a p p aand i o t ac a r r a g e e n a n 8 9 grams 1 . 6 4 cm.

    2 0

    3 0

    3 5

    4 5

    5 0

    5 5

    6 5

    - c o n t i n u e dC o m p o s i t i o n G e l S t r e n g t h P e n e t r a t i o n a t B r e a kMixture of tw ou n m o d i ? e d k a p p ac a r r a g e e n a n s 2 3 3 grams 0 . 4 7 cm.M i x t u r e o f k a p p ac a r r a g e e n a n w i t hh y d r o x y e t h y l a t e dk a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n 4 1 grams 2 . 1 9 c m .

    The s y n e r e s i s o f t h e l a s t s a m p l e was o b s e r v e d t o b ec o m p a r a b l e t o t h a t o f t h e ? r s t a n d m a r k e d l y l e s s t h a nt h a t o f t h e s e c o n d . The e f f e c t o f h y d r o x y e t h y l a t i o n i sa p p a r e n t f r o m a c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e s e c o n d s a m p l e w i t ht h e t h i r d .

    EXAMPLEH y d r o x y a l k y l a t e d c a r r a g e e n a n was p r e p a r e d a s d es c r i b e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g e x a m p l e e x c e p t t h a t i n p l a c e o f

    e t h y l e n e o x i d e , t h e r e was e m p l o y e d 1 3 2 g r a m s o f p r o py l e n e o x i d e a n d t h e s o l u t i o n was m a i n t a i n e d a t 6 0 C .i n s t e a d o f 7 2 C . d u r i n g t h e r e a c t i o n . The p r o d u c t cont a i n e d h y d r o x y p r o p y l g r o u p s , t h e d e g r e e o f u b s t i t u t i o nb e i n g 0 . 4 6 g r a m s - m i l l i e q u i v a l e n t p e r g r a m o f p r o d u c t .An a q u e o u s g e l c o m p o s i t i o n was p r e p a r e d f r o m t h eh y d r o x y p r o p y l a t e d c a r r a g e e n a n a s d e s c r i b e d i n Examp l e 1 a b o v e . I t d i s p l a y e d a g e l s t r e n g t h o f 5 4 g r a m s a n da p e n e t r a t i o n o f 2 . 3 0 cm. a t b r e a k measured a t 1 0 C .u s i n g a p l u n g e r h a v i n g a d i a m e t e r o f 1 1 . 0 mm., a n de x h i b i t e d a m e l t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e o f 2 5 C .

    EXAMPLEThere was p r e p a r e d a s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g 1 8 1 m l .

    w a t e r , 1 m l . o f a s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g 4 . 4 molar sodiumb o r o h y d r i d e i n 1 4 m o l a r s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e , a n d 2 0 m l .o f 3 m o l a r sodium h y d r o x i d e . I n t h i s s o l u t i o n was d i ss o l v e d 1 0 g . o f t h e same k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n u s e d i nExample . T h e s o l u t i o n was h e a t e d t o 8 0 C . and maint a i n e d a t t h a t t e m p e r a t u r e w h i l e t h e r e was i n t r o d u c e dover a 20 t o 3 0 minute p e r i o d a s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g 4 . 4m l . o f b e t a - c h l o r o e t h a n o l i n 2 2 m l . o f w a t e r . The s o l ut i o n was s t i r r e d an a d d i t i o n a l 2 h o u r s , t h e n n e u t r a l i z e dt o a pH f a b o u t 8 . 0 - 8 . 5 w i t h 3 m o l a r a c e t i c a c i d . Thes o l u t i o n was t h e n mixed w i t h 2 volumes o f 85 aqueo u s i s o p r o p y l a l c o h o l t o p r e c i p i t a t e t h e p r o d u c t w h i c hwas t h e n s e p a r a t e d , washed w i t h w a t e r , d r i e d a t 6 0 C . ,t h e n g r o u n d t o p r o d u c e a s o l i d h y d r o x y e t h y l a t e d k a pp a - c a r r a g e e n a n i n ? n a l l y - d i v i d e d form p a s s i n g a 4 0m e s h s c r e e n .The same p r o c e d u r e was r e p e a t e d e x c e p t t h a t t h e r ewas u s e d i n p l a c e o f t h e s o l u t i o n o f b e t a - c h l o r o e t h a n o la s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g 4 . 5 m l . o f p r o p y l e n e o x i d e i n 2 2 . 5m l . o f w a t e r t o p r o d u c e a h y d r o x y p r o p y l a t e d p r o d u c t .

    As a c o n t r o l , t h e p r o c e d u r e was r e p e a t e d o m i t t i n gb o t h t h e s o l u t i o n o f b e t a - c h l o r o e t h a n o l a n d t h e s o l u t i o no f p r o p y l e n e o x i d e .

    T h r e e a q u e o u s g e l c o m p o s i t i o n s w e r e made b y p r ep a r i n g w a t e r s o l u t i o n s e a c h c o n t a i n i n g 1 % b y w e i g h t o fo n e o f t h e t h r e e p r o d u c t s t o g e t h e r w i t h 1 % o f p o t a ss i u m c h l o r i d e , t h e n c o o l i n g t o 2 5 C . f o r 1 h o u r . Theg e l s were t e s t e d a s d e s c r i b e d i n Example 1 u s i n g ap l u n g e r h a v i n g a d i a m e t e r o f 1 1 . 0 mm. a t 2 5 C . w i t ht h e f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s . V i s c o s i t y o f a n a q u e o u s s o l u t i o no f t h e p r o d u c t s was a l s o m e a s u r e d . T h e r e s u l t s were a sf o l l o w s :

  • 8/14/2019 US patent of carrageenan

    5/6

    4 , 0 9 6 , 3 2 77D e g r e e o f V i s c o s i t y 2 G e l S t r e n g t h P e n e t r a t i o nS a m p l e S u b s t i t u t i o n ( c p s ) ( g r a m s ) e m .

    Control 3 7 . 1 2 7 3 0.66H y d r o x y - 0 . 4 0 4 9 . 2 8 3 1 . 6 1e t h y lH y d r o x y - 0 . 1 1 3 2 . 2 9 0 0 . 8 0p r o p y ll D e g r e e o f s u b s t i t u t i o n e x p r e s s e d a s g . m e q . o f s u b s t i t u e n t / g . o f p r o d u c t .2 V i s c o s i t y measured i n 1.5% s o l u t i o n a t 7 5 ' C . with 1 s p i n d l e at 60 rpm onBrook?eld LVF i s c o m e t e r .

    Whe n t h e same h y d r o x y e t h y l a t i o n a n d h y d r o x y p r op y l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s w e r e u s e d w i t h i o t a c a r r a g e e n a n ,t h e c o m p l i a n c y o f t h e a q u e o u s g e l c o m p o s i t i o n , meas u r e d i n t e r m s o f p e n e t r a t i o n a t b r e a k , was v i r t u a l l yi d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t o f t h e unmodi?ed i o t a c a r r a g e e n a nh a v i n g t h e same c a l c i u m i o n c o n t e n t .

    I n t h e c a s e o f lambda c a r r a g e e n a n , n e i t h e r t h e c o n t r o ln o r t h e h y d r o x y e t h y l a t e d o r h y d r o x y p r o p y l a t e d p r o du c t s formed a g e l . EXAMPLE

    K a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n w a s p r e p a r e d b y e x t r a c t i n g Euc h e u m a c o t t o n i i a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r o c e d u r e o f S t a n l e yUS. P a t . N o . , 3 , 0 9 4 , 5 1 7 u s i n g c a l c i u m h y d r o x i d e . The? l t r a t e from t h e e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s was n e u t r a l i z e d w i t ha c e t i c a c i d a n d t h e k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n i s o l a t e d i n t h eu s u a l m a n n e r b y c o a g u l a t i o n w i t h i s o p r o p y l a l c o h o l ,t h e n w a s h e d l w i t h i s o p r o p y l a l c o h o l , d r i e d a n d g r o u n d .T h i s was d e s i g n a t e d S a m p l e A .A e c o n d s a m p l e was p r e p a r e d i n t h e same w a y e xc e p t t h a t t h e k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n e m p l o y e d was p r ep a r e d b y e x t r a c t i n g Eucheuma o t t o n i i w i t h a m i x t u r e o fc a l c i u m a n d s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e ; i t was d e s i g n a t e d Samp l e B . E a c h s a m p l e w a s h y d r o x y e t h y l a t e d b y d i s s o l v i n g 6 0g . i n 1 4 4 0 g . o f an 0 . 5 molar water s o l u t i o n o f sodiumh y d r o x i d e a t 8 0 C . a l o n g w i t h 6 0 0 m e g . o f b e t a - c h l o r oe t h a n o l and t i r r i n g t h e s o l u t i o n f o r a n hour t t e m p e r at u r e , t h e n n e u t r a l i z i n g w i t h 3 m o l a r a q u e o u s a c e t i c a c i da n d m i x i n g w i t h t w i c e i t s volume o f 8 0% a q u e o u s i s op r o p y l a l c o h o l t o f o r m a p r e c i p i t a t e o r coagulum whichw a s w a s h e d w i t h a q u e o u s i s o p r o p y l a l c o h o l , d r i e d a n ds h r e d d e d . C h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s o f t h e t wo s a m p l e s werec a r r i e d o u t w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s :

    P e r c e n tI n g r e d i e n t S a m p l e A S a m p l e B1 1 2 0 1 0 . 0 1 9 . 0 1Na+ 3 . 5 3 4 . 4 3K+ 1 . 3 7 1 . 5 3Ca+ 1 . 5 5 0 . 4 2M g+ + 0 . 2 2 0 . 0 6E s t e r s u l f a t e 2 0 . 7 4 2 1 . 2 8I n o r g a n i c s u l f a t e 0 . 9 5 0 . 1 1Cl- 0 . 3 8 0 . 4 43 , 6 - a n h y d r o - Dg a l a c t o s e 3 0 . 7 0 3 1 . 7 0D e g r e e o f subs t i t u t i o n , g . m e q . p e r g . 0 . 4 3 0 . 6 8

    A q u e o u s g e l c o m p o s i t i o n s w e r e p r e p a r e d f r o m e a c ho f h e s e s a m p l e s u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g r e c i p e i n w h i c h t h ep a r t s a r e b y w e i g h t :H y d r o x y e t h y l a t e dk a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n 2 %P o t a s s i u m c h l o r i d e 0.2%

    1 5

    2 5

    3 0

    3 5

    4 5

    5 0

    5 5

    8The e l s , t e s t e d a s i n Example u s i n g a p l u n g e r h a v i n ga d i a m e t e r o f 1 1 . 0 mm. a t 1 0 C . , d i s p l a y e d t h e f o l l o wi n g p r o p e r t i e s :

    G e l S t r e n g t h P e n e t r a t i o n M e l t i n g8/ 1 1 1 2 cm. Temp. C .H y d r o x y e t h y l a t e dp r o d u c t o f S a m p l e A 1 8 5 1 . 1 9 3 7Hydroxyethylatedp r o d u c t o f Sample B 5 9 2 . 0 2 3 0

    A y p i c a l d e s s e r t g e l m i x w a s p r e p a r e d h a v i n g t h ef o l l o w i n g r e c i p e :I n g r e d i e n t P a r t sS u g a r 3 8 . 5 2 g r a m sA d i p i c a c i d 1 . 2 5 g r a mP o t a s s i u m c i t r a t em o n o - h y d r a t e 0 . 2 0 g r a mF l a v o r 0 . 0 5 gramH y d r o x y e t h y l a t e dp r o d u c t o f S a m p l e A 3 . 0 g r a m

    T h i s mix was d i s s o l v e d i n s u f f i c i e n t h o t water t o makea t o t a l o f 3 0 0 grams t h e n a l l o w e d t o g e l by c o o l i n g . Theg e l d i s p l a y e d a b r e a k s t r e n g t h o f 3 3 3 g r a m s , p e n e t r a t i o no f 2 . 3 6 cm. measured a t 7 C . u s i n g a p l u n g e r h a v i n g ad i a m e t e r o f 2 1 . 4 mm. The g e l d i s p l a y e d a m e l t i n g p o i n tof 2 5 C . and very l ow s y n e r e s i s .

    EXAMPLETo 1 8 g a l l o n s o f t a p w a t e r was a d d e d 1 1 . 5 p o u n d s o fa s t r o n g - g e l l i n g h i g h p u r i t y k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n s o l d

    u n d e r t h e t r a d e m a r k G e l c a r i n HWG n d t h e m i x t u r ewas h e a t e d with s t i r r i n g t o 1 9 0 F . Hot water wasadded t o t h e s o l u t i o n t o produce a t o t a l volume o f 2 5g a l l o n s a f t e r which a s o l u t i o n o f 4 2 4 grams o f sodiumh y d r o x i d e i n 1 . 5 g a l l o n s o f w a t e r was t i r r e d i n t o g e t h e rw i t h a d d i t i o n a l w a t e r t o make 2 8 g a l l o n s . E t h y l e n eo x i d e was bubbled i n a t a c o n s t a n t r a t e u n t i l t h e d e s i r e damount had been added a s s h o w n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e .A g i t a t i o n was c o n t i n u e d f o r 1 5 m i n u t e s , t h e n t h e s o l ut i o n was cooled and d i l u t e d with warm ater t o a t o t a lo f 3 5 g a l l o n s h a v i n g a t e m p e r a t u r e o f 1 7 0 F . o r l e s s .The a l k a l i was n e u t r a l i z e d t o pH . 5 by a d d i n g 3 m o l a ra c e t i c a c i d a n d t h e s o l u t i o n ? l t e r e d w i t h 6 pounds o fdiatomaceous e a r t h ? l t e r a i d . T h e ? l t r a t e was mixedw i t h 2 . 5 v o l u m e s o f 8 0% a q u e o u s i s o p r o p y l a l c o h o l t op r e c i p i t a t e t h e h y d r o x y e t h y l a t e d k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a np r o d u c t . T h e p r o d u c t was s e p a r a t e d on a s c r e e n ,w a s h e d w i t h 4 0 g a l l o n s o f f r e s h i s o p r o p y l a l c o h o l a n ds q u e e z e d d r i e d , t h e n d r i e d i n h o t a i r a t 1 4 0 1 6 0 F .T h r e e d i f f e r e n t s a m p l e s were p r e p a r e d by t h i s p r o c ed u r e u s i n g t h r e e d i f f e r e n t w e i g h t s o f e t h y l e n e o x i d e a n dh a v i n g t h r e e d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s o f s u b s t i t u t i o n a s showni n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . The g e l l i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o fe a c h s a m p l e , a s w e l l a s o f t h e unmodi?ed k a p p a - c a rr a g e e n a n s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l , were d e t e r m i n e d by p r e p a ri n g a n a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g 2 % b y w e i g h t o f t h es t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l o r o f t h e h y d r o x y e t h y l a t e d k a p p a - ca r

    6 0 r a g e e n a n a n d 0.2% b y w e i g h t o f p o t a s s i u m c h l o r i d e .

    6 5

    The t a b l e l i s t s t h e d e c r e a s e i n m e l t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e o ft h e g e l b e l o w t h a t o f t h e u n m o d i ? e d k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a nf o r e a c h s a m p l e :

    S a m p l eA B C4 2 7 0t . e t h y l e n e o x i d e , o z . 5 6

  • 8/14/2019 US patent of carrageenan

    6/6

    4 , 0 9 6 , 3 2 79 1 0- c o n t i n u e d - c o n t i n u e d

    Sam l eS a m p l e A B p CA B C 5 ( p e n e t r a t i o n i n c m . ) 1 . 1 4 0 . 9 8 1 . 7 5 1 . 8 2 3 . 0 8 2 . 1 3D e g r e e o f s u b s t i t u t i o n , M e l t i n g

    g , meq_ p e r g _ 0 4 1 0 4 4 Q5 0 t e m p e r a t u r e C . 2 2 . 5 3 3 . 5 2 1 . 5 3 1 . 0 2 0 2 8 . 5Decrease i n m e l t i n g M e a s u r e d w i t h p l u n g e r 2 1 . 4 mm. d i a m . a t 7 C .t e m p e r a t u r e from unm o d i ? e d k a p p a - What i S c l a i m e d i S :c a r r a g e e n a n 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 0 1 . Kappa-carrageenan c o n t a i n i n g h y d r o x y a l k y l

    Each o f t h e f o r e g o i n g s a m p l e s was t h e n e m p l o y e d i na d e s s e r t g e l r e c i p e a s d e s c r i b e d i n Example 5 a b o v e .T w o i f f e r e n t s p e c i m e n s o f e a c h s a m p l e w e r e p r e p a r e d ,one c o n t a i n i n g 0 . 1 0 gram o f p o t a s s i u m c i t r a t e m o n oh y d r a t e , t h e o t h e r c o n t a i n i n g 0 . 2 g r a m . T h e s t r e n g t h ,p e n e t r a t i o n a n d m e l t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e o f e a c h p r o d u c twas t h e n measured under t h e same c o n d i t i o n s with t h ef o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s :

    S a m p l e

    P o t a s s i u m c i t r a t em o n o h y d r a t e' C o m p l i a n c y 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 1 0 . 2

    1 5

    20

    2 5

    3 0

    3 5

    4 5

    50

    5 5

    6 5

    g r o u p s e a c h h a v i n g 2 t o 3 c a r b o n a t o m s , t h e d e g r e e o fs u b s t i t u t i o n o f s u c h g r o u p s a b o v e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n gunmodi?ed k a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n b e i n g f r o m 0 . 1 t o 2 . 0g r a m - m i l l i e q u i v a l e n t p e r g r a m .2 . K a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 1 i n whi chs a i d h y d r o x y a l k y l i s h y d r o x y e t h y l .3 . K a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 1 i n whi chs a i d h y d r o x y a l k y l i s h y d r o x y p r o p y l .4 . K a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 1 i n whi cht h e d e g r e e o f s u b s t i t u t i o n i s f r o m 0 . 2 t o 0 . 5 g r a m - m i l l ie q u i v a l e n t p e r g r a m .5 . K a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 2 i n whicht h e d e g r e e o f s u b s t i t u t i o n i s f r o m 0 . 2 t o 0 . 5 g r a m - m i l l ie q u i v a l e n t p e r g r a m .6 . K a p p a - c a r r a g e e n a n a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 3 i n whicht h e d e g r e e o f s u b s t i t u t i o n i s f r o m 0 . 2 t o 0 . 5 g r a m - m i l l ie q u i v a l e n t p e r g r a m .

    1 : * I t 1 *